China wood frog is a kind of precious frog, which has the functions of eating, medicine and nourishing. It is also called "Four Treasures of the Study" with Hericium erinaceus, bear's paw and flying dragon, and belongs to the national second-class protected animals. Frog oil (Rana chensinensis oil) made from oviduct of female frog is known as soft gold and is recognized as the king of tonics in the world. It is recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica, General Records of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Illustration of Materia Medica and Japanese Materia Medica. Oviductus Ranae has special effects of tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, nourishing yin and moistening lung, strengthening brain and improving intelligence, nourishing qi and blood, resisting aging, resisting cancer, diminishing inflammation and beautifying face, and is often used for asthenia, post-illness disorder, listlessness, palpitation and insomnia, night sweats, cough and hemoptysis. The main components of China Rana chensinensis oil are: protein accounts for 56.3% of the total, and pure protein accounts for 40.7%. In addition, it also contains frog alcohol, polysaccharides, phospholipids, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, trace elements and various hormones. China Rana oil also contains 17- estradiol, 17- hydroxysterol dehydrogenase, cholesterol, vitamin A and a small amount.
The moisturizing factor extracted from the skin of Rana chensinensis in China has excellent moisturizing effect when added to cosmetics. The low molecular weight active substances extracted from China Rana chensinensis eggs can be used to produce beauty products, and can inhibit human skin aging. Frog head, frog liver and frog skin are excellent raw materials for making beauty and health food.
Extract the by-products of Rana chensinensis oil, such as muscle, viscera and bone. It can also be used as fine feed for precious fur animals or as medicine after soaking.
In addition to medicinal, health care, beauty and feed values, China Rana chensinensis has been fully recognized in Southeast Asia and Northeast China, and has the edible value of pure natural green food and a broad consumer market.
Because of its high nutritional value, China wood frog is commonly known as "big tonic"; Because it specializes in insect food, it is also known as "pure green food" and "guardian of agriculture and forestry". In recent years, the market has shown great demand and business opportunities. Because of its high medicinal and bond-keeping value and unique pure green game edible value, it has been more and more recognized, developed and utilized by people, which has led people in the forest frog producing areas to take all kinds of extinct hunting for this wild resource, making this precious wild resource decrease year by year and become an endangered species with unbalanced production and demand.
2. China Rana chensinensis
China Rana chensinensis belongs to Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae and Rana. 1940, Jin Bo and Gong Lin merged the China Rana from Northeast China, North China and West China into a subspecies-Rana China, subspecies China. Widely distributed in northern provinces of China, such as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and so on. It is also distributed in Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and other provinces, with the three northeastern provinces as the main producing areas.
China Rana chensinensis is a rare frog with medicinal, edible and health care functions in China. It is also called "Four Treasures of the Study" with Hericium erinaceus, bear's paw and dragonfly. It is regarded as the treasure of deep mountains and old forests and belongs to the national second-class protected animals. It was listed in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China by the State Environmental Protection Bureau and the China Endangered Species Science Committee. In China, the artificial feeding management and captive experiment of Rana chensinensis in China began in 1950s, and by the end of 1980s, a mature semi-artificial feeding system had been established. Since 1990s, the experimental research on artificial breeding has been carried out, which has made the production of Rana chensinensis in China enter a new stage of intensification, industrialization, high density and short cycle. The large-scale breeding of Rana chensinensis in China not only meets the market demand for Rana chensinensis oil, but also plays a positive role in the protection of biodiversity.
3. The value of China wood frog.
● Medicinal value
China wood frog oil, the oviduct of female China wood frog, is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, especially China wood frog, which has a large volume and high oil content. The main effective component of Rana chensinensis oil is Rana alcohol, which has the effects of "tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, moistening lung and nourishing yin". It is specially used for treating kidney deficiency, qi deficiency, hypodynamia, hypomnesis, obstetric hemorrhage, postpartum hypogalactia and neurasthenia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it can treat "children's hernia, relieve pain, relieve fatigue, eliminate dampness and detoxify, induce diuresis to reduce swelling and relieve cough" and has special effects of nourishing lung and kidney. At present, substances that can be used to prepare anti-coma drugs have been extracted from ovaries and have been applied in clinical experiments. In addition, a molecular peptide with broad-spectrum antibacterial effect was successfully extracted from the skin of Rana chensinensis in China, which is in the laboratory experiment stage.
