In the Shang Dynasty ruins in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, many glazed porcelain statues, pots, etc. and fragments of these items were found. The fetal bone is fine and hard, the firing temperature is above 1000 degrees, and there is a metallic sound. Laboratory tests show that the fetal bones of these primitive porcelains are similar to ordinary porcelains and made of kaolin. Porcelain glaze is bright, generally applied to the surface and part of the mouth, and rarely applied to the inside of the vessel. The glaze color is mainly turquoise, and a few are brown or yellow-green; Porcelain glaze is similar to the so-called bean blue glaze in chemical composition; The tire is closely combined with glaze, and the glaze bottom is extremely thin. The utensils are basically wheel-made, which is also helpful for hand kneading and mud slab building molding. There are many kinds of blood vessels, especially open type, bulging type, overlapping shoulder type and small bottom type. Common decorative patterns are fine plaid, coarse plaid, stripe and Yun Leiwen. Judging from the fetal bone, glaze color and temperature of porcelain, it basically has the characteristics of early porcelain. Because the processing technology is still very fine, the tire, glaze and ingredients are not very accurate, the temperature control is not mature enough, and the quality is poor compared with the later porcelain, so it is called "original porcelain" or "glazed pottery".
Development course of porcelain
The glaze of early porcelain was calcium-containing lime glaze with iron as colorant. When firing in the kiln, air circulates and a large amount of oxygen enters, forming an oxidizing atmosphere. When the iron in the glaze meets the oxygen in the air, it turns yellow-green. If air is not allowed to enter the kiln, there will be a reducing atmosphere in the kiln, and the burnt porcelain will be turquoise. So the earliest porcelain in China is celadon. If the iron content in the glaze is higher than 3%, brown glazed porcelain will be burned. Paint the glaze with high iron content thicker, or increase the iron content in the glaze to 4% ~ 9%, then the burnt porcelain is black porcelain.
Eastern Han Dynasty
The main types of porcelain in the Eastern Han Dynasty are bowls, plates, kettles, bowls, pots, basins, washings, cans, five-way pots, spittoons, stews and a few pots. The shapes of bowls, plates and bowls are straight mouth, straight abdomen, bottom folding, flat feet and concave body; Some cans are straight-tongued.
There are double lines, four lines or six lines between abdomen, shoulder and abdomen; Many pots have a shallow pot; Five cans were the embryonic form of warehouses in the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. An inkstone generally has a small fence, a raised inkstone surface, a flat-bottomed groove, and three hoof-shaped feet below. Decorative patterns are mainly light elements, and some porcelains have carved or printed chord patterns, water ripples, pockmarks, net patterns, ribbon patterns, plaid patterns, fir leaf patterns and so on. Pots, washing, pots, cans, etc. Usually printed with the first (animal face ring) pattern.
Three Kingdoms
During the Three Kingdoms period (220 ~ 265), the embryo of Yue kiln porcelain was firm, while the embryo of high-quality porcelain was light in spring. The glaze is bright and green. At this time, there are very few decorative patterns, only carved or printed grid patterns, string patterns and water ripples, while plastic stickers and impression patterns are relatively rich. In addition, there are some porcelain works with high artistic attainments, such as holding a bowl of frogs out of the water, pigeon-shaped cups, bear lamps, animal handles, kneeling sheep candlesticks and so on. During the Three Kingdoms period, the common types of utensils were bowls, plates, boxes, cans, washers, pan-mouthed pots, bowls, basins, kettles, Tiger Claw, spittoons, mugs, ear cups and stoves, chicken coops, dogs, sheep, pigsty, barns and other funerary utensils.
Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 17)
The celadon in the Western Jin Dynasty (265 ~ 3 16) was still represented by Yue kiln, and the tires were generally slightly thicker and grayer than those in the Three Kingdoms period. The glaze is thick and uniform, bluish gray, and some are yellow. Decoration methods mainly include stamping, marking, sticking plastic, die printing, kneading plastic and so on. Common decorative patterns include grids, lotus beads, honeysuckle, diamonds, sawtooth, water waves, combs, pavilions, dancers, prayers, birds, livestock, Buddha statues, paving, exorcism, rosefinch, white tiger, figures, etc. In addition to the four series of pots, washbasins, pots and tigers, there are also flat pots, chicken-headed pots, statues, fuming stoves, lamps and porcelain figurines. The utensils are short and fat in shape, and the mouths of dishes, bowls, bowls and other utensils are slightly thin, but the bottom is very thick. Most of the artifacts are animal hoofs, bears, faucets and tigers.
Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420)
The glaze color of celadon in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17 ~ 420) is similar to that in the Western Jin Dynasty, but it is quite different in decoration. The ornamentation in the Western Jin Dynasty pursued gorgeous facial makeup, while it tended to be simple in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the lotus petal pattern without organ, it was used more and more in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. In addition, irregular brown spots appeared in the late Western Jin Dynasty and were widely used in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, brown spots are regularly located on the mouth edge, cover or animal eyes, cockscomb, horns and other parts of the appliance. There are also some animal images in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, such as Zun and Yan Di.