However, aren't the people's eyes discerning? Why did history choose Liu Bang, a lowly rascal, and abandon the chivalrous and tender heroes of America and Xiang Yu? Why did Ying Bu, Peng Yue, Chen Ping and Han Xin ... leave Overlord Camp for Hanwang? Why are Sean, Xiao He, Fan Kuai and Ji Xin ... so desperate for Hanwang that they forget their lives? Why is Liu Bang, who is trapped in Bashu in Sanqin, still outstanding? Why did the invincible overlord of Chu divide and rule with Liu Bang? Why can Han Ashin's fake king and Hanwang expel the world? Why did Xiang Yu, who dominated the world, doubt his only adviser and dismiss him? why ...
Is history deceiving us? Or have we distorted history?
Tai Shigong's Biography of Xiang Yu, Ban Gu's Han Shu, Sima Guang's As a Mirror, the tone of brushwork, rigorous sympathy and the art of governing the country ... Do you want to reconcile? Feel it, don't remember Liu Xiang.
First, the comparison of life experiences.
The introduction of Liu Bang in history books is not necessarily very good. Historical records say: "I don't care about my family's production work." And strong, try to be an official, be the curator of Surabaya Pavilion, and the officials of the imperial court will do anything. Good wine and lust. Often from Wang Wan and Five Blessingg, these words are recorded in the original text, even in Hanshu. The sigh of such people when they saw Qin Shihuang was actually: "Oh, gentleman!" If today's hooligans lament like this, they will be laughed at by others. It is such a "non-student" Liu Bang who won the favor of his father-in-law Lv Gong by deception and married his daughter Lv Zhi to him.
As a historian of Liu Han, Ban Gu has his own views on Taishigong Historical Records. Many people admired by Tai Shigong have lost their aura and even been derogated into his works. But he didn't hide the story of Emperor Gaozu and his early deeds, or he was too taboo. In this way, the above information should be true. Later, Sima Guang also "accepted the order" in Tong Jian.
Xiang Yu, a noble, is a famous Chu state. Later, "Xiang Jia was a Chu general all his life and was sealed in Xiang". There are two things worth noting about his early deeds. First, you can't learn books or swords. Xiang Liang, his uncle was furious and asked him what he wanted. He said, "The book is just a name. The sword is an enemy, not enough to learn, but to learn ten thousand enemies! " (1) Xiang Liang was frightened and thought he had ambition, so he taught him the art of war. Xiang Yu was overjoyed, but after studying for a period of time, he understood the general meaning and didn't delve into it again. Second, he also saw Qin Shihuang. At that time, his famous sentence was similar to that of Liu Bang, even more heroic: "He can replace it!" ①
In the early years, Historical Records and Hanshu were consistent. We can see that they are ambitious. At best, they are "lazy toads want to eat swan meat" or "daydreaming"! However, they all have their own advantages: Liu Bang has trickery, resourcefulness, Xiang Yu's heroism, and "he can carry the tripod and is outstanding in talent". One is a civilian hooligan and the other is bohemian; One is that after the nobility, martial arts are invincible. Of course, the differences in these life experiences have more or less influenced their later contests in politics, strategy, military affairs, employment mechanism, organization and management of political power.
