Politicians in the early Zhou Dynasty. Mindan. Zhou Wenwang's son and Zhou Wuwang's brother. Because the fief was in Zhou (now northeast of Baoji, Shaanxi), it was called Duke of Zhou.

Two years after the death of King Wen, the Duke of Zhou assisted in cutting Yin. In four years, he, Taitai and Zhao Fu assisted the King of Wu to destroy Yin and kill Zhou, and divided the land of the King of Shang into three pieces. Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Dynasty, was named as a continuation of Yin Sacrifice, and Feng, Wen Wang and Cai Shu were named as defenders. Nominally, they are called the three supervisors who supervise Yin Min.

Two years after Yin Ke, King Wu was seriously ill and ordered Duke Zhou to succeed him. However, Zhou announced that Tian invited Dai to die and told Wen to hide in Jintengge. After the death of King Wu, "the world heard that King Wu had collapsed and rebelled". In order to cope with the crisis, Duke Zhou asked King Wu's youngest son to recite Zhou Chengwang, and he became king himself, which led to an internal power struggle. Guan and Cai also took the opportunity to spread rumors, which made them suspicious of Duke Zhou. Finally, when the king opened the golden box and saw the policy, Duke Zhou won the trust. Therefore, Guan, Cai and Wu Geng colluded against Zhou.

Wu Geng took the opportunity to contact Dong (Yan), Yan, Bo Gu, Xu Rong, Xiong (Zhu Rong) and Ying (Win) to restore the country, which was far stronger than the newly formed and internally divided Zhou. Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong "killed their fathers and brothers at home, but caressed the princes outside". After three years of crusade, they put down the rebellion in the Three Prisons. "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Luo" said that Wu Geng ran north, Guan Shu committed suicide, and Cai Shu was imprisoned; Duke Zhou conquered seventeen countries, including Xiong and Ying, and occupied nine cities. Mencius Teng Wengong said that it destroyed 50 countries. Tang, who lived in the east of Hefen, also set out to instigate the rebellion in Wu Geng, which was later destroyed by the Duke of Zhou. This war was the greatest achievement of Duke Zhou's thorough conquest of the Yin nationality and its allies after the destruction of Yin, thus laying the foundation for the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

When the Duke of Zhou returned to Zhou Zong in the fourth year, he adopted two policies: one was to divide the Yin people, and the other was to enfeoffment the princes. Xunzi Confucianism said that the Duke of Zhou "established 71 countries, and Ji lived alone with 53 people". Generally speaking, Ji and Jiang tribes occupied developed or important places, while Yin and its allied nationalities were driven to backward and remote areas, resulting in the great ethnic migration in the early Zhou Dynasty.

In order to realize his last wish, Duke Zhou reigned for five years and built the capital city of Luoyi with a large amount of Yin, which took seven years to complete. He invited Wang Cheng to hold his first ceremony in Xindu and take power, while Wang Cheng asked him to stay in Luoyi. Since then, the Duke of Zhou was ruled by the ruling and opposition parties and stayed for a week, forming a situation of "enfeoffment of Shaanxi" with Zhao Gong who stayed in Zhou Zong. The vast territory east of Shaanxi (referring to Shaanxi Plain, a stranger in Shaanxi, southwest of Shaanxi County in Henan Province) has been ruled by Duke Zhou. Three years later, the Duke of Zhou was older than Yu Feng, and appointed his son Ming Bao to be in charge of the "three things and four directions" in Chengzhou. After the death of Duke Zhou, he was willing to be buried in Zhou, but he made great contributions and was buried in the nearby Bidi, adjacent to King Wen's tomb.

The Great Biography of Shangshu said: "The Duke of Zhou was the regent, saved the chaos in one year, helped Yin in two years, practiced election in three years, built it in four years, set up a camp in five years, made it a ritual week in six years, and became king in seven years." Except for the six-year narrative of rites and music, which is far-fetched, the rest are generally correct. The so-called system of rites and music refers to the achievements made by Duke Zhou in various laws, regulations, culture and education during the whole reign. In the eighteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Wen Gong said that "Duke Zhou made rites", which shows that Duke Zhou's ritual work is very famous in history.

