Cherry plants of Rosaceae

Scientific name: Prunus tenuifolia

English name: Cherry blossom

Family name: Rosaceae, Rosaceae

Genus: Sakura

Alias: Tokyo Sakura, Edo Sakura. Also known as 20% off cherry blossoms. Double large rose.

Distribution of origin

China has cultivated many beautiful flowers for viewing. Cherry blossoms generally refer to subgenera of Prunus and a few subgenera of Rosaceae. There are more than 100 species in the world, which are distributed in warm areas of Asia, Europe and North America. There are about 45 species of late Japanese cherry blossoms in China, mainly distributed in the west and southwest. There are more than 50 wild cherry blossom varieties in the world, 38 of which are in China.

North China to Yangtze River Basin

North warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest area (major cities: Shenyang, Huludao, Dalian, Dandong, Anshan, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Panjin, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, Chengde, Jinan, Dezhou, Yan 'an, Baoji and Tianshui).

Deciduous, evergreen and broad-leaved mixed forest areas in north subtropical zone (major cities: Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hefei, Wuhu, Anqing, Huainan, Xiangfan and Shiyan)

Central subtropical evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest area (major cities: Wuhan, Shashi, Huangshi, Yichang, Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Ji 'an, Jinggangshan, Ganzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Yueyang, Huaihua, Jishou, Changde, Xiangtan, Hengyang, Shaoyang, Guilin, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Ningbo, Chongqing, Chengdu, Dujiangyan, etc.

Growth habit

Positive, like warm and humid climate, relatively cold-resistant.

morphological character

Deciduous trees, a few evergreen or shrubs. The bark is silver-gray. The leaves are oval to ovoid, oblong to obovate, 5-12cm long, 3-6cm wide and the tail tip is long. The leaf margin has sharp and thin single or double serrations, more or less thorns, the surface is hairless, and the back is pubescent along the veins. 3-6 flowers form an umbrella raceme with short peduncle; Flowers first, then leaves, first light red, then white, 2-3 cm in diameter; Pedicel ca. 2 cm long, pubescent; Calyx tube tubular, purplish red, pubescent outside, sepal margin denticulate; Petals are sunken at the top; Style pilose near base. Drupe is nearly spherical, changing from red to purple-brown at maturity, with a diameter of about 1 cm. Flowering in late March or early April.

Cherry blossoms have rich colors and neat flowering periods. They often bloom and cover branches overnight, but the flowering period is very short, and most of them can only last about 1 week. Generally, it blooms before or at the same time as the leaves, and the new leaves germinated in spring are tender green and dark brown, which is also an important feature to identify Japanese late cherry varieties. Cherry blossom is a shallow-rooted tree species, which likes sunshine, fertile and well-drained soil and has certain cold tolerance. Sakura leaves alternate, the leaves are serrated, and the petiole and leaf base often have glands. A cherry blossom usually has five petals and sepals. 30 ~ 40 stamens and 1 pistil.

Cutting technology

Late cherry blossoms in Japan are large, double petals, bright colors, fragrant smells and long flowering periods, and are excellent varieties of cherry blossoms. Its grafting propagation is slow, the operation is complicated, and hard branch cutting is difficult to take root. Using vermiculite as substrate and annual branches with buds in full bloom as cuttings, the survival rate is very high. The specific method is as follows: 1. Substrate: Using expanded vermiculite as substrate and keeping pH 6.2, the temperature of vermiculite seedbed is 2℃ to 3℃ higher than that of soil bed at night, but it is 1℃ to 2℃ lower than that of soil bed at noon, which shows that vermiculite seedbed has small temperature difference between day and night, large accumulated temperature, good thermal insulation effect and is beneficial to root growth. In production, granular vermiculite is the best, which has good permeability and is conducive to rooting. Powder vermiculite has high viscosity and poor air permeability. Don't mix soil in vermiculite when raising seedlings, otherwise the roots will rot easily.

2. Cutting time: April to July. The survival rate of cherry cutting is the highest in full bloom, and the plant is at the peak of physiological activity, which is easy to take root. Cutting was cut on April 28th, and seedling emergence was not delayed after transplanting on June 28th. Five days later, a new bud of 0.5 cm grew. After four years of cultivation, the tree was full of flowers.

3. Selection and treatment of cuttings:

(1) Selection of cuttings: Cut branches with the length of 15cm from the robust mother tree, with annual branches at the upper end and annual branches at the lower end. Leaves on new shoots can make nutrients, annual branches are lignified, and cuttings are easy to survive.

