Tao Yuanming is the greatest reclusive pastoral poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. China ancient writers can show their individuality in their works, and Qu Yuan will be regarded as Tao Qian in the future. Prince Liang and Prince Zhaoming especially appreciated his works and made biographies for him. The preface said: "His articles are unconventional, brilliant in rhetoric, ups and downs, varied, cheerful and introverted, and not ashamed. He has gone straight to Beijing. He can talk about current affairs, but he is broad and true. 」
I have always appreciated Yuan Ming's peace, justice and eloquence, so I like to study his works and styles, especially his poems. Even Su Shi admired him deeply. He said, "Yuan Ming doesn't write many poems, but his poems are qualitative and realistic, but full of beauty." Starting with Cao (Zhi), Liu (Zhen), Bao (Zhao), Xie (Lingyun), Li (Bai) and Du (Fu), it is all beyond our reach. 」
On the number of poems, we should start with the "seven poets in Jian 'an", but after reading their poems, we can only see the "seven poets' poetic style", and it is difficult to see which one is. I think Ruan Ji and Tao Yuanming are the only poets before the Tang Dynasty who can really find the author's personality in their works, and Tao's poems are especially crisp and vivid, with really ancient meanings. Therefore, among the 130 writers selected by Zhao Mingming, I chose Tao Yuanming to discuss them.
Second, a short life story.
Tao Yuanming, with distinctive characters, was renamed Qian in the Song Dynasty. Born in Xunyang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province) in Sang Zi, he was called Mr. Jingjie by the world from 365 to 427 AD. He is the great-grandson of Tao Kan, a famous Eastern Jin Dynasty. Tao Kan served as the governor of eight states, established Changsha County, and granted Fu posthumously after his death. Grandfather Mao was the satrap of Wuchang and his father was the satrap of Zicheng. They are indifferent to fame and fortune and live a clean life. His mother is the fourth daughter of Mr. Meng Jia, commander-in-chief of Huan Wen, the general of the Western Expedition. Jia was a famous Neo-Confucianist at that time, with excellent articles and broad mind. This family environment has a great influence on Tao Qian's life.
Yuan Ming's life can be divided into three periods: youth, official travel and seclusion, as described below:
Childhood: From the second year of Xian 'an in Jin Dynasty to the twenty-first year of Jin Taiyuan (from birth to the age of twenty-five), there is a famous saying that "few people are eager to learn, knowledgeable and good at writing, outstanding in talent and complacent." We can also get a glimpse of his experience and personality from his poems.
Quiet and quiet, do not envy Li Rong ("Biography of Mr. Wu")
It is natural in nature, and it is not obtained through revision (return word).
Little and poor, every family is bad, and everything is wandering (with Yan Yan and others)
Be good at reading, not seeking very understanding (biography of Mr. Wu Liu)? Liang Qichao said that he was a very enthusiastic and brave man. Miscellaneous poem: "When I was young, I was happy but not happy. I am eager to escape from all over the world. I am in Philip Burkart. 」
In the past ten years, Yuan Ming has served four times in KLOC-0/2, the first three times as an adjutant and the last time as a county magistrate.
Jiangzhou Wine Festival: Prince Yuanming of Zhaoming told him: "When he was poor in his hometown, he began to offer wine sacrifices to the country, which made him unbearable to be an official and returned to China in a few days." He left his job soon and lived in seclusion for four or five years. The state government asked him to be the principal bookkeeper, but he refused to take up his post, preferring to work in his hometown and pay for it himself.
The real army joined the army: the Boxer Rebellion in Longan for four years, and Yuan Ming joined the army at the age of 29. Drinking poem: "Who made this trip? Seems to be driven by hunger. 」
Jianwei's enlistment period: In March, Party B moved to the west as Jianwei's enlistment ambassador: "This is like a system, but it is not easy to simplify. Dream in the garden, and live for a long time. 」
Peng Ze's term of office: he took office in the first year, Yuan will take office in August next year, and he will not return in November.
