First, the purpose requirements

1. Learn how to record urine volume through ureter intubation or bladder intubation.

2. Observe the influence of several factors on urine volume.

Second, the basic principles

The process of urine production includes: filtration of renal tubules, reabsorption of renal tubules and collecting ducts, and secretion of renal tubules and collecting ducts. Any factors that affect these processes will lead to changes in urine volume, because they will affect urine production.

Third, animals and equipment.

Rabbit, rabbit operating table, surgical instruments, biological function experimental system, pressure sensor, protective electrode, drip receiver, arterial cannula, ureteral cannula or bladder cannula, urinal, syringe (2ml, 20ml), 20% or 25% urethane, 10% glucose, heparin (200U/ml) and warm water.

Four. Methods and steps

1. Take a rabbit, fix it under anesthesia, perform neck surgery and common carotid artery intubation, connect the biological function experimental system and the pressure sensor channel, and record blood pressure.

2. Ureteral intubation: cut the skin before pubic symphysis in the lower abdomen, cut the abdominal wall along the white line of the abdomen (don't hurt the lower bladder), and pull the bladder out of the body through the incision (don't expose other organs and tissues because the incision is too big).

The normal position of bladder is on the ventral surface of ureter. When the bladder is gently pulled out and turned over, the ureter is located in front of the bladder. Carefully identify and separate one ureter, and conduct ureteral intubation to drain urine.

3. Bladder intubation: cut the skin in front of the pubic symphysis of the lower abdomen, cut the abdominal wall along the white line of the abdomen (don't hurt the bladder below it), and cut the opening to pull the bladder out of the body (don't expose other organs and tissues because the incision is too big). After purse-string suture is performed in the part with less blood vessels in the bladder, a small incision is made in the middle, the bladder cannula is inserted, and the suture is tightened and tied tightly.

4. Install a drop detector, connect it to the input channel of the biological function experiment system, and record the normal urine (drops/minute).

5. Adjust the scanning speed of blood pressure channel and record urine drop channel, and record normal blood pressure and urine volume at the same time.

6. Experimental observation

(1) After recording the stable blood pressure and urine volume, 30ml of warm saline was injected through the ear vein (slightly faster), and the changes of various indexes were observed and recorded.

(2) After the blood pressure and urine volume were stable, 0.2 ~ 0.5 ml of epinephrine was injected according to the above method, and the changes of various indexes were recorded.

(3) After blood pressure and urine volume are stable, inject 15ml glucose in the same way, and record the changes of each index.

(4) After normal blood pressure and urine volume, the same antidiuretic hormone 2U was injected, and the changes of various indexes were recorded.

(5) Bleeding from the common carotid artery, and observing the changes of various indexes.

(6) Fill in the experimental results in the table.