"The word' Buddhism' was particularly popular some time ago. Let's review the concepts of bitterness, worry, selflessness, impermanence, meditation, mindfulness, lust is empty, nirvana, greed and ignorance by summarizing the book Why Buddhism is true, and then discuss: What is Buddhism? "
difficult
1. The Pali word "bitter" means bitter. Dukkha's orthodox translation in English is "suffering", which just corresponds to "suffering" in Chinese.
2. From the perspective of biological evolution, the purpose of human life is to spread their own genes. In order to spread genes, we have to eat and have children with sexual partners. In order to strengthen our right to survival and reproduction, we have to beat our competitors and gain prestige. Therefore, natural selection has made three settings for our psychology:
First, you can get happiness by doing the above things. Second, happiness is short-lived. It can't last long. Third, for the above two points, the brain should focus on the first point and ignore the second point.
Natural selection doesn't care whether we are happy or not. It only uses happiness as bait, which enables us to achieve the purpose of gene transmission. Always pursuing, occasionally getting, is only a temporary happiness, and will never be truly satisfied. The so-called happiness is actually an illusion.
So "bitterness" is actually "dissatisfaction".
angry
1. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, human emotions are actually the encoding of our thoughts by natural selection, which enables us to make * good * bad * judgments on the external environment. These codes may be wrong.
2. The first mistake is that the environment has changed and the coding has not changed. The second error is called "false positive". Many of our emotions are illusions. Evolution sets our emotions not to reflect the real world, so troubles may be "empty".
Non-ego (one of the basic Buddhist doctrines denies the existence of the soul and other enduring essence that forms the basis of the universal phenomenon)
1. "No self" means you don't exist.
2. Interpretation of five connotations: color connotation, acceptance connotation, thinking connotation, action connotation and knowledge connotation-
The flesh is the human body, and the word "color" in English is often translated into "shape", which refers to the human body;
Basic feelings are people's basic feelings, such as pain, happiness and trouble;
Perception is the basic perception of human beings, such as vision, hearing and smell;
Mental form refers to our mental form, that is, our thoughts and behaviors, including some complicated thoughts, our habits and tendencies of doing things;
Consciousness is human consciousness.
3. None of the five elements is self-nature. "Five elements are all empty classics" means that human body, feeling, perception, thoughts and actions, and even consciousness do not belong to "true self".
Whether the "true self" exists is a question. Modern scientific research has at least confirmed that there is not only one self in our brain, and we often lie to ourselves.
changeful
1. Natural selection provides seven thinking modules for human brain: self-protection, attracting spouse, keeping spouse, group identity, caring for relatives, social status and avoiding diseases.
2. "Modularism" gave the Buddha a possible explanation of "impermanence". People don't have a constant self. You are actually influenced by different thinking modules at different times. When the courtship module has the final say, you are an image, and when the self-protection module has the final say, you are another image.
3. The way modules occupy your brain is emotion. Each module outputs an emotion to you, and which emotion is strong will easily catch your attention. And these modules are not reliable at all, and the ideas given to you are often bad ideas at all. You are confused by "them". They are not "you". This is exactly what the Buddha said: "All five aggregates are empty" and "no self".
ponder
1. Buddhism is actually very practical. It is not only a theoretical system, but also a practice. The method of practice is meditation.
If you can concentrate for a long time, you will have two sects to choose from. There is a saying in Buddhism called "Eight Righteousnesses", which can be roughly understood as eight methods of practice. The seventh article of the Eighth Right Path is called "mindfulness" and the eighth article is called "positive definition".
3. If you choose to keep your breath focused all the time, your kung fu is "Zhengding", which is the training method of Hinayana Buddhism. In Vipassana, it is only a basic skill to achieve a positive definition by focusing on breathing.
4. After positive definite, it is mindfulness, which is popular in America. Mindfulness requires you to focus on anything in your life at any time. You can concentrate on enjoying a flower, you can concentrate on experiencing the taste of food while eating, and you can concentrate on doing anything.