The second week refers to Zhou Dunyi:

Zhou Dunyi (10 17— 1073) was born in Luanxi, Yingdao County, Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge, was the master of Ren Fen Ning (Xiushui), transferred Nan 'an Army Manager to join the army, moved to Guiyang and Nanchang, and was sentenced by Hezhou Judge and Ganzhou. When Ning first learned about Chenzhou, he was transferred to Guangdong as a judge and was sentenced to jail. Wherever I go, I have made great achievements. "In Hezhou County for four years, the people are convinced that the official has no husband's hand and dares not be the master." In his later years, he learned about Nankang Army, where he ruled today's Xing Zi County. I have been to Lushan Mountain and was attracted by its scenery. In his own poem, I said, "I have loved Lushan Mountain for a long time, and I bought Tian Shanyin." Because the house is built under the Lotus Peak of Lushan Mountain, there is a stream in front of it, which joins the Ganjiang River. Named after the former residence of Lianxi Yingdao, he later settled here and moved the tomb of his mother Zheng, who was originally in his hometown, to Sanqi Mountain, Qingquanshe, Lushan Mountain. Dunyi died and was buried next to his mother's grave. The descendants live in Jiangzhou, and the descendants are Mianyan.

Zhou Dunyi is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Huang Zongxi, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in the case of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty: "Since Confucius, Chinese Confucianism has only learned to pass on the classics, and it has been a long time since then. The rise of Cheng Cheng's successor Yuan Gong ... If we discuss the subtleties of mind, nature and justice, we will break the darkness of several Yuan Gong. " He inherited the Book of Changes and some thoughts of Taoism, and put forward a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe, saying that "Tai Chi is infinite" and "Tai Chi" moves without moving, resulting in everything of yin and yang. "Everything is born with endless changes, but people have to show their beauty, which is the most spiritual ("Tai Chi Map ")." The sage also imitated "Tai Chi" to establish "human pole". "The extreme of human beings" means "sincerity", which is "the wood of the five permanent members, the source of all kinds of actions, and the highest state of morality". Only through the main static, no desire, can we achieve this state. In the following 700 years, it had a wide academic influence, and his philosophical categories, such as infinity, Tai Chi, Yin and Yang, five elements, sports, life, good and evil, became the research topics of later Neo-Confucianism.

Zhou Dunyi was not respected before his death and his academic status was not high. People only know that he is "outstanding in political affairs" and "outstanding in official career", especially "aiming at the mountains", with a free and easy mind and a fairy wind. However, no one knows his Neo-Confucianism. Only Cheng Taizhong, a judge in Nan 'an, knew that his Neo-Confucianism attainments were profound and sent his two sons, Cheng Hao and Huang Cheng, to his door. The latter two are famous neo-Confucianists. Hu Hong, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, highly praised the study of Dunyi, while Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, highly praised him, stood up for him and commented on Taiji Shuo and Yi Tong. Zhang (Mu) called him "the Taoist priest" and his reputation grew. Jiujiang, Daozhou and Nan 'an built Lianxi Temple in memory of him, and Ning Zongci was posthumous title's Yuan, so Dunyi was also called "". In the period of Li Zong, Zhou Dunyi's position as the founder of Neo-Confucianism was confirmed by worshipping Confucius Temple.

Zhou Dunyi's temperament is simple. He said, "Taro dishes can die for many years. Silk cloth is food and clothing, warm and rich, and Corning is priceless. I am willing to cover it, and I am humble and sincere." He believed in the ancient faith since he was a child, and "honed himself with honor." He has never been greedy for money in his life and loves to talk about fame and fortune. He believes that "a gentleman values Tao, and he is safe and rich". Although he is an official in various places, his salary is very small. Even so, when he came to Jiujiang, he gave his savings to the clan in his hometown.

Zhou Dunyi loves elegant, dignified, beautiful and clean lotus flowers. After learning the news of Nankang Army, he dug a pond to grow lotus flowers on the east side of the mansion. This pond is called Ailian Pool, which is more than ten feet wide. There is a stone platform in the middle, a hexagonal pavilion on the platform and a zigzag bridge on both sides. He often strolls in Chi Pan in midsummer, admiring the lotus floating in the wind and reciting the lotus of love. Since then, Lianchi has been well known.

The Yanshui Pavilion in Jiujiang was originally built by Zhou Dunyi. Because the pavilion is in the middle of the lake and looks like the moon, it is named "Moon Immersion Pavilion". Later, he continued to advocate waste, taking the artistic conception of "thin cage smoke on the top of the mountain" and renamed it "Yanshui Pavilion". In the 17th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, inspector Cui Lunqi restored the Yu Yan Pavilion, established the Five Sages Pavilion, and named Zhou Dunyi as one of the Five Sages. There are Lianxi Road and Lianxi Neighborhood Committee in Jiujiang City.