Second, the Qin Dynasty (martial arts in Xianyang)
The strategy of Chu Huaiwang camp (not necessarily formulated by himself) refers to Chen Sheng's previous military measures to some extent: dividing troops to attack Qin. Although Xiang Yu was in the army, the strength of the unified army was partially weakened, but he did not take the opportunity to complete the task assigned to him: completely weaken Xiang's power. This view is not clearly stated in the history books and Hanshu, but we can get some hints: Xiang was the first founder. After Xiang Liang's death, he was appointed as the upper general, Xiang Yu as the second general and Fan Zeng as the last general. This record shows that item is not at ease. Later, Xiang Yu dominated Guanzhong and decided to be king himself, so he made the general king, respected Chu Huaiwang as the "righteous emperor" at a distance, and later secretly killed the "righteous emperor". Echo before and after, let as the highest military chief should be for the sake of weakening the power of the Xiang family. Therefore, it is self-evident that Yi Song will stay put. Because Yi Song didn't give a "final blow" to Xiang Yu, Xiang Yu resolutely killed Yi Song and regained the command of the whole army when various disasters occurred. In the next "Battle of the Julu", the Chu army crossed the rubicon, fought Qin Jun nine times and won a great victory. "Han Shu" describes it like this: "When it is, Chu Bing was made a prince. More than ten walls of the vassal army saved the giant deer and did not dare to fight. When the State of Chu attacked the State of Qin, the governors all looked from the wall. Chu soldiers are all ten, and the sound moves heaven and earth. Warlords and soldiers are afraid. So Chu was broken, and when he saw the generals, he went into Yuanmen and knelt before him, afraid to look up. Feathering is the beginning of princes and princes. Soldiers are awkward. " Except for the word "Zhao" in Yu Summoning Governors and Generals, it is almost the manuscript of historical records. So it's just to show that in the eyes of Taishi Gong and Ban Gu, Xiang Yu's cutting of Qin martial arts has not been buried!
There is no doubt that Xiang Yu's army blocked the main force of the Qin Dynasty, and the surrender of Zhang Han, the general of the Qin Dynasty, brought him 200,000 troops. This is a greater martial art, but Xiang Yu showed his "retarded" treatment here: killing all the soldiers and surrendering. Qin's tyranny is obvious to all. Even during the demise of the Six Kingdoms, Qin Jun's foot soldiers and the sergeant in the buffer region had a deep hatred, but after more than ten years, this bloody revenge flame should be alleviated or eliminated to some extent. Moreover, more importantly, the tyranny of Qin was not only aimed at the people of the six countries, but also covered the whole country. Qin Jun soldiers are also opponents of tyranny, or at least haters. Instead of jointly reorganizing this army, Xiang Yu acted as if he had robbed Zhao Bing of 400,000, which really lost the hearts of the people. However, until now, some people still think that his approach is "correct". At this time, the balance of historical choice must have begun to tilt to Xiang Yu, even if it has not tilted to Liu Bang. Compare it with Pei Gong Liu Bang in Xianyang's "Three Chapters of the Law" later: the murderer died, was injured and robbed; And "I learned the method of removing Qin" (2). Liu Bang easily won the hearts and minds of Guanzhong, which later highlighted Chen Cang, eliminated the three kings of Qin, defended Guanzhong and even laid a certain popularity foundation for the capital.
After the Hongmen banquet, Xiang Yu entered Xianyang and made a bigger political mistake: "Feather killed Xianyang, Qin surrendered, burned his palace, and the fire would not go out in March;" Accept its precious things, tiny women and the East. Qin Min was disappointed. " ③
Reference: In the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan entered Chang 'an, which was close to Xianyang. After Tang gaozu entered Chang 'an, he did not act like Xiang Yu. Later, Huang Chao, Li Zicheng and others almost became the second Xiang Yu. Li Shimin said it well: Water can carry a boat and also overturn it. Xiang Yu's cruelty and Wu Qin II, at least in the eyes of Guanzhong people, are really true.
In this way, on the issue of building the capital, Xiang Yu's third famous saying came out: "Wealth does not return to the hometown, just like walking at night." (2) there is a Confucian scholar, surnamed Han, who should be a man who dares to speak. Laugh at him in front of the overlord: "People say that the Chu people crowned him as a monkey, and it really does." (2) Xiang Yu killed him, of course, there is no room for discussion. The so-called "washing the monkey to win the crown" originally meant that even if the appearance was similar, the essence could not be changed. But when applied to Xiang Yu, it should be short-sighted and petty. Of course, history will not choose a monarch who does not make the world his home. For example, Liu Bang didn't take Pei County as his capital, Li Shimin didn't, Zhao Kuangyin didn't, Zhu Yuanzhang didn't, and even, hehe, for a modern example, Mao Zedong didn't! Try to investigate, Xiang Yu's decision has a secret purpose, and his threat may not be true. Pengcheng, in Xuzhou, is a painstaking base, which is not the most important; Most importantly, Chu Huaiwang was respected in Pengcheng at that time! Moved from Xuyi to Xiang Liang after his death. Xiang Yu honored Wang Huai as the righteous emperor, calling himself the overlord of the place of Chu, and the next step was to take Wang Huai instead! Why doesn't he go home? It is puzzling how he can regard the cowherd boy as an imaginary enemy without threat! You should know that princes with much stronger strength, such as Wei's, Zhao's Wang Xie, Changshan's Er, Qi Wang Tiandu, Jiujiang's Wang, etc ... There are countless examples. If my analysis is wrong, then Xiang Yu is really crowned as a bathing monkey, as Han Sheng said.