< 3 > Seclusion period: Ding Mao (34 to 56 years old) from the third year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the fourth year of Yuan Jia in the Song Dynasty. Since the age of 46, Yuan Mingjia has experienced fire, wind, flood and insect disasters. His health is gradually weakening, especially the two or three years after Yuan Jia's two years, which can be said to be the most difficult period in his life. Poverty has honed his natural qualities to the extreme, making him fearless and unhurried about the coming death. Knowing that he was going to die soon, he wrote three elegies and one self-sacrifice as his final confession.
Tao Yuanming's attitude towards life is indifferent, carefree, indisputable and Ren Zhen. On the surface, his feelings seem to be faint and calm. In fact, he is a typical emotional figure. Liang Qichao said that he was "the most affectionate person". His hobbies are: loving grapes, drinking, playing harpsichord, and willing to plow crops.
Third, the background of the times.
The Jin Dynasty was a period when Buddhism prevailed, and the literati became detached from the world, so Tao Qian produced the Buddhist thought. His personality, between Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, has been dissolved by himself, using French at that time, which led to his unique thought, that is, he was extremely secular and did not pay attention to the future. The most subtle thing revealed in his works is drinking alone in the rain: "The skeleton is long gone, so what can I say?"
Yuan Ming's own thoughts, coupled with the political and social influence at that time, made him develop a natural, secular and lonely character. Because the Jin Dynasty was an aristocratic society and politics was aristocratic politics, only nobles had the opportunity to be big officials, otherwise they would always be small officials. He has been an assistant on and off for ten years. Thanks to his uncle, Tao Kui, his political status is negligible, and he is cited as a small town. But there were frequent wars at that time, and he didn't want to be an official. Coupled with the turmoil of the current situation, he decided to be Peng. And he, a person with Geng Jie's personality, "can't bow down for a bucket of rice, let alone a village villain (Song Shu lives in seclusion)" (honest
Zhu's quotation says: "Although the figures in Jin and Song Dynasties are still lofty, they all want official positions. One party made it clear, and the other party attracted the right to receive the goods. Tao Yuanming really can't get rid of it, so he is taller than the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties. 」
When he was young, it was the Eastern Jin Dynasty that settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Hu people occupied the Central Plains. At this time, his blood is boiling, he is ambitious, and he worships heroes like Tian Chou and Jing Ke. In his works in middle age and later years (such as miscellaneous poems and quasi-ancient poems), he often reveals his fantastic ideas about this boyhood. Although Tao Qian has the economic means, it wants to revive the country. However, in the eighth year of Taiyuan (382), after the defeat of Fu Jian, Xie An and Xie Xuan died one after another, and Liang Wudi's filial piety was drowned in the melody. The people in Beijing and the manor owners are also trapped in the life of Gou' an and have no intention of restoring the Central Plains. Shaw was killed again. After Andi ascended the throne, the minister would recall Wang Sima Daozi and his son Yuan Xian to be in power and take bribes. The political situation was dark, which made the situation even more unstable. During the period from Tai Yuan's loyalty to filial piety to the early twenties of Andi Yixi, there were constant wars, party disasters and thieves' shortage, and people's lives were very difficult.
Before the age of 34, I was poor for my mother and poor for my hometown, and I worked as an official for Lu many times. In the 18th year of Taiyuan (393), Emperor Xiao of Jin went to Jiangzhou to offer a drink offering. I will resign automatically in order to be unbearable. He was also called the state master book. Soon, in the third year (399), Liu Laozhi, a former general, joined the army. In May of four years, he went back to his hometown to visit relatives. 1 1 month, Liu Laozhi moved to Zhenbei General, and he is still in the army account. In July of five years, I was ordered to go to Jiangling. This winter, his mother died and Ding You was at home.
Huan Xuan usurped the throne in December (400) of the second year of Emperor Yuan Xing. For three years, Emperor Wu of Song arose. He also served as Jianwei and Jiangzhou General, and joined Liu Shenjun. Soon, Liu was dismissed, and so was he.