Most cuttings of Japanese late cherry trees aged 3-6 years rotted and died. The survival rate of cuttings is related to age. The older the branches, the weaker their physiological functions, and the more difficult it is to survive. (2) Cutting treatment: Before cutting, remove the leaves inserted with vermiculite and keep the upper leaves. Quickly dip the cuttings with 1000ppm NAA. That is, insert the base of the cuttings into 1000ppm NAA solution for 2 ~ 3cm, then immediately take out the cuttings and dip them.

4. Cutting method: Build a seedbed with 2-3cm river sand and 15cm thick vermiculite at the bottom of the seedbed. The seedbed is 20cm high and 1m wide (the length depends on the number of cuttings). Install 1 centrifugal sprinklers every 1 meter, or connect the sprinkler rod to the tap water pipe for spraying. A shade shed will be built at the beginning of May, and branches will be used as fences around it to keep out the wind. In order to keep warm and moist, the seedbed can also be covered with a plastic shed cover. The cuttings are vertically inserted into vermiculite in rows, with a spacing of 2 cm and a row spacing of 4 cm, and watered after insertion. The cutting depth is 6-8 cm, because it is observed that the temperature at 5 cm is 2℃-4℃ higher than that at 10 cm, and most of the healing tissues and adventitious roots are born at 6-8 cm.

5. Post-insertion management: It is the key to survival to keep the leaves moist by frequent spraying. At noon when the temperature is high, the number of sprays is more and the interval is shorter. There is no need to spray dew at night and in the morning. The relative humidity of air is above 90%, and the humidity of vermiculite is between 58% and 60%. This index must be achieved before rooting, especially before healing tissue is formed. In early May, a shade shed should be set up to prevent the sun from exposure. When the temperature in the plastic shed exceeds 35℃, open the two ends of the shed for ventilation, and then seal it after the temperature drops to 27℃. If the weather is too hot, spraying water outside the plastic shed can not only reduce the temperature, but also avoid the excessive water content of vermiculite caused by excessive spraying.

6. Transplanting time and method: transplant the cuttings in time when the root system grows to 6-8 cm. When transplanted too late, the root system of cuttings will turn brown and rot, and the leaves will turn yellow gradually. This is because vermiculite can only play the role of heat preservation, moisture preservation and ventilation, and can promote root growth, but it has no nutrients for cuttings to continue to grow. In addition, cuttings with few roots or only callus without roots should be left in the seedbed and transplanted after the roots grow.

Creating an environment suitable for the continuous growth of cutting seedlings is the key to ensure the survival of transplanting. To choose a fertile plot without water, make a north-south border with a length of 8 meters and a width of 0.3 meters, mix it with sandy loam and turn it over 30 centimeters, and then cover it with sandy loam with a thickness of 2 centimeters. Level the border, plant one row in each border, and the spacing between plants is 30cm. Put the root system of the cuttings together with the surrounding vermiculite into the planting hole and cover the hole with sand. Don't press hard, lest you break the tender roots. Immediately, the border was irrigated with water, and a 1.2-meter-high shade shed was built on it. Spray it 2-3 times a day, keep the leaves moist and water them frequently until the ground is wet and dry. The seedlings transplanted in this way are not delayed, with high survival rate and normal growth.

extermination of disease and insect pest

Japanese late cherry is a deciduous tree of Rosaceae, which is native to Japan and widely cultivated in North China and South China. It is an important early spring flowering tree species. Summer is the season with frequent pests and diseases. Here are the pest control techniques for reference only:

1, Common Pests The common pests that harm late cherry blossoms in Japan are: stinkbug tea wing, Myzus persicae, Microtubule carrot, Myzus citri, Myzus hibiscus, Myzus cinerea, Myzus koraiensis, Eupolyphaga sinensis, Aphis gossypii, Aphis avenae and Aphis americana. If it happens, stinkbug with tea wings can be sprayed 3000 times with 3% hypertonic fenoxycarb EC; Spraying 10% imidacloprid wettable powder with 2000 times solution to kill peach aphid, yellow aphid and apple yellow aphid; Spray 3,000 times of 3% hypertonic fenoxycarb EC or 10% acetamiprid wettable powder or 400 times of 95% fenvalerate emulsion and 1000 times of 20% Sugak EC to kill Eupolyphaga japonica, Mori Bai Dun ruler and Korean brown. Spraying 3% hypertonic fenoxycarb EC 3000 times or 1.2% tobacco alkaloid 1.000 times to kill gypsy moth, rice leaf roller, cotton leaf roller, big bag moth and tea bag moth; Spraying 20% diflubenzuron suspension emulsion 7000 times and Bt emulsion 500 times to kill yellow thorn moth, brown-edged green thorn moth, double-toothed green thorn moth, bright green thorn moth and trace green.