Third, the hongmen banquet.
Due to the change of ancient dynasties, at some point, some myths and legends will be created by the government. These myths and legends are to prove that the leaders who seek the world are indeed "destined to return", and the fact that they rule the whole country has been effectively proved in myths and legends. After improving some governance methods, the Lebanese people are also willing to accept these "theories of destiny". Legend has it that Liu Bang beheaded Bai Di's son (snake) for this purpose. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ying Shao hit the nail on the head in Historical Records: The State of Qin offered sacrifices to Bai Di, taking him as the ancestor's protector, and Liu Bang killed the son of Bai Di who turned into a snake, which meant that it was fate that the Han Dynasty replaced the Qin Dynasty. Many founders of later generations followed suit, but they were attacked by some historians as "feudal superstition". In fact, after careful analysis, we can draw a conclusion that this is a common phenomenon in ancient China society, and it is called "the theory of dynasty's destiny", which is an important measure aimed at maintaining its legal rule.
After gathering people to fight, Liu Bang further perfected his "theory of destiny": he set up the Huangdi Temple and claimed to be the son of Chi Di. He killed Bai Di's son, and this mysterious legend played a role: it was also a kind of belief. Surprisingly, however, while Liu Bang built a shrine for the Yellow Emperor, he also enshrined Chiyou. Chiyou was a hostile force in the period of the Yellow Emperor, the leader of Jiuli nationality in the east and the distant ancestor of Miao nationality in the south, that is, the distant ancestor of Chu State. Liu bang's behavior shows that the theory of "destiny" probably didn't exist at the beginning of his military career. According to these data, Mao Zedong and Zhu De joined forces with the Eastern governors and the southern Chu people to set up the Huangdi Temple to pay homage to Pei Ting (one day before the founding of the People's Republic of China in the last century, didn't they do the same at the ceremony of the Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi? However, they didn't "cut the son of the white emperor").
When Liu Bang parted ways with Xiang Yu in Xianyang, he basically didn't meet the powerful Qin Corps, but that doesn't mean there was no resistance. He got a counselor in Levin, who was the first intellectual from the Qin Dynasty in Peigong camp, and the idiom story of "Change from arrogance to respect" was staged again. However, compared with Xiang Yu's killing of 200,000 Chiyou at the same time, Liu Bang's courtesy finally made me think about why a rogue still treated intellectuals with courtesy. Another self-proclaimed "enemy of ten thousand people", Xiang Yu, who was born in a famous family, showed such "retarded" behavior? Instead of taking the advice of Xianyang, the capital of Han Sheng, they were executed, not to mention 200,000 people were killed in Qin Jun. In contrast, readers have been able to predict their future.
Liu bang entered Xianyang, lost to Luoyang East, and turned to Nanyang. The garrison commander of Nanyang retreated to Wancheng. Liu Bang wanted to go around Wancheng, and Sean rushed out. He said: "Although Pei Gong wants to rush into the customs, there are still many red soldiers, far from danger. Today, if you don't go down, you will attack from behind, and Qiang Qin will be in front. This is also a dangerous road. " (2) Liu Bang adopted and besieged Wancheng, and the garrison commander of Wancheng surrendered. After that, Liu Bang's troops marched westward, and most counties and counties along the way surrendered. After conquering Wuguan, Zhao Gao, the prime minister of Qin, killed II, hoping to share the land with Liu Bang, but Liu Bang refused. After Zhao Gao destroyed Zi Ying, the Qin Dynasty organized troops to fight back for the last time. On this issue, Liu Bang listened to Sean's advice again. Sean said: "Qin Jun is still strong and cannot be underestimated. I hope that the vanguard will raise a banner on the mountain as a suspected soldier so that they can eat it, and tell Lu Jia that General Qin Jun will benefit. " The general of Qin really wants to make peace, and Pei Gong is ready to agree. Sean said beside him, "I'm afraid his soldiers won't obey. It's better to attack him because he is lazy." It was in this tactical decision that Liu Bang accepted the advice of Sean and other advisers again and again, and finally defeated the last battle of the Qin Dynasty.