Why doesn't Tao Qian like being an official? In addition to the turmoil of the times and the darkness of politics mentioned above, it is natural because he has an ideal social organization. From his Peach Blossom Garden, we can know that Tao Qian's ideal happy society is in conflict with the turbulent society, so we can understand why he resigned and retired. From the first year of Emperor Yi of Jin 'an (405) to the fourth year of Yuanjia (427)* * 23 years, he has been living in Xunyang and no longer an official. Yixi was 47 years old in the 14th year (4 18). Emperor Wu of Song, Andy made Devon and Langang hated Wang Gongjin as emperors. In the second year of Yuanxi (420), Emperor Wu of Song forced Emperor Gong to meditate and became himself, so the throne was destroyed. Eight years after Jin's death, Yuan Jia was recruited as a scribe in the fourth year (427) and died soon.
Fourth, the ideological system
"1" Confucianism laid the foundation.
Tao Yuanming was born in an official family, with a scholarly family. Although his family is in decline, his family has a rich collection of books and a good tutor, so he has developed the habit of reading. For Confucian poetry books, six classics and other books, I have a preference since I was a child. Such as "gentle and honest" poetry teaching, has a profound impact on his character and temperament. There are many quotations from The Analects of Confucius in his poems, among which Gu Zhi and Tao Jing's poems are annotated, and Yuan Ming's quotations from The Analects are counted as many as 37 times.
Because he was first influenced and laid the foundation by Confucianism, although he was in troubled times, he always adhered to Ao Shuang's integrity and never went with the flow. No wonder Liang Qichao said that he was a very serious man with a heavy moral responsibility.
< 2 > Taoism inspired its knowledge.
Zhu said: "Yuan Ming's words are very high, and their purpose comes from Lao Zi and Zhuangzi. Yuan Ming didn't like Confucius, but he was "inclusive" in me, which ensured the true colors of China's traditional thought. That's why we first discussed why Yuan Ming didn't take the Confucian route in consciousness. Tao Yuanming later turned to accept all Confucianism, and the political environment, social atmosphere and academic thoughts at that time were also one of the reasons. In such great turmoil, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's philosophical thoughts came into being.
Studying Laozi and Zhuangzi has become an ethos, and as far as it is concerned, Tao Yuanming will also dabble in it. What he can't solve and satisfy in Confucianism, Tao Yuanming must want to solve and satisfy in the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi. He absorbed the essence of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy and abandoned the dross, which is also because Yuan Ming's super-knowledge transcends the secular world.
Zhuangzi's health care focuses on getting rid of desire for quietness, keeping the heart empty for quietness, and keeping the body healthy for getting rid of material desires, all of which are natural and devoid of personal wisdom. But his attitude towards life is advocating freedom and equality. As for the "political philosophy" and "theory of life and death" in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy, it was only after he retired that his influence on Yuanming became more obvious, which was an important key to his ideological transformation.
< 3 > Buddhist thought helped it succeed.
Great changes have taken place in China's ideological circle during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, Buddhist thought was systematically imported, and China people could understand it. According to the legend of the eminent monk, "Hui Yuan can lead the righteousness of Zhuangzi into a series, so those who are perplexed know it. At that time, this kind of Buddhism was called "Ge". Hui Yuan and Yuan became bosom friends, probably because they were linked by "doubt and analysis". Because of their deep love for each other, they unconsciously influenced each other from mutual discussion, which made Yuan Ming absorb some Buddhist teachings. This is also a natural thing. 」
For all sentient beings, the Buddha loves his heart completely, and hopes that everyone can become a Buddha together. Therefore, in the cultivation of treating people and things, it is bound to be humble and compassionate. There is no obvious Buddhist color in Yuan Ming's works, but he is really influenced by Buddhism, so that Buddhism instilled a new outlook on life in Yuan Ming and enlightened him with a new consciousness, which is of great help to the cultivation of Yuan Ming's thought!
[4] Zhuangzi thought is the end of his life.