Zhou Dunyi is the author of Zhou Ziquan's book. Lianxi Academy is his lecture platform, and his theory has a great influence on the development of Neo-Confucianism in the future.

2. Incoming call refers to Zhao Gong:

Taibao (formerly 1 1 century) should be named. King Wu, whose fief was named (southwest of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province), was called Zhao Gong. Also known as "Shaogong" and "Zhao Kanggong". After King Wu destroyed the business, he was sealed in the State of Yan. The ancestor of Yan State. When he was king, Taibao, one of the three public officials, and Zhou Gonggong ruled Shaanxi: "From the west of Shaanxi, call the princess; Princess Zhou from eastern Shaanxi. " (Historical Records of Yan Zhaogong).

3. Cheng refers to Cheng Dunhao:

Cheng Hao (1032- 1085), a famous Confucian scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, was born in Luoyang, Ming Dow. When I was a teenager, I joined Zhou Dunyi Jiayou, a famous Confucian, with my younger brother Cheng Yi in the second year (1057), and went through the book of Zhuzhu County and Shangyuan County.

Cheng Hao and his brother Cheng Yi are the main founders of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, and they are called "the second generation of Cheng" in the world. Because Cheng Er brothers had been giving lectures in Luoyang for a long time, they were called "Luo Xue" by the world. Cheng Er gave full play to the theory of mind and numerology from Mencius to Zhou Dunyi in philosophy. Established an idealistic neo-Confucianism system with "Tian Li" as the core. The most important proposition put forward by Cheng Er in academic circles is "Everything is just Tian Li". They think that Yin-Yang, Qi and Five Elements are just the materials for "Li" or "Tian Li" to create everything. Since Cheng Er, "reason" or ""has been regarded as the highest category of philosophy, that is, as the ontology of the world. In addition, human itself is also the concrete embodiment of "natural justice" in human society. "The monarch and his son, the theorem of the world, can't escape from heaven and earth." ("Henan Cheng's suicide note" V)

Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature originated from Meng Si School's theory of good nature. Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature is further deepened on the basis of the theory of good nature, and answers a series of questions such as why sex is the best and why it produces evil factors. Cheng Cheng thinks that human nature is different from "the nature of destiny" and "the nature of temperament". The former is the embodiment of justice in human nature, without any damage or distortion, so it is the best and flawless. The latter is born of gasification, which is inevitably eroded by "qi" and produces disadvantages, so there are evil factors ... Cheng believes that the natural state of sex is perfect because it is the embodiment of human "justice". Good in human nature is the essential feature of "justice", while evil is manifested in people's unreasonable desires and emotions, which is what Cheng called "justice", and the two are incompatible. The prosperity of justice leads to the extinction of human desire, and the prosperity of human desire leads to the decline of justice. This shows that the proposition of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" put forward by Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is actually of certain positive significance and cannot be completely denied.

The theory of "Tian Li" founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi plays an important role in the history of China's ancient thoughts, which has had an important and far-reaching influence on ancient Chinese political thoughts and philosophical thoughts, and was highly praised by later feudal dynasties, so that it gradually evolved into the dominant thought in China's late feudal society for nearly a thousand years. For example, in the 13th year of Jiading, Song Ningzong (1220), Cheng Hao was named "pure male". Cheng Yi is an official. In the first year of Li Zongchun's reign (124 1), Cheng Hao was later named "Henan Bo" and Cheng Yi was named "Yiyang Bo" and "Worship Confucius Temple". One year from Yuan Mingzong to Shunyi (1330). Two-way temple edicts, taking Yanzi (Yan Yuan) as an example, stipulate that there are more than 60 temples in Queli, front and back halls and so on. The eulogy praised Bidong Temple for "clarifying orthodoxy, improving academic level and educating our future generations". In the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the two-way temple morality ranked above Confucius and his disciples and all Confucianism in Han and Tang Dynasties. The following year, Emperor Kangxi came again.

4. Zhang refers to Zhang Zai:

Zhang Zai (1020- 1077) was a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Yuehou was born in a bureaucratic family, and his ancestors were from Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). My father died in Fuzhou when I was a child, so I lived in Hengqu Township, Meixian County, Shaanxi Province. This is why Zhang Zai is called "Mr. Hengqu". Zhang Zai is the founder of Guan Xue School. He gave lectures in Guanzhong area and formed a university school. Later than he was Luo Xue founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi brothers (named after Luoyang people), and then Zhu, a master of science. He Luo Xue is one of the schools of Neo-Confucianism and the pioneer of Zhu Xi's thought.