After entering Xianyang, "Pei Gong saw Qin Gong, and thousands of curtains, dogs and horses, treasures and women wanted to stay here" ("Zi Tongzhi Jane? Volume 9). Fan Kuai, my brother-in-law, dissuaded Liu Bang from listening at first. Sean said, "Qin Wei had no choice, so Pei Gong came here. It is better for a husband to be a widow than to be a thief in the world. Since Qin dynasty, you have enjoyed it. This is called "helping others to abuse". Moreover, advice is hard to listen to, and poison tastes bitter, which is good for the disease. May Pei Gong listen to Fan Kuai! "(2) I think" helping others to abuse "is worse than" winning the championship by bathing monkeys "." Advice when most needed is least heeded "and" good medicine tastes bitter "did not make Pei Gong the second Xiang Yu. He defended his authority by killing. This is no longer a "rogue" Liu Bang!
Xiang Yu advocates "force" and is high above; Liu Bang, in his own words, at a banquet, at that time, Liu Bang had proclaimed himself emperor and gone south. He told his courtiers about his way to victory: "My husband strategized and won thousands of miles, and I am not as good as my ovary;" Fill the country, comfort the people, repay accounts and provide food. I am not as good as Xiao He; Even if it's a million people, I'm not as good as Han Xin. All three are outstanding, and I can use them, so I take the essence of the world. Xiang Yu has a Fan Zeng that can't be used, and that is my bird. "(3) Using ingenuity is the obvious aspect of Liu Bang's victory.
When Xiang Yu arrived at Wuguan, Liu Bang had stabilized Xianyang, the capital of Guanzhong. The fact that Qin Jun defended himself with an overwhelming majority was hard for Xiang Yu to accept. At Fan Zeng's instigation, he hosted a "Hongmen Banquet".
The purpose of the Hongmen Banquet is very clear, slaying Pei Gong Liu Bang. However, at the last moment waiting for Xiang Yu's order, he did not take decisive measures. Many friends who have deep feelings for Xiang Yu use this to prove his kindness. However, we don't need to quote the voice from Liu Bang, which is hostile rhetoric. We just need to look at Fan Zeng's excited words: "Alas! Insufficient vertical shaft, ask. Those who win the title of king of the world will be repeatedly praised by the public, and I think it belongs to the present! " (1) Tai Shigong's admiration for Xiang Yu has surpassed that of historians of any era, and he can't help but talk about Xiang Yu through Fan Zengzhi.
Of course, the result of the hongmen banquet was not accidental. It was these three people who decided the fate of Liu Bang: Xiang Bo, Sean and Fan Kuai. Of these three people, Sean played the most important role. I don't know when he met Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo, and they have a deep friendship. When he learned that Xiang Yu was going to attack Liu Bang's army, he rushed to Pei overnight, intending to rescue and leave Liu Bang's barracks to avoid the slaughter of the Chu army. Sean's first thought was not his personal life, but Pei Gong's career. His personal friendship is not as close as that of the monarch and ministers. He immediately reflected the information, and then explained the solution to the problem: meeting Xiang Bo. Political marriage saved Liu bang for the first time (later, there was a second time, a third time ... but this article will not discuss it). Xiang Bo accepted Liu Bang's sincerity, and asked Liu Bang to go to Chuying to apologize and make a stand, not to be an enemy of Chu Jun.
Fourth, in the early period of Chu-Han War.
Let's first examine Xiang Yu's deeds before he directly became Liu Bang's enemy.