Japanese late cherry moth, Lena moth, mulberry brown moth; Spraying 200 times of green Wei Lei solution to kill the peach green-necked longicorn beetle; Spraying 25% chlorpyrifos WP 1000 times solution to kill Empoasca parva. 2. Common diseases The common diseases of Japanese late cherry are: nodule disease, anthracnose and leaf perforation.

(1) Nodular nodule disease: At the onset, tumors appear at the roots of plants, with different shapes and sizes, brown to dark brown colors, rough epidermis and frequent cracks, which occur at the root neck of the ground or near the ground or at the junction of rootstocks and scions. Plants usually show poor growth and short stature after being damaged. Prevention and control methods: dig out the damaged plants, wash the soil, soak the roots with 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 ~ 8 minutes, rinse them after soaking, and then plant them; The tumor was removed and 0. 1% mercuric chloride solution was applied to the wound before implantation.

sakura

(2) Anthracnose: At the initial stage of the disease, there are round lesions on young leaves, which can form perforations after healing. After June, the leaves became hard, and the lesions on the leaves were rough and brown. When the disease is serious, it can cause a lot of fallen leaves and cause bud withering. Control method: 70% mancozeb wettable powder 1000 times solution or 500% carbendazim wettable powder and 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times solution are sprayed alternately for 3-4 times with an interval of 7- 10 days each time; It is forbidden to spray leaves on plants during the onset period. (3) Brown spot: At the onset of the disease, there are gray-brown circular spots on the leaves, which gradually form circular spots with a diameter of about 3 cm and clear boundaries, with purple-brown outside and white-brown in the middle, with wheel marks, and irregular perforations are formed after the spots die and fall off. Prevention and treatment methods: 50% Garinon 1000 times solution can be sprayed after onset, once every 10 day for 3 ~ 4 times continuously, which can effectively control the disease.

Garden use

It is an important ornamental tree species in Rosaceae. Its flowers are big and fragrant, and they are full of flowers as soon as they open. Japanese late cherry blossoms are suitable for cluster planting, group planting and row planting. Cherry blossoms have been planted in China since ancient times, but there are few records, so they are not as famous as peaches, plums, apricots, plums, pears and begonia. However, its ornamental value can also be seen from Bai Juyi's poems: "Cherry trees are newly planted in the small garden, so it's easy to swim around the flowers", ancient poems: "There are thousands of cherries, which shine like snow, and under the banquet of Wang Sun, it is suspected that some immortals are out of water", and "Cherry blossoms hold branches in the shade of stone, which are later than flowers. Because of the lonely spring breeze, people know that they blow perfume".

Therefore, if plum blossom is famous for its elegance and peach blossom wins by its abundance, there are hundreds of varieties of cherry blossoms, which should be given due attention and vigorously developed. In Japan, it is designated as the national flower. Every time cherry blossoms are in full bloom, the whole country is celebrating the Cherry Blossom Festival. Young and old, men and women are singing and dancing under the cherry blossom forest, showing a scene of national joy, celebration and vigor. Attention should be paid to the display of various ornamental characteristics in planting. Generally speaking, it is better to plant cherry blossoms in groups, and it is best to plant them in groups with evergreen trees as a foil. This can not only give full play to the ornamental effect of cherry blossoms, but also be beneficial to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

When there is a little scenery in the garden, it is best to use different numbers of plants, plant them in groups, and have background trees. Cherry blossoms are suitable for planting in large natural scenic spots, especially in mountainous areas. It can be planted in groups according to different altitudes and microclimate environments, and can also extend the flower viewing period and enrich the interest of the scenery. Tokyo cherry blossoms are better used in city parks because of their gorgeous style.

The large and fragrant varieties of Japanese late cherry blossoms and the "four-season cherry blossoms" that bloom in all seasons should be planted next to garden buildings or go their own way; As for the "Oshima Sakura" in the late cherry blossom period, it is a good material for coastal cities and industrial and mining cities.

