Author: Li Shizhen

Explain a name

Fire wine, Araghi wine.

smell

Pungent, sweet, hot and poisonous.

therapy

Dispel cold, accumulate cold, dry phlegm, relieve depression, stop water and drain water; Cure cholera, malaria, choking diaphragm, cold heart pain and death from malice; It has the effects of killing insects, eliminating dysentery, inducing diuresis, strengthening defecation, washing red eyes, reducing swelling and relieving pain.

Enlightenment of Compendium of Materia Medica on the Application of Wine and Medicine

May 26th, 2005, No.2345, journal of traditional chinese medicine, China.

Wine has occupied an important position in China people's life since ancient times, and it is also inextricably linked with medicine. From the perspective of philology, the word "medicine" is better explained by "unitary" (wine). So, in a sense, wine is medicine. In order to distinguish it from the concept that people are used to using wine as daily necessities, this paper specially uses the word "wine medicine" to emphasize this meaning. Regarding the origin of wine and the relationship between wine and traditional Chinese medicine, there is a textual research in Compendium of Materia Medica, which says: "Materia Medica (note: referring to Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) has written the wine prescription, and Su Wen (note: referring to Huangdi's Internal Classic) has wine pulp, so wine begins in Huangdi". There are indeed many discussions about wine in Huangdi Neijing, the earliest extant classic of traditional Chinese medicine. In Su Wen, not only Tang Yi Lao Pian is devoted to wine, but also the relationship between wine and disease prevention and fitness is discussed theoretically. Moreover, there are prescriptions for treating swelling, which demonstrate the special relationship between wine and Chinese medicine in practice. The silk book unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha records the complete formula and preparation method of medicinal liquor, which is an example of the application of wine in medicine in the early history of China. After that, all the herbs in the past dynasties used wine as a medicine to treat diseases, and almost all of them lacked income. They collected many examples of treating diseases with wine and medicine, and established the orthodox position of wine as a Chinese medicine. Compendium of Materia Medica, as a medical masterpiece before the Ming Dynasty, naturally discussed the role of wine and medicine, and also increased the author's many quite important roles. Although there is no accurate statistics on the words used in Compendium of Materia Medica, intuitively, the frequency of the word "wine" in Compendium of Materia Medica is higher than that in all previous dynasties, and at least it is not too much to describe it with the approximate number of "thousand times". Emphasizing the frequency of a word in the book is not only to judge the value of the word itself, but also to explore its substantive meaning, which is exactly the problem to be demonstrated in this paper.

First of all, the taste of wine.

In Compendium of Materia Medica, wine is divided into several categories: "sake is called brewing, turbid wine is called ang, strong wine is called alcohol, and thin wine is called sugar;" Re-brewed, sweet for one night, beautiful and sweet, not squeezed; Red means, green means and white means. " "Ancient wines include alcoholic wine, spring wine, white wine, sake, fine wine, inferior wine, japonica wine, millet wine, yellow wine, honey wine, grey wine, newly cooked grey wine, and leftover wine. Now there are glutinous wine, boiled wine, red bean koji, fragrant medicine koji, deer head wine, mutton and other wines. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Hubei also add glutinous rice flour to many medicines. Hehe is a song that says "cake wine." "Dongyang wine is the best medicine, and its wine is well-known since ancient times", "Dongyang wine is Jinhua wine, and Gulanling is also the so-called' lanling wine tulip' in Li Taibai's poems, and it is a good medicine to drink it often" (Compendium of Materia Medica). From the discussion in compendium of materia medica, it is not difficult to find that although there are many kinds of wine, not all of them can be used as medicine; Although there are many wines that can be used as medicine, not all wines are of high quality. The ancients were very particular about the use of wine and medicine. At present, few people explain the usage of wine in Compendium of Materia Medica, which not only hurts the author's original intention, but also is not conducive to the inheritance and development of traditional usage of wine and medicine by Chinese medicine.