Xiang Yu still had some hope for Wang Guanzhong, the first man to enter Xianyang, that is, Chu Huaiwang might temporarily change his mind: he should know that Xiang Yu had defeated Qin Jun, and Xiang Yu sent someone to ask Chu Huaiwang for instructions, but the answer was "as promised". The "legal" way to seek self-reliance has encountered setbacks. Xiang Yu decided to pretend that he was honored as "righteous emperor" and "Yang Zun Wang was righteous emperor, but he didn't really need his life". He explained to the vassal: "When there was chaos in the world, he established a vassal and then attacked the State of Qin. And those who have been exposed to the wild for three years and destroyed the Qin Dynasty will be the power of princes and books. Although the righteous emperor is useless, he should divide his land and be king. " (2) The warlord enfeoffment is king, and of course he agrees. However, he was afraid of Pei Gong Liu Bang. After consulting with Fan Zeng, he named Liu Bang "Hanwang" and placed him in the wasteland that entered Bashu, threatening that "Bashu area is also Guanzhong area."
We didn't have any malicious attacks on Xiang Yu's move, but praised him for finally using "ingenuity."
More wisely, Zhang Han and other Qin generals are called the Three Kings of Qin (Wang Yong Zhang Han, Wang Sai Sima Xin, Zhai Wang Dongming), "Three Points in Guanzhong" (2) and "Saihan Road" (2).
The whole strategic intention is that after entering Shu, most of Liu Bang's troops came from the east, far away from their native land, and this area was not effectively developed, and the economy was more backward than that of China, so it was a wasteland. Passage by boat and plank road-the boat and navigation failed to reach the level of marching on rivers at the end of Qin Dynasty, and plank road was the only way out. At that time, it was enough for Liu Bang to cope with the foot soldiers fleeing eastward. In addition, Zhang Han and other Qin generals blocked his way out. Even if Liu Bang can transfer troops to the east, he will certainly waste a lot of time in dealing with the three kings of Qin. By the time he completely conquered Guanzhong, Xiang Yu Corps should have arrived. Besides, the plank road is narrow and dangerous, and the foot soldiers of the small team have just emerged. Zhang Han and others have long been under great pressure, and they are in flight.
Xiang Yu's plan is very effective. Liu bang didn't have enough strength to compete with it at that time, so he had to enter Bashu area with resentment. Unwilling Hanwang began his plan to overcome the oppression of his opponent.
The first step is still to adopt Sean's plan: burn the plank road to show that he obeys "distribution" and never returns to the East. However, not long after, his troops did have a large number of escape incidents. Liu bang, who is bent on returning to the east and seeking the world, is anxious and helpless. If the situation does not improve and Xiang Yu does not come, Liu Bang is doomed to failure. At this time, Sean has returned to his hometown in South Korea, not with Liu Bang. Xiao He appeared. His administrative and economic assistance is a great guarantee for Liu Bang's success. And militarily, Han Xin was recommended for Liu Bang.
The second step is to appoint Han Xin to take charge of the army. Without Han Xin, Liu Bang would have stormed out, but with Han Xin's military training and command, the Han army not only highlighted Chencang, but also easily eliminated Xiang Yu, the bridgehead of the Guanzhong Sanqin forces. Han Xin, who was born in cloth and had no good deeds to recommend (Li Chyi Yu in Historical Records), was a legend who suffered from bullying and poverty. He comes from Xiang Yu's camp. There was a time when "the number of recruits was Xiang Yu, and the feathers were not needed" ("Historical Records? "The Biography of Huaiyin Hou"), probably because his "crotch humiliation" influenced Wang Xiang's view of him, and later "romanticists" all had this tendency. Han Xin pursued enthusiastically and realized his self-worth. He turned to Hanwang. Similarly, he was not appreciated at first, and even "beheaded if he broke the law." More than a dozen foot soldiers in front of him have been killed, and Han Xin roared loudly: "You don't want to go to heaven, will it be human? "With a strong man!" (1) Xiao He, also from the lower classes, worked as a petty official and had a certain understanding of the laws of the Qin Dynasty. He was a good friend of Liu Bang in his early years. After hearing Han Xin's cry, he was "strong in appearance" and let him go. In the conversation with him, he found that Han Xin was a rare talent, so he told Liu Bang that Liu Bang appointed Han Xin as the "Taishi for treating millet", but he still didn't entrust him with an important task. Later, as more and more people were exiled, Han Xin was disappointed with the Hanwang camp and fled. Xiao He immediately chased after learning the news and recommended Han Xin to Liu Bang again. This time, Liu Bang actually made a little-known man a general and commanded the whole army! The starting point is Xiao He's appreciation of Han Xin and his ambition to win the world.