According to the ancient statistics, Zhuangzi used the most poems in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, * * * 49 times, which shows his deep love for Zhuangzi. He could not find a bosom friend in the real world, so he had to ask the ancients for advice. As a result, he found Zhuangzi and read the eighth poem of Imitating Ancient Poetry: "When I was young, I was strong and healthy, and I swam alone with a sword. Whoever swims near words and deeds, Zhang Ye will go to Youzhou. Eat and nourish your stomach when you are hungry, and drink easily when you are thirsty. I don't know each other, but I see the ancient hills. Two high graves by the roadside, Boya and Zhuang Zhou. This man is hard to get again. What do I want? 」
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the popularity of Zhuangzi's studies was mainly related to the background of the times. Qian Mu and Zhuangzi preface: "Zhuangzi is also a bad book. Therefore, people who run villages and write books are also declining. 」
Tao Yuanming's fundamental thought mainly comes from Zhuangzi, but it is undeniable that he also absorbed the essence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. After refining and brewing, his thought is both broad and lofty.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) style creation
The poverty of Confucianism, coupled with the nature of Taoism, makes Tao Yuanming's thoughts different from those of Confucianism and Taoism. Taoism in the Jin Dynasty wanted to be immortal, but it had doubts about ghosts and gods, immortals and immortality, so it was said that "Heaven is far away and ghosts and gods are boundless." "(hatred poem Chu tune)
"There is a pine Joe in the world. What is the purpose of today? " (drinking alone in the rain)
"I really wish to travel to Kunhua, but this way is unique!" (Shadow answers)
"Peng loves each other all his life and wants to stay." (divine interpretation)
Creation is the highest activity of human mind, which not only needs the artist's rich feelings as the source, but also can be expressed in time. Tao Yuanming's creative attitude can be found in his works, such as:
"There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, and new poems are added to the mountains." (migration)
"Write poetry at your speed, grieve for the passage of the sun and the moon, and lament for the absence of my years" (Preface to Poems of You Xiechuan)
"I often entertain myself with articles, show my ambition with ambition, forget the gains and losses, and end up with this" ("Biography of Mr. Wu Liu")
"I live alone, I am longer than the night. I have famous wine occasionally, and I don't drink it every night. I care about my own shadow alone, and suddenly I get drunk again; After getting drunk, I asked a few questions to amuse myself. " (Preface to Drinking Poems)
His personality is noble and firm: there is an indomitable positive spirit, which shows his dissatisfaction with Fu and says, "Hehe! Similar destruction is different, and things are evil on it. Smart fans, straight men are delusions, and honesty is not speculation. Shame is slandered. Although pregnant with Joan and holding orchid, who is bright and clean? 」
He has a philosophical embrace of peace and happiness, which is manifested in his nostalgia for Tian She.
He said, "Teachers have an inheritance and are not poor." ? He has the natural quality of Ren Zhen's self-adaptation. Su Dongpo said: "If you want to be an official, you will be an official, not for suspicion, if you want to be hidden, you will be hidden, and you will not think it is high; If you are hungry, you will knock the door and ask for food. If you are full, you will delay the guests. Ancient and modern sages value their truth. Gu also said: "If Li Zhongxiu is indifferent to the world, he feels angry, and sometimes he can't stop, but his feelings are slightly true." 」? His moral outlook is different from that of Confucianism. In his works, he often mentioned the names of ancient sages and kings, but rarely mentioned Confucius' and Confucian's teachings of nourishing qi and peace or five ethics.
Sixth, analysis of works.
The origin of "1" poem: Zhong Rong's poem: "The hidden poem in Song Dynasty originated from Ying. It helps to think about the wind. Quiet style, almost no long words, the meaning is really ancient; The words are pleasant and graceful, and every time we look at their words and think about their human virtues, the world laments their straightness. Such as "drinking spring wine" and "cloudless sunset", is it really the evil of elegance and luxury for home? Zongye, a reclusive poet in ancient and modern times. 」
Distinguishing the source of poetry: "Tai Chong's poems are simple and unpretentious, similar to those in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Fish and rain rhyme is often used in Taichong and also in the realm. Its sound is similar to gas. There are 120 poems written by Ying Kun, and this rhyme is also used. There are clouds in it, the former goes to the official, some people are suitable for me, but the home is useless, and the wine burns the fish to death. You San's poems are simple and have questions and answers, which are similar to Jing Jie's spoken language. Rong is in your ear. You should know that a refined solution is a poem, but to write the beauty in your heart, you must imitate your predecessors. The valley said that Yuanming is a poem, which is easy to get. 」
Ye Yue said, "Poems between Jin and Song Dynasties are carved occasionally, quiet and natural, and everything falls. People didn't know it was still there. Yan Yanzhi wrote a cloud about the realm: learning is not a teacher, writing is a guide, and the meaning of extension is few and far between. I don't know. It's the beauty of Jingjie. 」
Liu Xizai said, "Both Qu and Tao Yuanming are ambitious. Qu Zi is dissolute, he is always a maverick.