The function of wine can be roughly divided into social function and medical function. As a social function, Li Shizhen called it "official business", which was not mentioned much in Compendium of Materia Medica. Originally, it was only used for interpersonal communication. Apart from greetings, "drinkers only take their taste". As a medical function, Compendium of Materia Medica has a detailed discussion, saying that wine "as a medicine can kill all evil poisonous gases", "promote blood circulation, thicken the stomach, moisten the skin, dissipate moisture, relieve anxiety and anger, and make a clear declaration", "nourish the temper, help the liver, eliminate wind and qi", "drinking less will promote blood circulation, strengthen the spirit against cold, and" In addition to being reasonable, you need to give examples to be convincing. For example, when talking about alcohol to ward off evil spirits, Li Shizhen quoted a story in natural history: "Wang Su, Zhang Heng and Ma Jun swam in the fog in the morning. One drinks, one is full, and the other is empty. People who eat on an empty stomach die, people who are full are sick, and people who drink are healthy. This wine is more evil than food. " Of course, the above is only the overall function of medicinal liquor, and there are many other types of medicinal liquor, such as rice wine, sake, shochu, old wine, wine, distiller's grains, wine and so on. In addition to the same functions, * * * has its own unique functions, which are also discussed in detail in the book. There are generally the following medicinal ways about wine: one is to use wine directly as a single medicine, and the other is to combine wine with other medicines, which is the "wine medicine" in this paper; Thirdly, wine is used as the raw material for processing drugs, or inducing drugs to return to menstruation, or assisting the drug to exert its efficacy, or changing the original properties of drugs, or reducing the toxic and side effects of some drugs. Some people sum up the function of medicinal liquor system into five aspects, namely, changing the nature of drugs and inducing drugs to return to menstruation; Enhance the efficacy of warming and nourishing liver and kidney; Enhance the function of promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals; Correct the bad smell of drugs and reduce the toxic and side effects of drugs; Increase the precipitation of effective components of drugs (Liu on the relationship between Chinese medicinal liquor system and clinical efficacy). Wine and medicine or wine and medicine, wine and medicine, wine and medicine, wine and medicine, wine and medicine have really reached an inseparable level. Wine and medicine have become the broad concepts of "internal medicine" and "external medicine", forming an increasingly profound cultural background and building the foundation of Chinese wine culture.

Wine is not harmless to human body, which is clearly stated in Compendium of Materia Medica. "If you drink too much, you will die", "If you drink too much, you will lose your stomach, your guts, your heart, your life, and even your black intestines will rot and die". Serious enough, but not sensational, because this harm has been confirmed by countless bloody lessons and hard facts at home and abroad. The conclusion of modern research is basically consistent with the viewpoint in compendium of materia medica. The harm of alcohol to digestive system is the first, and it is also very serious to cardiovascular system, central nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system and skeletal movement system, and it is one of the reasons that eventually lead to illness, short life and death. From the investigation of the causes of many diseases, the incidence of alcoholics is significantly higher than that of non-drinkers or moderate drinkers. There are all kinds of examples of injuries and deaths caused by drinking. In order to warn the world, Li Shizhen wrote an example in Compendium of Materia Medica: There was a man named Zhouyi who was very hospitable. One night, a friend came to his house, and he took out two stones of wine to entertain him and got him drunk. When I saw it the next morning, my friend was "threatened with death." At this point, Li Shizhen commented with emotion: "Drinking too much, hurting the mind and consuming blood, hurting the stomach and killing sperm, producing phlegm and making a fire." "If you indulge too much, you will get used to drinking and even lose your country, your home and your life. What harm can you say? " Nowadays, lying drunk in the street, full of alcohol, accidents, troubles, accidental injuries, premature deaths and other tragedies are staged more frequently, and the harm of alcoholism is really evident. According to a survey, the increase of premature infants and children's dementia is directly related to parents' drinking, which has affected the quality of the next generation and the quality of China people. The kind of "hero" who is drunk at the sight of wine, drunk after drinking, and drunk crazy is not acceptable. The kind of practical joke that advises people not to give up and people who are not drunk not to leave should never be performed again. There is only one life, and death from alcohol injury is not good for individuals, families and society. Advise you to drink less, and "bending" may not be heroic ("Wen Health and Longevity and Folklore").