Han Xin came to power to worship the commander-in-chief, and the whole army of Han Ying was shocked. It's incredible! After analyzing the timely situation of Xiang Yu in Han Xin, Liu Bang was overjoyed and felt sorry for his short experience! Han Xin's analysis of Xiang Yu is as follows:
"Xiang Wang is evil, and thousands of people are wasted, not virtuous. This is a man's courage. King Xiang saw that people were respectful and loving, and they spoke out, and people were sick, crying and eating, so that people made meritorious deeds and could not bear it. This is the so-called woman's kindness. Although Wang Xiang dominated the world and became a vassal, he did not live in Guanzhong, but in Pengcheng. It is unfair to have the promise of betraying the righteous emperor, but to love the monarch and the minister. In the eyes of the vassals, Wang moved to the south of the Yangtze River and returned everything to its original owner, from Wang Shandi Wu. Everything that King Xiang did was ruined. There are many human grievances, and the people are not attached, so they are especially robbed by Wei Qianger. Although the name is overbearing, it really loses the heart of the world. " ①
For Xiang Yu's bravery and invincibility, in Han Xin's eyes, it is just a man's courage; For Xiang Yu, he is respectful and amiable to everyone, but he can't reward him. Han Xin thinks she is a woman's soft nature; For Xiang Yu's violation of the Covenant of the righteous emperor, everything he experienced was destroyed. In Han Xin's view, he has lost the hearts and minds of the whole world, which determines that his strength is temporary. Therefore, he went on to make suggestions to Liu Bang:
"Today, the king can really do the opposite: let the world be brave, why not punish it! Why don't you accept the title of world city hero? People who came back from Dong Si with just soldiers, why don't you leave! Besides, the king of Sanqin was General A Qin, who killed the children of Qin Dynasty for several years and deceived them into surrendering to Xin 'an. The king of Sanqin cheated Qin and lost more than 200 thousand troops, but Han, Xin and Yi all took off. Qin's father and brother held a grudge against these three people, which was painful to the bone marrow. Today, Chu Qiang is Wang Wei, and Qin Min doesn't love him. When the king entered Wuguan, Qiu Hao was unharmed. In addition to Qin's harsh laws, he also reached an agreement with and formulated three chapters of the contract. Everyone in Qin Min wants the King of Qin Wang. According to the agreement of the governors, the king is the king of Guanzhong, and the people of Guanzhong know it. Qin people all hated the king of Yue's dereliction of duty and his entry into Hanzhong. Today, the king moves eastward, and Sanqin can be passed on! " ①
This is a famous strategic blueprint, which is equivalent to Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" in later generations, and analyzes the current military situation in detail. Throughout the blueprint, Han Xin repeatedly emphasized the fact that the "surname" of Guanzhong people is not "surname"!
In the late spring of 206 BC, Hanwang entered Shu, and in the autumn, he transferred troops to the east. In just three or four times, the Han army not only occupied the whole of Guanzhong, but also Sima Xin and others led the mutiny! Han Xin's role cannot be ignored.
Step 3: Xiao He's logistics work.