When Zhang Zai was a teenager, he liked reading very much. Fan Zhongyan suggested that he read Confucian classics such as The Doctrine of the Mean. After reading The Doctrine of the Mean, Zhang Zai still felt dissatisfied, so he read many books on Buddhism and Taoism. However, after careful study for several years, I felt that there was still no great progress, so I returned to the Confucian classics.

1057, he was admitted to Jinshi, and later Song Shenzong awarded him the position of a scribe in Chongwen Academy. He and Wang Anshi have different views. After his younger brother Zhang Jian was demoted for writing a letter criticizing Wang Anshi, Zhang Zai was worried about being implicated and simply resigned and returned to his hometown. He lived in seclusion in the cross canal and gradually formed his own ideological system. At the same time, he recruited apprentices and set up a school in Guan Xue.

Philosophical thinking

Zhang Zai put forward the theory of cosmic structure with "Qi" as the core. He believes that the world consists of two parts, one is visible, the other is invisible, and both parts are made up of "Qi". Qi exists in two ways, one is condensation and the other is dissipation. Together, it becomes everything, and its shape is shown through light and color, which is visible to people. Scattering becomes void, dull and colorless. But cohesion is only a temporary state, so it is called "guest" Dissipation will not disappear without this thing, but it is invisible to the naked eye.

He used "too empty" to express the dissipation state of "qi", that is, the original state, and "qi" is a general term for "too empty" and everything.

Love and everything.

Now, Zhang Zai said, "Dry call father, Kun call mother ... people, my compatriots; Things are beyond reach. " Gan Kun is the representative of heaven and earth, and heaven and earth are the parents of all things and people. Heaven and earth are mixed in the universe, because they are all things gathered by Qi, and the nature of heaven and earth is human nature, so people are my compatriots, everything is my friend, and everything is consistent with human nature. However, everything in the world is not absolutely equal, and there are strict registration boundaries, which is innate. In Dream of Animals, he said: "Life has its order, so it is the order of heaven, and the shape of things has its rank. Know the order and then be right, know the rank and then respect. " In ancient Chinese, one word was often used to express meaning, but now a compound word composed of two words, such as "ling", is often used, and it is split into two words with the same meaning.

Rank is natural and innate, so people should recognize and abide by this rank and should abide by ethics. This is a matter of course and fate, and no one can escape this obligation. Later, Zhu gave full play to this idea and made it more systematic. After Zhu's death, it was quickly used by the rulers in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties have been the ruling ideology, and the feudal ethics represented by the three cardinals and the five permanent members have been strengthened.

At the same time, Zhang Zai also inherited Mencius' theory of goodness of nature, and thought that "sex" was perfect from the beginning, but whether it could reach the perfect state in the end depended on the acquired self-efforts. He believes that people's desires are not all evil, but reasonable within a certain range, which is in line with the "natural principle." If it goes too far, it is "human desire" and should be restrained and eliminated. He advocated "establishing righteousness" and "eliminating human desires", which was later developed by Zhu into "preserving righteousness and eliminating human desires" Zhu made clear the difference between "justice" and "human desire": eating is justice and eating delicious food is human desire. From this aspect, we can clearly see the conservatism of neo-Confucianism, which is one of the main attack points when the May 4th New Culture Movement attacked Confucianism, and it is also a factor that should be eliminated from our current thinking. Dare to make progress, not afraid of failure, is a person and even a nation and country should have the quality.

5. Huan Wen

Huan Wen (3 12—373), the son of Renshi in Xuancheng, Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in Longkang (now Longkangji in northwest Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province). Huan Yi is a clan in the north. After the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, he crossed the south with the Emperor Jin, which earned him great trust. He successively served as Lang and Shang Shu's official department Lang, and became famous in the imperial court. When he was in Ming Di, Huan Yi became a constant servant and conspired with Ming Di to pacify the rebellion in Wang Dun, so as to seal the title of Wanning County, which later became the civil history of Xuancheng. When Huan Wen was less than one year old, Wen Qiao, a famous minister, met him and said, "This son has strange bones. You can try crying." Hearing his voice, he praised him and said, "It's beautiful." Because of Wen Qiao's appreciation, Huan Yi named him Huan Wen.