● Nutritional value
The protein content of China Rana chensinensis oil is 76%, which contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids, followed by fat and sugar. In addition, there are many minerals: calcium 5.75%, phosphorus 0.0525%, iron 14.65%, potassium 16.52% and sodium 3.56%; Rich in vitamins A, B, C and various hormones, containing 347 calories/100g of heat energy. China wood frog is a delicious food, which is actually an economical animal resource to eat and use. Frog meat and frog seeds are delicacies on the table; Frog skin is rich in hyaluronic acid, which is a good moisturizing factor and has great health, beauty and health care values. Viscera and bones can be used as feed.
● Economic value
Male adult frog price 1 yuan/frog; The price of female adult frog is 7- 15 yuan/individual. At present, the price of Rana chensinensis oil in tieli city and China is 2800 ~ 4200 yuan/kg, which is higher in the southern market. China Rana chensinensis oil has been in short supply in the international market, and the price has been high, reaching 1500 USD/kg.
● Social value
The northeast is the natural distribution area of Rana chensinensis in China, which is rich in forest resources. Therefore, Rana chensinensis in the northeast is the best species of Rana chensinensis in China, especially Rana chensinensis oil, which is a pure natural precious medicinal material. Northeast China is rich in forest resources, and more than 50% of the stands are suitable for forest frog breeding. Under the situation that the resources of Rana chensinensis are decreasing day by day and the products of Rana chensinensis are in short supply, it is of great strategic and practical significance to vigorously develop Rana chensinensis resources, cultivate and support Rana chensinensis breeding, to prosper forestry economy, cultivate new economic growth points, broaden the channels for personnel diversion and solve the re-employment of laid-off workers.
● Ecological benefits
According to statistics, 1 forest frog can prey on more than 30,000 pests in 1 year. It specializes in living insects and worms. Through stomach examination, it was found that there were nearly 60 kinds of food in the stomach of Rana chensinensis in China, including 6 classes 13 orders, among which Insecta was the main one. They are mainly Echinoptera, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, followed by arachnida, mollusks and snails. Rana chensinensis in China mainly lives in mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests, and pests in forest areas can meet a large amount of food needed for its growth. China Rana almost indiscriminately catches all insects within its power, so it is also called "forest guardian", which has important ecological significance, especially for the prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests in forest areas.
4. The breeding prospect of Rana chensinensis in China.
● Technical aspects
The breeding of Rana chensinensis in China began in 1950s. For half a century, with the increasing demand for China Rana chensinensis and the sharp decrease in the number of wild China Rana chensinensis, the demand for China Rana chensinensis in domestic and international markets is in short supply, so artificial breeding has gradually emerged in various places, and there were two breeding climaxes in the mid-1980s and late 1990s. In the whole development process of forest frog breeding, due to the lack of technical experience of frog farmers and blind speculation by some people, examples of breeding failure appear constantly. As a result, many people have doubts about artificial breeding of forest frogs, and some even say that they are all liars when they talk about artificial breeding. However, from the actual breeding situation of Tieli, the above viewpoint is one-sided or even extreme.
In recent years, under the guidance of experts from Northeast Forestry University, tieli city has basically solved the main problems in the breeding process of Rana chensinensis in China through continuous groping experiments. By the end of 2004, there were artificial forest frog farms 103 in tieli city. In 2004, all kinds of farmers in tieli city threw more than 48,000 eggs, hatched 29 million tadpoles, with an average hatching rate of 60% and about 20 million deformed young frogs, with an average metamorphosis rate of 70%. The total number of annual young frogs is about 265,438+. Compared with the capture rate of 3% in semi-artificial culture, the recovery rate of full artificial culture is increased by nearly 15 times. In the actual breeding process, there have also been cases of wood frogs dying, and some even died completely. However, according to our investigation and study, these are mainly due to the lack of experience of frog farmers, or the imperfect artificial management measures and the delay in disease prevention. Therefore, from the actual situation of Tieli, it is completely feasible to breed China Rana temporaria chensinensis artificially.
● Quality.
At present, many people have doubts about the quality of frog oil from fully cultured Rana chensinensis. They pointed out that because of the single bait, the nutrients of artificially cultured Rana chensinensis are not as good as those of wild Rana chensinensis. It has even been suggested that the artificially bred China Rana chensinensis is only suitable for eating. However, according to the comparative analysis of the nutritional components of frog oil between wild forest frog and cultivated forest frog, we found that there was no obvious difference between them. In addition, we also found that the lead content of frog oil in some areas exceeded the standard. Therefore, compared with wild frog oil, frog oil is not only of poor quality, but also pollution-free and safer.