After entering Xianyang, Xiao He collected all the documents, books and files of the Qin Dynasty for the first time. So, Historical Records? Xiao Jiayun: "Hanwang knows the crowded world, the number of registered permanent residence, the strength and weakness, and the sufferings of the people. How can he (Xiao He-Xiang Feng Note) win the Qin Shu? " This is something that will not happen in Xiang Yu's camp. Even his first counselor, Fan Zeng, did not do anything similar (including words and deeds) after entering the customs. Liu Bang was furious when he heard that Xiang Yu had named himself "Hanwang" and placed him in Bashu area, where he entered the barren land, and planned to attack Xiang Yu. His subordinates Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, Fan Kuai and others dissuaded him. After analyzing the enemy's strength and the enemy's strength for Liu Bang, Xiao He suggested: "I wish the king, raise his people's wisdom, accept Pakistan and Shu, and set up the three qins to make the world beneficial." (1) Hanwang Liu Bang agreed, so he went to Bashu for further development in the future. At the end of the spring of 206 BC, when Liu went through the customs, he asked, "Why did the Prime Minister (Xiao) defend Bashu, fill out the imperial edict and eat the army?" . For the rear affairs, Liu Bangming Xiao He was in full charge, and Xiao He ruled the country according to law, building ancestral halls, countries, palaces, counties and cities. For emergencies, Liu Bang even promised to act cheaply. The best "case" of the rule of kings is Liu Bang's trust in Xiao He. Later, he assisted the prince and supplied military supplies. Even though Liu Bang was repeatedly defeated by Xiang Yu, Xiao He was able to continuously deliver foot soldiers and military supplies to the front. The base area in Guanzhong was well managed by Xiao He. The stability of the political situation in the rear, as well as financial resources, logistics supplies and manpower supplements, Liu Bang does have advantages that Xiang Yu does not have.
At this time, let's examine what happened in Shandong after Xiang Yu left Xianyang.
First, the warlord enfeoffment was "unfair", which led to chaos in Shandong. He named Shi Tian, a descendant of Qi State, King of Jiaodong, with Jimo as its capital. Qi Jiangtian followed the Chu army to save Zhao, and was named King of Qi with its capital in Lin Zhao. However, when they went to Qi's hometown to take over, they met with resistance from. During the Chen Sheng Uprising, the general Shi Zhou was sent to attack Dicheng, and the people in Dicheng, the nobles of Qi, also raised a lot of people accordingly, and established themselves as the king of Qi. After Tian Yun's death, his cousin Tian Rong led the troops to war, but during his campaign in Xiang Liang, he refused to send troops to cooperate with the Chu army to attack Qin, so Xiang Yu did not promote him. Tian Rong drove Tian Du away, killed Shi Tian and established himself as the king of Qi. At that time, there were more than10,000 troops in Peng Yue. Tian Rong fought against Peng Yue troops and killed another Wang Tianan appointed by Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu sent troops to crusade and lost. At the same time, the harmony, which is famous for its deep friendship, was cracked, because it was promoted to Changshan King and only named Cheng-this title was not given by Xiang Yu. So, Chen Yu joined forces with Zhao Xie and formed a temporary military alliance with the army.
What is even more shocking is that Xiang Yu personally killed South Korean King Han Cheng. Soon, Han Guang, the former prince of Yan State, refused to go to Liaodong to be the king of Liaodong there. The new prince Zangcha killed him and annexed Liaodong area. When Xiang Yu learned that Hanwang was going east, he named Zheng Chang as the king of Korea to resist Liu Bang.
The vassal Xianyang enfeoffment did not make the world peaceful, but it was the beginning of the war! After receiving the explanation (which has returned to the Hanwang camp at this time) that "Hanwang was dereliction of duty and wanted to get Guanzhong, so he stopped as promised and dared not go east" and the information that "Qi wanted to destroy Chu with Zhao", Xiang Yu was bent on crusade against Qi and had no time to look west.
Second: Assassinate Yidi. Yidi has no ability to resist. Xiang Yu ordered people to assassinate him, which was not only unnecessary, but was also caught by Liu Bang in the future. This political mistake did not make Xiang Yu emperor.
Third, brutally burned and looted the jurisdiction of Tian Rong and defeated the King of Qi. "Burning battlements and rooms, Kengtianrong's death, this is the result of her infirmity and women, ruined too much. Qi people get together and rebel "(2). Although it is possible, it is probably the history books of the Han Dynasty that belittle Xiang Yu. But by the summer of 205 BC, nearly a year had passed since Liu Bang pacified Guanzhong, and Xiang Yu could not find time to deal with this old enemy, so we knew that he was busy suppressing the rebellion in Shandong. The implication is that his rear is unstable. Although Tian Rong is dead, his brother Tian Heng is making a comeback!