Tao's self-talk is just clumsy and full of things. If he measures himself for himself, it will inevitably lead to vulgarity, and his high quality is also good. 」
< 2 > Form of works: Zhong Rong's poems began with Li Ling's five-character poems in the Han Dynasty, but Xiao Tong's Selected Poems still recorded 19 ancient poems before Su Li, and Yutai's New Poems noted that eight of them were Mei Cheng's works. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is also called: "The beauty in ancient poetry, or uncle, whose solitary bamboo is Fu." Later, Wang Shizhen Art Garden said, "There are works by Mei Sheng, Zhang Heng and Cai Yong among the artists, which are unknown. Although these arguments are speculative, they have their own reasons.
According to Tao Shu's notes, there are 39 four-character poems, 5-character poems 1 16, nearly 20 ci poems, and some essays irrelevant to the general idea. Although there are not many works, among the poets in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, he should have seen the works handed down very richly.
Four-character poems should be regarded as the end of Tao Yuanming's arrival, and five-character poems are his most important and weighty works. The most representative works are: Pastoral Poetry, Drinking, Antique, Miscellaneous Poems, and Ode to Poverty, while several poems in Ode to Jing Ke and Reading Seamount Classics are masterpieces that express his heart. He also has many articles to answer, from which we can learn about his friends.
Several of his ci poems have been handed down through the ages: Go and Return, Peach Blossom Garden, and Biography of Mr. Wuliu. And his "Fu for those who don't feel up to it" expresses his deep affection through Fu. Meng Jiachuan is a good historical material related to him personally. His true feelings are revealed in two articles, one is to worship his younger brother and the other is to worship his younger sister Cheng. "Self-sacrifice" is part of his outlook on life. Even for a servant (only when he makes a Ponzi order), he wants his son to "relax". He says, "This is also the son of man."
< 3 > structural advantages and disadvantages: Poems by Song, Yan Yu and Canglang: When Song died, it was changed to Lisao; in the Western Han Dynasty, it was changed to five words; in the third time, it was changed to Song Miscellaneous Poems; and in the fourth time, it was said that "Five words began in Liling, Su Wu, or, seven words began in the five hundred beams of the Han Dynasty. Xue Lang's Diary: "If you want to be beautiful, you should look at Bao Zhao and Xie Lingyun, and if you want to be successful, you should look at Yuan Ming. 」
In the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, which advocated gorgeous writing style, his broad-minded and natural works were not treated differently in the literary critics at that time, such as Wen Xin Diao Long, the biography of Xie Shu Lingyun in Song Dynasty, and the famous poets in Xu Jin Dynasty, but they were not mentioned. Zhong Rong only listed him as a domestic product, but this is not enough to reduce the true value of his works. In fact, Tao Qian's greatness lies in his ability to integrate his life with his works. Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Liu Zongyuan, great poets in the Tang Dynasty, are all famous for learning Tao poetry. Wei, Bai Juyi and Xue Neng even imitated their poems. His position in the history of literature has gradually improved. For example, Du Fu compared him to Xie Lingyun, Bai Juyi compared him to Wei, and Xue could compare him to Li Bai.
Seven, academic contribution and its influence on future generations.
Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature and his influence on China literature can be summarized as follows.
Key points:
First, Tao Yuanming likes wine. Almost none of his poems is without the word "wine", so wine has played a great role in the minds of later literati.
Second, Tao Yuanming is Peng's, so there are "Tao Pengze", "Peng", "Peng Ze" and "Ling Tao".