Huan Wen is "bold and graceful, graceful and graceful." His contemporaries considered themselves slightly inferior to ",Jin and others". In the third year of Emperor Xianhe (328), the Soviet Union made an insurrection, and Huan Yi was killed by the Soviet Ministry Han Huang. Huan Wen was only sixteen years old, but he was "weeping for blood and intent on revenge". When Huan Wen was eighteen, jiang bo, a county magistrate who had participated in killing his father, died of illness. His son, Jiang Biao, and other three brothers mourned for their father, and put their weapons beside them in advance for fear that Huan Wen would come to seek revenge. Huan Wen pretended to mourn for filial piety, and Jiang Biao was killed in the funeral home, and then he came after his second brother in Tao, finally revenging his father. Huan Wen was therefore called by people at that time.

When Huan Wen came of age, she chose Nankang princess royal, the daughter of Nankang, as the surname of Xu, and attacked her father as the Duke of Wanning County. In the first year of Xiankang (335), Huan Wen not only conferred the title of magistrate Lang Jie, but also ascended the official career. This year, Huan Wen was only 23 years old. In the first year of Kandi Jianyuan (343), Huan Wen was the military commander of the Qing, Xu and Yan States and the secretariat of Xuzhou.

In 345 AD, in the first year of Emperor Yangdi, Yu Yi, a powerful minister, died of illness, and he lived in Jingzhou for a long time. Before he died, he went to the table and asked Yu Zi to inherit his throne. As Jingzhou was an important town in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, courtiers had a dispute over Yu Yi's successor. Some people think that Zhu Yu's family should be in Jingzhou, and he should guard Jingzhou with Yu Yi's love. But at that time, Zaifu He Chong thought that "the West Gate of Jingchu, with a registered permanent residence of one million, has strong Hu in the north and strong Hu in the west, which is difficult to deal with Wan Li. The sage can be settled in the Central Plains, and the weak country is worried ... Huan Wen English skips people, has knowledge of civil and military affairs, and is appointed by Xixia, but no one is warm. " Danyang Wei believes that Huan Wen does have wizards, but he also has ambitions. "Don't let it be a place to win, its position should always be suppressed." So he advised Sima Yu, king of Huiji, to leave Jingzhou by himself and let him be a military company, but Sima Xian did not listen. So Huan Wen became general Anxi, commander-in-chief of Jing, Si, Yong, Yi, Liang and Ning, and also in charge of a captain of Na Man and the secretariat of Jingzhou.

Jingzhou, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is known as an important town in the Eastern Jin Dynasty because of its strong folk customs and numerous troops. The Eastern Jin Dynasty founded the country in the south of the Yangtze River, with Jiankang as the capital and Jing and Yang as the foundation. Jingzhou is located in the upper class of Yangzhou, which often poses a threat to the capital health. Therefore, Tang said, "This means that soldiers are domineering and have no generation. It is a gift from the above, so be sure to choose their people carefully. " Huan Wen's life here laid the foundation for his arbitrariness in state affairs and several moves to Jinshi.

In July of the first year of Corning, Huan Wen was seriously ill and died at the age of 62. Finally, he failed to realize his ambition of adding nine tin first and then gradually moving into the imperial palace.

6. Xu You:

Xu You, the word Wuzhong, has existed since ancient times. According to legend, Xu You was the leader of Kunwu tribe, which was nomadic along the water shadow and was an influential tribe in the Central Plains at that time.

There are many records about Xu in China ancient literature. "Reporter": In ancient times, there was a man with virtue and reality. He wore cloth when he was Yao, lived in a nest in summer, lived in a cave in winter, ate in the mountains when he was hungry, and drank in the river when he was thirsty ... He was noble, honest and frank, and was called Gao Shi because he didn't sit at a bad table or eat bad food.

Someone saw that it was inconvenient for Xu You to drink water by hand, so they sent a ladle and Xu You. After drinking the wine with a ladle, he hung the ladle on the branch, and the wind blew the ladle, so Xu You fell to the ground for fear of affecting others' rest.

At that time, Emperor Yao heard about Xu You's virtuous character. Yao liked it very much and decided to cede the throne to him. Refused to accept his resignation, Yao called him the head of Kyushu. After listening to Yao's words, he thought that fame and fortune had polluted his ears and ran to the stream to wash his ears. Afraid that Yao would send someone to ask him to be an official in North Korea. The Xu tribe fled to Jishan, the bright sun, that is, this great plain east of Xuchang, and lived in seclusion, working hard and earning their own living. Xu You lived a peaceful and happy life and wrote a song of happiness:

What does it matter to me to work at sunrise and rest at sunset, and to eat at the right place while drinking and ploughing?