Fourth, in Liu Bang's camp, it is manifested as: uniting all forces that can be United; In Xiang Yu's camp, it is manifested as: continuous rebellion. This contrast is very strong. Although the main fighting capacity of Chu Army is very strong, when Han Xin put forward Liu Bang's current strategic blueprint and put it into practice, Xiang Yu's troops were in a relatively passive position. The strategic blueprint of the Han army is as follows: the Han army is divided into two parts, one of which is led by Liu Bang to deal with the main force of the Chu army in Xingyang; Han Xin led an army to the northern expedition to Yan and Dai, and then marched to Qi to make a strategic detour to the Chu army. At the same time, Liu bang ordered him to contact the king of Jiujiang in the south and let him betray the overlord. Why did this outstanding diplomat finally accomplish Liu Bang's task, and Ying Bu's participation in the war contained part of Xiang Yu's troops?
The map shows that there are Han Xin forces in the north and east; South is the power of Ying Bu; The west and the Central Plains are Liu Bang's forces. Xiang Yu has been trapped in the encirclement on three sides.
Although Ying Bu failed to find Liu Bang in the end, Liu Bang has won for several months. Han Xin in the north, with a clever plan, "the last resistance", defeated the opposite Zhao army.
Even in the early period of Chu-Han War, Xiang Yu did not win a decisive victory. Moreover, we also found such a passage: "Guanzhong is hungry, rice spends millions, and people eat each other." This happened in the summer of 205 BC, but it did not become Liu Bang's fatal wound. Xiang Yu's powerful force seems to exist only in the mouth of "romantics". Although he defeated the Han army that invaded Cheng Peng and wiped out Ying Bu's troops, he was only deadlocked with Liu Bang in Xingyang and never entered Guanzhong again in his whole life! On the contrary, Liu Bang also attacked his own capital, Pengcheng, in the early stage of the Chu-Han War!
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, and we investigated their strategic, political, military and organizational management factors in the early stage of the Chu-Han War.
Strategically, Pei Gong Liu Bang has established relatively stable base areas-in the middle of Shu, in the middle of Sichuan and in Guanzhong, which can provide troops and food. Xiao He was the first counselor who played an important role in his strategy. Xiang Yu's internal chaos, no important adviser can stabilize the rear for him.
Politically, Liu Bang not only proved to the world that he was destined by fate through the theory of "dynasty destiny", but more importantly, he implemented a series of measures aimed at gaining the support of the people in the base areas (the most obvious is the "three chapters of the contract"), thus establishing a high reputation; With the development of the war with Xiang Yu, he United all forces that could be United through diplomacy and necessary "political conspiracy" to disintegrate or alienate the unity within the enemy. Chen Ping and He Sui are the representatives of this measure. Xiang Yu's camp has not cultivated corresponding outstanding diplomatic talents.
Militarily, from our previous account of Han Xin and the investigation of Liu Bang's effective and successful control of the army's decentralization and power collection, we can draw the inevitability of "Liu Bang's victory" (see the analysis below). Xiang Yu also has Long Qie, Zhong Limei and so on, but compared with Han Xin, he can only compare with him!
In organizational management, it is actually a summary of the above aspects. The "Three Heroes" are honest and talented, and they undertake tasks in the fields of combat, administration, ideology and economy respectively. The development and final completion of these tasks is not only the basis and backing for eliminating Xiang Yu, but also the preparation for creating a dynasty and seizing political power.
Finally, briefly talk about their personal temperament.
Liu Bang was really calculating, but his final victory benefited from his absolute trust in Sean, Xiao He and Han Xin, but he was wary of Han Xin leading the troops. In 205 B.C., Liu Bang fell in the elevation and fled to Han Xin and Zhang Er camps with Xiao He, which was the most vulnerable moment for Liu Bang. If Han Xin has infidelity, stands on his own feet or captures Liu Bang and surrenders to Xiang Yu, Liu Bang will disappear. Therefore, Liu Bang "claimed to be an ambassador of Han Dynasty and ran into a wall. Zhang Er, Han Xin did not rise, that is, fell, seize its seal, easy to call the generals.