Taking wine as medicine can cure people's diseases, moderate drinking can promote people's health, and excessive drinking will lead to death. Is this the dialectics of drinking? It is this theme that Li Shizhen emphasized in Compendium of Materia Medica. Alcohol and medicine are used to treat diseases. Medicine is not a eater, but a three-point poison. To be a "golden mean" article; The health care of wine and medicine is also based on the mechanism of wine as medicine. Like medicine, it is necessary to master the "right amount"; Excessive drinking is harmful to health, which is the manifestation of the side effects of alcoholism. Vomiting, spontaneous sweating, furuncle, runny nose, diarrhea or heart and spleen pain can still subside. Over time, it is also terminally ill, or thirsty, or gangrene, or lung flaccidity, or bloating, or blindness, or asthma, or fatigue, or epilepsy, or hemorrhoids, and an indescribable disease. "All diseases don't lose their lives? Therefore, drinking should not be reckless, and drunkenness should not be allowed. In Compendium of Materia Medica, the taboo of drinking and the problem of hangover relief are also discussed in detail. For example, when it comes to taboos, it is emphasized that "all wines should avoid all sweets, and wine pulp should not be drunk"; "Drink wine and milk, gas knot. Eating the same beef will make people grow bugs. Lying down after drinking, eating pork, suffering from strong winds "; Soju "eats with ginger and garlic, which makes people suffer from hemorrhoids", "northerners are used to it, and southerners must not drink lightly"; Brewing is toxic, "people with fever, dental diseases and sores should not drink it"; Wine is "toxic by 2003 (note: it has become a culture medium for bacteria)" and cannot be drunk; "Drunk lie when the wind, then into a manic. Drunk bath cold water, into pain "; "Eating mustard and spicy food after drinking will make people slow down. Drinking tea after drinking, kidney injury, heavy fall of waist and feet, cold pain of bladder, excessive phlegm and edema, thirst and colic. Some of his statements are empirical and need further study. Some of them are scientific summaries, which really stand up to scrutiny and are no different from modern research conclusions. For example, the problem of drinking tea after drinking has always been mistaken for a hangover trick. In fact, drinking tea after drinking, especially drinking strong tea, is very harmful to the kidneys. After drinking, the alcohol in the wine enters the blood through the gastrointestinal tract, and is converted into acetaldehyde → acetic acid → carbon dioxide and water in the liver, and then excreted. Drinking tea after drinking makes theophylline in tea quickly play a diuretic role in the kidney, and promotes acetaldehyde in the liver to enter the kidney in advance. Acetaldehyde is a harmful substance, which will damage the kidney, and the kidney has no detoxification function in this respect. Therefore, people who often drink and are used to drinking strong tea after drinking have a relatively high incidence of kidney diseases, which is completely consistent with Li Shizhen's statement in Compendium of Materia Medica. In addition, the stimulating effect of alcohol in wine is already quite strong, and the stimulating effect of drinking strong tea on the heart increases rapidly, and the incidence of heart disease will also show an upward trend. How to sober up? Compendium of Materia Medica summarizes some useful methods, screens out a batch of effective drugs and formulates a group of beneficial prescriptions. For example, effective anti-hangover drugs include cogongrass rhizome juice, kudzuvine root juice, water hyacinth, bamboo shoots, Gentiana macrophylla, Sophora flavescens, Sanguisorba officinalis, chrysanthemum, Hovenia dulcis Thunb, kudzuvine flower, red bean flower and mung bean powder. Its mechanism is "cold conquers heat". Beneficial hangover remedies are: ① oral cold water, mung bean powder and broad bean seedling soup; (2) grinding, adding raspberry and momordica seed vinegar; ③ Take Rhizoma Arisaematis and Cinnabaris orally as pills; ④ Cook porridge and drink juice with medicated leaven, radish and turnip; ⑤ Grinding white rapeseed into powder and taking it with well water; 6. Chew with dried bayberry; ⑦ Drink with mulberry juice and bitter bamboo leaf water. ...