Xu You doesn't like fame and fortune, but only loves the quiet rural life, which has touched generations of future generations. Scholars in all previous dynasties have written poems to praise Xu You, and Fu Mei, a great poet in the Ming Dynasty, also wrote poems to praise Xu You:

Love the secluded land of Yunlin alone, and shade the sun and float. Lead the ladle cliff to pick up heat,

Wash your ears, stream, pillow, trickle whenever a cool breeze blows to the bottom of the tree, I can't remember anything.

Xu You, where is Chao Fu now? It's May and autumn in Mount Ji.

7. Ruan Ji:

Ruan Ji (2 10 ~ 263) was a poet of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. The word heir. Chen Liuwei (now Henan) was born. He is the son of Ruan Yu, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Ruan Ji has the ambition to help the world politically. He once went to Guangwu City to watch the Chu-Han War.

Field, lamented that "when there is no hero, Lizi becomes famous!" At that time, Cao Rui and Ming Di were dead, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang. The two men are fighting with each other, and the political situation is very sinister. Cao Shuang once called Ruan Ji to join the army, but he resigned due to illness. Zhengshi era

Ten years (249), Cao Shuang was killed by Sima Yi, who specialized in state affairs. Sima killed dissidents, and many people were implicated. Ruan Ji was originally politically inclined to Cao Wei's royal family, dissatisfied with Sima's group, but at the same time he was deeply concerned about the world.

It is impossible to do this, so he adopts a rational attitude that does not involve right and wrong, or studies behind closed doors, or climbs mountains near the water, or gets drunk, or keeps his mouth shut. But sometimes Ruan Ji was forced by Sima's arrogance, and he didn't.

You have to play it by ear. He accepted the official position granted by Sima, served as the lieutenant of Sima and his son, and was also a captain of the cavalry and infantry, so people later called him "Ruan Infantry". He was also forced to call himself Si Mazhao.

Gong and Bei Jiuxi wrote Persuasion. Therefore, Sima adopted a tolerant attitude towards him, and did not pursue all kinds of madness and etiquette violations, and finally died. Ruan Ji's works include 6 essays and 6 essays.

9 articles and more than 90 poems. Ruan Ji's poems represent his major literary achievements. His main works are 82 five-character poems. Ruan Ji's work "Economic History of Sui Shu" is included in 13. The original series has been lost.

8. Ji Kang:

Ji Kang (223-262): A native of Luoxian County (southwest of Suzhou County) in the Three Kingdoms period, he was a famous thinker, writer and musician in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and was the first outstanding "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi, stress the way of health preservation and diet. Good at drum set, calligraphy and painting. Philosophically, he believes that "the spirit of Tao is the essence of all beings", puts forward the theory that "the more famous the religion, the more natural it is", advocates returning to nature, and hates all kinds of artificial cumbersome ethics of Confucianism. Politically, it is hard-hearted and hateful. He was framed by Zhong Hui and killed by Si Mazhao. Before the execution, he played Guangling San and died calmly. Ji Kang is a representative writer of Zhengshi Literature, whose style is sharp, pungent and free and easy. He worked hard all his life, and his poems have a high position in the history of ancient China literature. "Writing from the heart without distortion" is the most prominent feature of Ji Kang's poems. There is also "San Ji in Jizhong".

9. Liu Ling:

Liu Ling was born in Guo Pei (now Suxian County, Anhui Province) in the Western Jin Dynasty. One of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". I joined the army for Jianwei. At the beginning of Jin Wudi's reign, he questioned the imperial court, emphasizing the rule of inaction and incompetence. I have been addicted to alcohol all my life. I once wrote Ode to the Virtue of Wine, which promoted the thoughts of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi and the interest of celebrating my birthday by indulging in wine, and expressed my contempt for the traditional "etiquette".

10, Wang Xieerke:

These are two families in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, one is Wang Dao and the other is Xie An.

Wang Dao (276-339), a native of Linyi, was the founding minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The first to attack Zujue was Qiu Zi, who joined the army of Sima Yue, king of the East China Sea. In the second year of Yongxing (305), Si Marui, a scholar, became the general of Pingdong, and went out of the city to take Pi. Knowing that Wang Dao was a great strategist, Rui made him an Anton Sima. Since then, the relationship between the two has become closer. "The military seeks secret strategies and knows everything."

