Pepper, alias pepper, sea pepper, red pepper and so on. , an annual or perennial herb of Solanaceae, is native to Bolivia and other places in South America. It was introduced to China through the Silk Road in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and was originally cultivated in Gansu and Shaanxi, so there are also some? Qin jiao? It is the third largest crop after beans and tomatoes. There are many kinds and varieties, which are usually one of the important vegetables in summer and autumn. The growth and development cycle of pepper refers to the whole process from seed germination to regaining seeds, which can be divided into four stages: germination stage, seedling stage, flowering and fruit setting stage and fruiting stage. Next, I will talk about the characteristics of these four stages in detail.

First, the characteristics of pepper germination period

It takes 10~ 15 days from seed germination to the appearance of the first true leaf (broken heart). Pepper is usually unearthed 5~8 days after germination and sowing, and the first true leaf appears about 15 days after excavation.

Nutrients in germination stage are mainly provided by seeds, and the amount of stored substances in seeds has a great influence on germination speed and seedling growth. Therefore, seeds with full seeds should be selected when planting, which is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings. After the seedlings are unearthed, they transition from the heterotrophic stage of seeds to the photosynthetic autotrophic stage of cotyledons, and begin to absorb and manufacture nutrients. At this stage, it is very important to protect cotyledons, because it is very important to cultivate strong seedlings.

Cultivation suggestion: the growth rate of pepper at seedling stage is relatively small, and the absorption capacity of young roots is very weak. In cultivation management, we should promote the rapid and orderly germination of seeds and make the seedlings grow in Miao Zhuang.

Second, the characteristics of pepper seedling stage

It takes 60~70 days from the first real leaf to the first bud. The length of seedling stage varies with different seedling raising methods and management levels: generally, seedling raising in sunny bed is 70~90 days; Seedling raising in hotbeds or greenhouses generally lasts for 60-70 days, and only lasts for 40-50 days under suitable conditions.

The seedling stage can be divided into two stages: 2~3 true leaves were once the basic vegetative growth stage; When the plant grows to 4 true leaves and the stem diameter is 0. 15~0.2㎝, flower bud differentiation begins, and then vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand.

In order to avoid damaging roots and affecting flower bud differentiation during planting, it is advisable to divide seedlings before the heart of 3 leaves or 3 leaves 1. The optimum temperature for flower bud differentiation is 24℃.

The temperature is suitable for early flower bud differentiation, low node position and early flowering. When the temperature is too high, the quality of flower bud differentiation is poor, and when the temperature is too low or potassium fertilizer is applied to the seedbed for a long time, the flower quantity is small and the planting node is high. Natural sunshine forms flower buds faster than long sunshine, with more flowers, better flower quality and higher fruit setting rate. The metabolism at seedling stage is very vigorous, and the nutrients produced by photosynthesis are almost used for the growth of new roots, stems and leaves except for the respiratory consumption of plants themselves.

Cultivation suggestion: The cultivation management of pepper seedlings should reasonably control the temperature, light, water and nutrient supply, create a suitable seedbed environment, and cultivate strong seedlings with strong stems, developed roots, normal flower bud differentiation and no pests and diseases. The poor flower bud differentiation between overgrown seedlings and old seedlings seriously affects flowering and fruit setting. It is not conducive to early maturity and high yield.

Third, the characteristics of pepper flowering and fruit-setting period

The flowering and fruit-setting period is from the appearance of flower buds to fruit-setting, which is generally 10~ 15 days.

During this period, plants grew greatly and organs grew rapidly. At the same time, it is a critical period for the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The quality of management directly affects the early yield and total output of pepper. During this period, we should pay attention to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, and the water supply should not be too much, otherwise the plants will grow too vigorously, consume too much nutrients, and the buds will not get enough nutrients, which will easily lead to falling flowers and fruits.

General watering management only needs to water 65,438+0 times at the beginning of flowering to meet the needs of flowering and fruit setting. If the soil is not too dry in full bloom, it can be watered 65,438+0 times, but it can't be flooded.

In fertilizer management, when the pepper fruit grows to 3㎝, it can be topdressing with swelling fertilizer 1 time and potassium sulfate 10 ~ 15㎝ per mu with water. In addition, too high or too low temperature, insufficient light or too dry during this period all affected the pollination and fertilization of pepper, causing flowers and fruits to fall.

Cultivation suggestions: during the flowering and fruit-setting period of pepper, appropriate squatting seedlings, combined with fertilizer and water management, adjust the relationship between aboveground and underground parts, vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and promote early maturity and high yield.

Fourthly, the characteristics of pepper fruiting period.

The fruiting period is from fruit setting to harvest, and the length varies with different cultivation areas and methods, generally 50~ 120 days.

In the fruiting period, pepper seedlings and fruits grow at the same time, and the peaks of vegetative growth and reproductive growth appear periodically, and the fruit setting also changes periodically. When the fruit of the plant increases, the quality of newly opened flowers decreases, the number of short flowers increases and the fruit setting rate decreases. After fruit picking, the number of fruits on the plant is reduced or the growth time of fruits is shortened, the consumption of nutrients is less, the quality of flowers is correspondingly improved, and the number of flowers and fruit setting rate return to normal.

Cultivation suggestion: In the early stage of fruiting, due to the small vegetative body of the plant, the fruit should be harvested early to promote the robust growth of the plant, increase the number of flowers and improve the fruit setting rate. During this period, we should pay attention to strengthening fertilizer and water management, creating good cultivation conditions, promoting the prosperity of seedlings and fruits, ensuring the normal growth of stems and leaves, delaying senescence, prolonging fruiting period and improving quality.

It can be seen that pepper has its own characteristics in different growth stages. After understanding these characteristics, we can provide theoretical basis for our actual planting.