Throughout the contents of liquor in Compendium of Materia Medica, it covers the source of liquor, liquor, medicinal liquor, liquor use, liquor harm, drinking, abstinence, drunkenness, hangover relief and other aspects, and tells the advantages and disadvantages of liquor. An eye for wine, compendium of materia medica!

Second, the wine that can cure all diseases.

Is the "wine of all diseases" exaggerated? Not exactly. Li Shizhen used two volumes in Compendium of Materia Medica, listing the main drugs for 22/kloc-0 diseases, which are called "the main drugs for all diseases". Among them, there are more than 100 people who treat diseases with wine, make medicines with wine and take medicine with wine! It involves a wide range of diseases, rich content, extensive usage and excellent preparation method, which can almost lead to a book "Compendium of Wine with Materia Medica". Limited by space, this paper can't list all its contents, only give a few examples from its representative essence.

1, treat the disease directly with wine

It is the content of directly using alcohol as a monotherapy to treat related diseases in the book, which is distributed in many chapters of the book. For example, treating goose palm wind with shochu ash soup; Treating cold air heartache with soju and flying salt; Treating abdominal pain with warm wine: treating vomiting with a cup of real fire wine; Drinking Shaotou wine to treat cold-damp diarrhea; Take out the foreign body in the ear with the ear drop of fire wine; Drinking alcohol to treat death from stroke shock; Sprinkle social wine on the wall to control insects; Wash with warm wine to treat sore caused by snake bite.

2, alcohol and other drugs to treat diseases.

It is the content that wine is used as a drug to form compounds with other related drugs, and that * * * plays a role in treating diseases. The chapters involved almost run through the book. Such as phlegm-dampness cough, soak pig fat, tea powder, sesame oil and honey in soju; Soak peas, soybeans, coriander, basil and mustard seeds in alcohol during nausea and pain; The throat is hoarse, and the dried ginger with wine is crisp; Seat sores, baked with loofah skin and rubbed with soju; Choke everything, stir-fry with impatiens root and wine; Tired and weak, boiled with wine, maltose and rice porridge; Drink Bauhinia wine to cure all kinds of wind-blown pain; Drinking Sinomenium Wine to Treat Cold and Dampness.

3. Processing drugs with wine

This usage is the most in the book, and the means used are also very particular. ......

Third, make a fuss about wine and medicine.

As can be seen from Compendium of Materia Medica, wine is used as medicine alone and has a wide range of uses. The combination of wine and other drugs is more widely used. Among them, the effective medicinal liquor created by doctors in past dynasties is the essence of this combination form. Compendium of Materia Medica collected a large number of medicinal liquor prescriptions, mainly covering internal medicine and radiation clinical disciplines. Such as antimalarial wine for treating malaria, Tu Su wine for treating epidemic diseases and eliminating malnutrition, patrol wine for tonifying deficiency and benefiting qi, Achyranthes bidentata wine for strengthening muscles and bones, Angelica wine for promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, Acorus calamus wine for improving hearing and eyesight, chinese wolfberry wine wine for benefiting essence and strengthening yang, ginseng wine for invigorating the middle school, yam wine for calming wind and calming dizziness, Poria wine for warming waist and knees, chrysanthemum wine for dispelling wind and improving eyesight, and fennel wine for regulating qi and relieving pain. Jujube snake wine for treating rheumatism, Dou Lin wine for promoting blood circulation and expelling wind, Acanthopanax senticosus wine for treating rheumatism and flaccidity, epilepsy wine for treating wind bias, asparagus wine for treating epilepsy and malignant diseases, etc. ......