In the first year of Yongjia (307), Si Marui "started to build a city with Wang Dao". In the fourth year of lite (3 16), the Western Jin Dynasty perished. In 3 18, Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing), with Wang Dao as prime minister. When Rui proclaimed himself emperor, he invited Wang Dao to sit with him and be worshipped by the official, so there was a saying at that time that "the king and the horse, * * * the world".

When Si Marui first arrived in Jiangnan, the southern gentry gave him the cold shoulder. Wang Dao and others knew that Si Marui's rule would be unstable without the respect and support of the southern gentry. After consulting with Wang Dun, on the third day of March, Si Marui was invited to leave the palace in person. At that time, Yuan Di toured the market surrounded by a grand sacrificial ceremony, and Wang Dun, Wang Dao and other cremation leaders who moved north and south rode with him. Gu Rong, He Xun and other leaders of the gentry in the south of the Yangtze River were shocked and bowed to the left. Celebrities in other places naturally dare not neglect. "Because Wu Hui is popular, people are homesick."

The history of employing talents by Wang Dao has a long history: in June of Yongjia five years (365,438+065,438+0), Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, was captured by the Xiongnu nobles Liu Yao, Xerox and Hu Yanyan, and the northern gentry moved south in succession. Faced with this situation, Wang Dao advised Si Marui to "accept the sage's monarch and seek it with him". In terms of recruiting talents, it can be said that it is a discerning eye.

Restore the Central Plains and unify the Central Plains. In Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu, there is a wonderful account: "Every time people cross the river to the United States and Japan, they will invite a new pavilion and hold a flower banquet. Zhou Hou () sat in the middle and sighed,' Different scenery is the difference between mountains and rivers.' They all shed tears at each other. However, the prime minister Wang (leader) suddenly changed color and said,' * * * forced the royal family to recover China, how can they be prisoners of Chu?' "Everyone received tears, thank you. Later, according to Wang Dao's positive suggestion, Si Marui sent Zu Ti and others to explore the Central Plains, and once almost recovered all the lost land south of the Yellow River.

Wang Dao served as the Emperor of Yuan, Ming and Cheng Dynasties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He came out of the mountain in the position of prime minister and was appointed as an official and promoted to Pacific Insurance. He made great contributions to the development of production and economic prosperity in the south of the Yangtze River, and to the stability of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and society.

Xie An (320-385) was born in Chenjun (now Taikang, Henan). Great-great-grandfather Xie Yong, Cao Wei was then a corps commander of Chang 'an Diannong (according to Xie Fujun Shinto collected by Luo Zhenyu's Munro Tomb 4th Edition and Addendum); Grandfather Xie Heng was a famous Confucian scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. He is "well informed" and "respects Confucianism". He worked as a doctor offering wine, a prince with little wealth, a regular servant on horseback and other civil servants. My father, Xie Mao (commendatory), moved south with his family during the Yongjia Rebellion, and held important positions in the Eastern Jin government, such as Shi Zhong and the official minister. Xie An was born in such a noble family. Influenced by family since childhood, I have a good accomplishment in virtue, knowledge and manners. When he was four years old, Huan Yi, a celebrity in Qiaoxian County, met him and admired him very much. He said, "This son has a beautiful god and cannot be degraded (that is, Wang Cheng, a celebrity in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty)." Wang Dao, the prime minister at that time, also attached great importance to Xie An, who enjoyed a high reputation in the upper class when he was a teenager. At that time, celebrities such as Liu Zhenchang, Wang Xizhi, Wang Meng and Zhi Dun spoke highly of Xie An. Therefore, Xie An is regarded as a figure to save the world. But Xie An had no intention of being an official in his early years. Although the court called him out to be an official many times, he was dismissed on the pretext of poor health. He lives in Dongshan, Huiji (now Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province), and often associates with Wang Xizhi, Zhi Dun, Xu Xun and others, reciting poems and writing poems, and leading a leisurely life as a Confucian. Xi 'an was forced to become Yubing's family under the pressure of Yubing and Yangzhou secretariat, but he resigned and went home only about a month later. Wang Fan, a post-official minister, nominated Xie An as the official minister, but Xie An refused to write. In the imperial history, Cheng was called to play Xie An, but he failed to take office for many years and should be imprisoned for life. It was pardoned by the emperor. Xie An's cousin Xie Shang was appointed as the secretariat of Yuzhou, commanding the military affairs of Henan, Hebei and Youzhou, and holding considerable military and political power. In the first year of Shengping (357), Xie Shang died, and Xie An's younger brother Xie Yi took over Xie Shang's position. The following year, Xie Yi also died and was replaced by Xie An's younger brother Xie Wan. Xie Jia is the only retired family with many senior officials and rich families. Xie An's wife, the sister of celebrity Liu Jiao, is also a noble family. She asked Xie An why he didn't come out to be an official. Xie An said contemptuously, "I'm afraid she will inevitably come out." When Xie An lived in seclusion, he often took prostitutes with him every time he went out to play. Sima Yu (later acceded to the throne as Jian Wendi) was the prime minister at that time. After listening, he said, "Kasper? Ann is willing to share happiness with others, and he won't be unhappy with others. Call him and he will come out. " Sure enough, Xie An is still very concerned about state affairs and has wise opinions on the political situation. When he lived in seclusion, he often helped his brothers politically. When Xie Wan was appointed as the county magistrate of Xing Wu, Xie An went to his post with Wan. Xie Wan sometimes takes a nap, Xie An goes to bed, and knocks on the screen to call him up as a director ("Tylan", volume 701, cited "Popular Theory"). In the third year of Shengping, Xie Wan was ordered to crusade against Yan Qian, and Xie An also went north with the army. Xie Wan was arrogant, so Xie An advised him: "As a marshal, you should always care about your generals, and let everyone work with Qi Xin. How can you be so arrogant and still succeed? " Xie Wan didn't listen. On the contrary, every time he called the general "Qiang Bing", his people were very dissatisfied with him. Xie An is very anxious. He personally visited Xie Wanbu and thanked them for their kindness. Without exception, he won the hearts of the people. After Xie Wan's defeat, his men wanted to take the opportunity to revolt, but they gave up because of Xie An.