Have become the object of lyricism of later poets.
Thirdly, Tao Yuanming once wrote Biography of Mr. Wuliu, so Wuliu Biography and Wuliu became the places that future generations yearned for.
Fourthly, Tao Yuanming wrote a story about the Peach Blossom Garden, in which Peach Blossom Garden, Taoyuan, Wu Lingren, Wulingxi and Wuling became ideal land and ideal figures.
Fifth, Tao Yuanming likes chrysanthemums, and there is a famous sentence "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence", so "East fence" and "Chrysanthemum" have also become the objects of praise by later poets. Meng Haoran, passing by the old people's village, said, "I'll come back when there is a holiday on the mountain. 」
Sixth, Tao Yuanming used to hold wine with a towel on his head, so "Tao towel" became the material for later generations to sing.
Seventh, Tao Yuanming once wrote an article "Return to Xi Ci", so "Return to Xi Ci" became an allusion of later generations.
Eighth, Tao Yuanming said, "The three paths are barren, and pine and bamboo still exist." Therefore, "Liangyuan Road" and "Three Roads" have also become places of practice.
Ninth, Tao Yuanming said, "In mid-May and June, I was lying under the north window, and a cool breeze came, calling myself' the Lord of the Western Emperor', so' the North window' and' the people of the Western Emperor' became allusions.
Tenth, Prince Zhaoming said in the Biography of Tao Yuanming: "At the end of the year, Hui Jun left Du You to the county, and the officials asked:" I should take it with me. "Yuan Ming sighed:" How can I bow down to the children in the village for five buckets of rice? "I was relieved of my post on the same day, and I was given' Come home to Xi', so' five measures of rice' and' fold'.
Eleventh, Tao Yuanming said in "Drinking Poems": "It's time to celebrate the New Year's Day. It's shameful to aim too high. Therefore, after all, I brushed my clothes and returned to the ground. " So "brushing my clothes" became an allusion.
Twelfth, Tao Yuanming said in the poem "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas": "All birds like to be entrusted, and I love my family", so "
"Love My Cabin" and "My Cabin" have become the objects of bad singing.
Thirteenth, Prince Zhaoming said in the Biography of Tao Yuanming: "Yuan Ming doesn't know the melody, but he is guarding a stringed piano. Every glass of wine is suitable, and he needs to be caressed to express his feelings." Therefore, "stringed piano" has become the object of praise by future poets.
Fourteenth, "Biography of Tao Yuanming" also said: "The author of noble and humble people has wine to set. If Yuanming gets drunk first, he will say, "I'm drunk, so I can go." This is true, so "I am drunk and sleepy" has become an allusion.
Fifthly, Biography of Tao Yuanming also said: "Zhai's wife at the end of Yuan Dynasty can also work hard and be with her comrades", so Zhai has become a model figure. Bai Juyi, the gift inside: "If you don't make a living, Zhai's salary is his own."
Sixteenth, "Biography of Tao Yuanming" said: "The commons ordered officials to plant crops, which means planting one hectare, 50 mu of crops and 50 mu of stalks", so "Liang Yuan" and "planting crops" also became the material for later generations to sing.
Seventeenth, "Biography of Song Shu Tao Yuanming" said: "The articles written are all in the previous years, so the title of the book is from ancient times, and it is only a cloud." Therefore, "Jia Zi inscribed poems" or "Poetry inscribed Jia Zi" also became Tao Yuanming's virtue.
Eighteenth, except Tao Yuanming's words and deeds, they are all self-metaphors, masturbation and appreciation of later poets, and Tao Shi or Tao Ji has also become the material for later generations to sing.
19. Except Tao Ji and Tao Shi, the overall personalities of Tao Yuanming, Tao, Tao Qian, Tao Yuanming and Tao Gong were praised by later poets.
In a word, Tao Yuanming's words and deeds have a great influence, and all the great poets in the Tang Dynasty are not without his influence. In the Song Dynasty, his influence was greater and his status was higher. Ouyang Xiu said, "Since Jin has no articles, Tao Yuanming came back to bid farewell. 」