There are two levels of meditation: the first level is that you can separate "self" from all kinds of feelings without being troubled by strong feelings. On a higher level, you can separate yourself from all kinds of thoughts and really concentrate on breathing and think nothing.
6. Four contradictions in meditation:
The more you want to concentrate, the harder it is to concentrate.
The person who needs meditation training most is the person who is least likely to enter the meditation state.
The more you reject an idea or emotion, the more you fight it, and the more you are controlled by it.
The more you understand the truth that "people can't control their emotions, but emotions are controlling people", the more you can't be controlled by emotions.
Mindfulness self-control
1. The brain is taken over by various modules at any time, and whoever has the loudest voice is the master-and each module is an emotional module. Decision-making is actually a competition between emotions and emotions. The function of reason is to provide information and help to feelings.
2. "Mindfulness meditation": The self-control method of Buddhism is to interrupt the positive feedback and prevent the relevant modules from obtaining immediate rewards and satisfaction. When we meditate, we practice letting all kinds of emotions pass by without participating. This is what we practiced.
3. The method of willpower is "confrontation" and the method of mindfulness is "resolution". Mindfulness meditation is an effective method of self-control-the focus is on accepting and analyzing feelings, not fighting them.
Everything visible is empty.
1. Natural selection requires us to quickly judge the things around us, which is conducive to survival. This kind of quick judgment is the emotion that things bring to us and the connotation that we give to things-that is, "color".
2. The so-called "emptiness" does not mean that everything in this world is empty, but that the "connotation" we give to everything is empty.
3. Four characteristics of "color" (connotation): it is automatic, it will be influenced by the story, it is subjective, and it will be ignored if it is not felt.
The connotation we give to the world is subjective and full of contradictions, and "color" will affect our experience of the real world. Without colored glasses, the world is a "colorless" world, and "colorless" will make you feel that the world is "empty".
When you realize emptiness and colorless, and then look at everything, what you see will be more real than what you saw before. People's preconceived feelings about these things are actually untrue.
6. People often say that Buddhism will make people lose the fun of life and see nothing interesting. Actually, it's not like this. Buddhism makes people more free. It allows you to freely choose what you want to observe. Excluding the interference of subjective imagination, we can get a richer experience. That would be more fun and happier.
The main pain
1. Greed is being attracted to one thing. Money, the opposite sex or fame, wanting everything, this is called greed.
Anger literally means anger in Chinese, but it generally refers to all negative emotions. Whenever you have negative feelings about something and want to reject it, it's called anger.
3. Greed+anger = delusion.
heaven
1. Nirvana has four characteristics: perfect sense of happiness, complete sense of tranquility, complete inner freedom, and very clear knowledge and understanding of the surrounding things.
2. "Origin" means "There are things in this life, and there are things in this life". The reason is a series of reasons and results. Everything has a cause, and everything has a result, and this result is another cause. And a special origin chain belonging to human beings is called "twelve causes"-
Ignorant, well-known color, moved to be loved, take life and death.
3. The intuitive explanation from "six advances" to "love"-
The so-called "six items" are human senses; Because our senses come into contact with the outside world, this is "touch"; Because of "moving", we have a good or bad evaluation of things, which is "receiving"; Because there is acceptance, there are what you want and what you don't want. This is "love" and this is Tanha.
We live in this karma. Or you can say that we are controlled by karma. Everything we do is conditional. Nirvana is to get rid of the control of karma and become "unconditional".
What is "Buddhism"
1. Buddhism has always said not to be controlled by emotions. Meditation only observes feelings, not destroys them. What the Buddha really opposes is being hijacked by something.
When the Buddha was alive, he was very aggressive. He gave speeches everywhere and debated with people on the spot. Every time he won, he was only happy. He took many apprentices and left many messages. Buddha is doing business and making it bigger and stronger.
3. The core value of Buddhism is freedom. The purpose of practice is not to be controlled by one's own emotions or external stimuli. Doing what you feel * should * do is your free choice.
The significance of Buddhism lies in liberating us from the limited perspective endowed by natural selection and observing and experiencing the world from a higher level.