After three years of peace, Xie An's fame is getting bigger and bigger. Some people even said: "An Shi refused to come out, as if there was nothing!" Xie Wan was dismissed after the defeat, and the Xie brothers were no longer senior officials. In order to avoid the decline of the portal, Xie An resolutely decided to be an official. In August of the fourth year of Shengping, Xie An became the Sima of Huan Wen, the general of the Western Expedition. At that time, he was forty. Huan Wen is glad to have Xie An as his family. Say to the left and right entourage: "Have you seen such a talented person in my family?" Xie An's official position was not high at first, but he was quite prestigious. Zhao was recommended by Cao Zhonglang, with dozens of students. Someone reported Zhao to Huan Wen, and Huan Wen asked him to hire half of them. However, Zhao believes: "When Xie An was in Dongshan, celebrities in the court urged him many times, fearing that he did not care about the political situation and personnel. Today, he elects candidates from villages and towns, so there is no reason not to use them. " So, hire them all.

Five years after Shengping, Xie Wan died and Xie An was buried in the county. Soon, he was transferred to Wu Xingfu. During his term of office, he did not make remarkable achievements, but he was politically clean. Later generations miss him and set up the "Xie 'an Monument of Xing Wu Prefecture" (see Lu Xinyuan's The Stone of Xing Wu). In the first year of Xian 'an (3,765,438+0), he was promoted to auxiliary middle school. This year, Huan Wen abandoned Haixi Palace and changed Sima Yu to Jian Wendi. Jian Wendi has a beautiful charm, likes Confucianism and metaphysics, and is diligent in government affairs. But it didn't help. Xie An regards him as the flow of Huidi, and he can only talk. In two years, he was transferred to the official department of Shangshu and Zhongbaojun. In July, Jian Wendi died, and Prince Sima Yao succeeded him as the filial piety emperor. Huan Wen thought that Jian Wendi would give himself a Zen position before he died, or let him stay as a regent and help the prince politically. Originally, I had this plan, but I gave it up because of the opposition of Wang, Li, and others. Huan Wen suspected that Xie An and Wang were in the way and held a grudge against them. In February of the first year of Kangning (373), Huan Wen entered the DPRK from his aunt and stationed in Xinting, where he served as a soldier. Legend has it that he wants to see Wang and Xie 'an. At that time, it was reported that Huan Wen wanted to kill Wang and Xie and take the position of Sima. Wang was very scared and asked Xie An what to do. Xie An looked unchanged and said, "The survival of Jinshi depends on what we do this time." Then go to the new pavilion with Wang to see Huan Wen. Court officials arranged to visit Huan Wen on both sides of the road, and Wang panicked.