Breeding and cultivation

There are many horticultural varieties of this tree species, especially the double-petal pink variety, which has few seeds, difficult pruning and low propagation coefficient, which limits its application in gardens. Previous studies have not made any breakthrough in improving the reproductive coefficient of late cherry in Japan. The reason why cutting of Prunus is difficult to take root may be related to the accumulation of inert substances in dormant branches. In order to explore the suitable propagation method of Japanese late cherry, non-test tube rapid propagation technology was used for rapid propagation.

diversification

In Japan, the horticultural classification of [1] refers to the wild species as "Sakura", and the artificial breeding and natural variation are called "Sakura". At present, the common cherry blossom varieties in China gardens mainly include:

● Yunnan early cherry (P.majestica) is native to Yunnan. The flowering period is from the end of February to the beginning of March. Flowers first and then leaves, the flowers are crimson, with about 25 petals and a flower diameter of about 2.5 cm. Flowers half-open, drooping, sepals red. Young leaves are dark brown.

Prunus x yedoensis, an important cultivated variety of Japanese cherry blossoms, is a hybrid of Oshima Sakura and Edo Sakura, which respectively inherited the characteristics of big flowers and leaves after flowers. Flowering in mid-March, single petal, pale pink, 4 ~ 5 flowers forming racemes, sepals and pedicels hairy. The height of the tree can reach10 ~15m.

● Buxus macrophylla, the representative of wild cherry blossoms, has a tree height of15m. It blooms in mid-March, with flowers and leaves in full bloom. These flowers are white, single and open in an umbrella shape. The calyx tube is bell-shaped, the sepals are lanceolate, the edges are serrated, and the flowers are glabrous as a whole. Many cherry blossom gardening varieties originated from Oshima Sakura.

P.lannesiana Sekiyama is a Japanese late cherry variety, which is widely planted in China. At the end of March or early April, flowers bloom and leaves fall. The flowers are dark red, the flower diameter is about 6 cm, the petals are about 30, two pistils have leaves, and they cannot bear fruit. The pedicels are thick and long. Young leaves are dark brown. Branchlets are numerous and bent upward.

● Peony Sakura (red and pink flowers)

● Rain House (white flowers)

The symbolic significance of cherry blossoms

Cherry blossoms are warm, pure and noble. After the severe winter, they first brought the breath of spring to the Japanese people. The Japanese government has designated March 15 to April 15 every year as "seeing flowers and enjoying flowers". In this flower viewing season, people bring their relatives, invite friends, sit on the floor under the cherry trees with wine and vegetables, and enjoy the cherry blossoms while drinking. It is really a great pleasure in life.

Cherry blossoms have a history of 1000 years in Japan. In Nara period (7 10-794), when it comes to flowers, it means plum blossom. In Heian period (794- 1 192), cherry blossoms became the leading role, and there were five times more songs about cherry blossoms than Yongmei flowers. And there have been cherry blossom viewing activities in Japan for a long time. In the 7th century, Emperor Zhi Zhi was particularly fond of cherry blossoms and visited yoshinoyama in Nara many times. In addition, it is said that the first cherry blossom viewing conference in Japanese history was held under the auspices of Emperor Emei in the 9th century. At first, cherry blossom viewing was only popular among dignitaries, and it didn't spread to ordinary people until the Edo period (1603- 1867), forming a traditional folk custom.

Cherry blossoms have a short life span. There is a folk proverb in Japan that says: "Cherry blossoms last for seven days", that is, it takes about seven days for a cherry blossom to bloom and wither, and about 16 days for a whole cherry tree to bloom and wither, which forms the characteristics of cherry blossoms blooming and falling. It is this feature that makes cherry blossoms so attractive. Being honored as the national flower is not only because of its charm and charm, but more importantly, its "heroic" withering after its brief glory. Ask the soul of Yamato and watch the cherry blossoms at sunrise. The Japanese believe that life is too short, to live as brightly as cherry blossoms, and to leave decisively even if you die. When the cherry blossoms fall, they are spotless and crisp, and are honored as the Japanese spirit.

In addition, as a friendly messenger of the Japanese people, cherry blossoms have been in full bloom in many parts of the world. 1972 When Sino-Japanese diplomatic relations were normalized, China presented a pair of giant pandas to Japan, and the Japanese government selected 1000 cherry saplings from Nagaomachi, Hokkaido, which were presented to China by then Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei during his visit to China. These cherry saplings were planted in Beijing. Later, almost every year, the Japanese government or non-governmental organizations or friendly organizations presented cherry blossoms to China. These affectionate cherry blossoms add a friendship and warmth to the people of China and Japan.