● Market aspect
At present, the deep processing of Rana chensinensis in China is still in its infancy, and the only products currently developed are Rana chensinensis oral liquid, rock sugar Rana chensinensis beverage and Cordyceps Rana chensinensis capsules. Therefore, some people worry that if the artificial breeding of Rana chensinensis in China enters the stage of industrialization, the number of Rana chensinensis in China will increase sharply and the market demand of Rana chensinensis in China will reach saturation. In fact, this kind of worry is completely unnecessary.
With the in-depth research on the deep processing of China Rana chensinensis products, Rana chensinensis in China will be applied to more and more fields, and the demand will continue to increase, making it an indispensable raw material for nutrition and health products, medicine, cosmetics and other fields. In recent years, Tieli China Rana Research Institute of Northeast Forestry University has successively developed Rana China health care and beauty wine, Rana China children's nutrient solution and Rana China instant chewable tablets. This shows that the development of China Rana chensinensis in the above industries is completely feasible. Therefore, from the market point of view, China Rana chensinensis has a broad market prospect.
● Benefits.
China Rana chensinensis has less investment and high benefit. Take a small artificial farm with an annual output of 50,000 forest frogs as an example. The production cycle is 2-3 years. It needs to plant 80 pairs of frogs, build 5 frog pens with a density of 100 square meter, use Tenebrio molitor and fly maggots as main bait, and use natural insects as auxiliary materials. The total investment is only 40,000 yuan, and 20,000 to 30,000 commercial frogs can be sold with a profit of 60,000 yuan.
● Policy aspects
At present, the state has announced 54 species of wild animals that are allowed to be released, including China Rana chensinensis, which provides policy guarantee for the breeding of China Rana chensinensis. In addition, in view of the current situation of wildlife breeding and trade in China, the State Forestry Administration issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Sustainable Development of Wild Animals and Plants, and put forward guiding measures such as strengthening the protection of wild resources, promoting the cultivation of wild animals and plants, and establishing effective market access, which pointed out the direction for the rational development and management of wild animals and plants such as forest frogs.
Therefore, the development potential of Rana chensinensis in China is huge, and the breeding prospect is considerable.
5. Morphological characteristics of Rana chensinensis in China.
RanachensinensisDabid is called frog, frog, yellow toad and oil toad in China. In animal taxonomy, Rana chensinensis in China belongs to Chordata, Vertebrate, Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae and Ranidae.
China Rana chensinensis has a wide and short body, a flat head, a head slightly wider than its length, and a snout slightly protruding from its lower lip. A pair of nostrils, located behind the snout and close to the snout. The eardrum is round and prominent. The forelimbs are short and thin: the fingertips are slightly pointed and the fingers are slender. The order of finger length is 3, 1, 4, 2. The tumor below the joint is obvious. There are tumors under the roots of the third and fourth fingers: the inner palmar process is round and large, and the outer palmar process is small and long. The hind limbs are developed, stretching straight forward, and the tibiotalus joint exceeds the eyes; The medial process of metatarsal is obvious; The web between the toes is membranous, and the edge of the web is sunken; The toe length sequence is 4,3,5,2,1; The third and fifth toes are almost the same length.
The skin of Rana chensinensis in China is slightly rough, and there are small wart grains on the back and side, which are irregularly arranged. At the back of the larva, there is an obvious long jaw gland extending backward to the base of the forelimb; The dorsal fold is not straight, inclines to the outside on the eardrum, then slightly folds to the midline, and then extends back to the crotch, forming a zigzag in the temporal part. The skin in the abdomen is very smooth.
The body color of Rana chensinensis in China is very different, with different seasons and different producing areas. Typical body color, during hibernation and spawning, the back and sides of the body are dark brown, and some individuals are khaki or gray with brown spots. There are triangular black spots on the eardrum; There are often black stripes between the eyes, or there are "eight-shaped" black spots behind the head; Some dorsal folds are brownish red; Some wart grains on the back and side are surrounded by black; There are obvious black stripes on the back of limbs, but some are not obvious; The ventral surface of the forearm base usually has a long black spot. The abdomen is milky white, and the back of the abdomen and the abdomen of the thigh are light yellow and green. The typical color of male ventral surface is white with brown spots, some with more brown spots and some with less brown spots. Male individuals also have a pair of pharyngeal internal auditory sacs.
Eggs are clustered, with a diameter of1.5-1.8 mm. Animals are extremely brown and black, accounting for about 2/3 of the egg surface, and plants are extremely gray or white.