Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Zi Zhan, also known as Dasu, is called Dongpo layman. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. Together with their father Su Xun and brother Su Zhe, they are called Su San. He is an all-rounder in literature and art, and his writing style is unrestrained and fluent. He is also known as Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems are fresh and vigorous, and he is good at using exaggerated metaphors. He has a unique style in artistic expression, and is called Su Huang with Huang Tingjian. Bold ci school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji; Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting, like literature, I like to be a strange stone. On painting, I advocate similarity. He is the author of The Complete Works of Su Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.

Name: Su Shi

Word: Zi Zhan, He Zhong

Number: Dongpo lay man

Hometown: Meishan, Sichuan

Father: Su Xun.

Brother: Su Zhe.

Wife: Wang Fu, Wang Runzhi and Wang Chaoyun (concubine)

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Dynasty: Northern Song Dynasty

Poetry types: Song Ci, Song Poetry

Representative works: Water Turning, Red Cliff Fu, Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, Dingfengbo, Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting, Lake Drinking Chuqing, Rain Sound, etc.

As "one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties"

The founder of the wild school of song ci

Song Sijia Su Shi

Su Shi was born in Yumei Meishan on 10371October 8 (December 19, the third year of Youjing). Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is the "Su Lao Quan" mentioned in The Holy Amethyst. Su Xun worked hard, although he worked very late. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi could not have got a good tutor in his childhood-not to mention that "learning the history of classics is a thousand words a day", and it is even more impossible to have literary achievements in the future.

1056 (the first year of Jiayou), 2 1 year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination of the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article on loyalty to punishment, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was his disciple Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second.

106 1 year (in the sixth year of Jiayou), Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", and was awarded the position of judge and book signing in Fengxiang Prefecture, Dali. Later, when his mother died in Bianjing, Ding returned to his hometown. 1069 (the second year of Xining) returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.

On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, and because of his conservative political thoughts, he disagreed with Wang Anshi's approach to politics and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general. From then on, Su Shi misunderstood Wang Anshi and other reformists all his life.

Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After leaving office, he was transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province), Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as well-known county magistrates. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people.

This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems, and made a big fuss in the name of satirizing the new law. 1079 (in the second year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned less than three months after he arrived in Huzhou. He was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is called "Wutai Poetry Case" in history.

Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was spared.

After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign. After Su Shi came to power, his mood was low. He visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou City for many times, and wrote down such famous articles as Before and After the Red Cliff Fu, Night Tour in Chengtian Temple, and Niannujiao Nostalgia for Chibi to pay tribute to him. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".

In Song Shenzong (1084, the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and worked in Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he insisted on returning to Changzhou, Zongshen died.

Young Zhezong ascended the throne, the empress dowager listened to politics, the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister.

Su Shi

. Su Shi returned to the post of assistant minister of the DPRK and went to Dengzhou (Penglai). Four months later, the doctor was recalled to North Korea. Mr. Scheeren was promoted to power, Mr. Scheeren was promoted to Zhongshu three months later, and soon he was promoted to imperial academy (the minister who drafted the imperial edict for the emperor, who had Taoist skills) and did not do it again.

Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that his so-called "Wang Dang" was just birds of a feather, and once again made suggestions to the emperor.

He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed.

So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi dredged the West Lake in Daxing, Hangzhou, and built the famous "Su Causeway" by the West Lake with dredged silt.

Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in 109 1 year (six years in Yuan You), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, Yingzhou was released because of political disagreement. 1093 (eight years), the Empress Dowager Gao died, Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the following year, he was demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province). 1097, Su Shi was exiled to Hainan (I don't regret dying in the wild, so I will travel wonderfully to comfort my life). It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. 110/year (Fu Yuan's third year) was pardoned, returned to Lang Feng, and died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) on August 24th,1kloc-0/year. He was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan Province). He was 64 years old and was named Wenzhong (male). So there is "calendar eight States, take Wan Li Road." The name of honor.

Su Shi's poems

Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (swimming on the left (xρn) in the pool" said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, and enjoyed a high reputation among the writers at that time. There was a time when many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao, writers of the Northern Song Dynasty, were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him, and were called the Four Bachelor of Sumen.

There are about 2,700 poems by Su Shi, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are bold and unconstrained, with varied brushwork.

Su Shi's Color Portrait

Romantic, which opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Ye Xie (Zi Zhou) said in the original poem: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, all from the pen. " Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear, cut it together quickly. There is a hidden meaning that must be achieved, and there is no difficulty in showing it. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. " His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. The bold and unconstrained writing has a great influence on later generations. "Nian Nujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou, Ice Dust Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely circulated. His poems include Seven Chapters of Dongpo and so on. There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional style of ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, created a wild school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of ci. Representative works include Nian Nu Jiao,

Su Shi in CCTV's Water Margin

"Water Tune" and so on. , created a bold and unconstrained ci school, and Xin Qiji called it "Su Xin". Liu Chenweng said in the preface to Xinjiaxuan: "Ci is broad and aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth."

1 July, 079, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry, and was exiled to Huangzhou in the following year1month. Before the poem case happened, Su Shi had served as a judge in Hangzhou in 107 1 and had outstanding achievements. Generally speaking, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, but in content, they mostly point to official life to express political pride. After the poetry case, although there were times when I was a bachelor of official Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained embarrassment in my works, but more and more people turned to the understanding of nature and life. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more obvious. As soon as he inherited the style of Huangzhou's works, he converged all his life, and I moved things freely to achieve a suddenly quiet environment.

Zhu Xuanxian's Chinese painting Su Shi's Poems and Paintings

Taking Wutai Poetry Case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex throughout, people can see that the poet's brush strokes gradually turned to the helplessness of middle age and the broadmindedness of old age-getting older and more mature, and getting more and more dull.

First of all, in terms of subject matter, Su Shi's early works mainly reflect his "specific political worries", while his later works mainly focus on "broad life worries", with evil as their resentment. When it comes to evil, it means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province". His flowing works triggered the Wutai poetry case. Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which disappeared and replaced by a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding." Very sweet, very mature, very thorough and deep. "

Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage.

In the early stage, he had a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism and was deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people; Later, especially after being demoted twice,

Qian Huian, a painter in the late Qing Dynasty, painted Su Dongpo's Night Visit to Chengtian Temple.

He advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it.

Thirdly, in style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks and spilling thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light, such as Deep Willow and White Pear Flower.

As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Shi's poems, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time. Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time. Some later works have both the style of local people's feelings and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems, and it is full of Zhuangzi, which turned into a butterfly and I forgot everything. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching.

Su Shi's ci style can be divided into three categories:

First, the bold style.

This is the ideal style that Su Shi deliberately pursues. With rich, passionate and even slightly sad feelings, he blended into his poems and wrote characters.

Chen Hongshou painted Dongpo in the late Ming Dynasty.

Things win with generous and heroic images and vast and magnificent scenes.

Second, the broad-minded style.

This is a sentence that best represents Su Shi's thought and personality, expressing the poet's desire to live in seclusion, avoid troubled times and look forward to peace.

Third, elegant style.

The number of Su Shi's graceful words accounts for an absolute proportion in his total number of words. These words are pure and profound in feelings and healthy and lofty in style, and they are also the inheritance and development of traditional graceful words.

Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties.

Zhao Mengfu painted Su Shi in Yuan Dynasty.

Famous artists, such as Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, formed their own families and created their own new ideas. The end of the pen is ups and downs, naive. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."

Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from the same style of writing (that is, writing is capable), which is more concise than writing and has the potential to dance. Miffy said.

Portrait of Sun Wei Dongpo in Ming Dynasty.

He "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top." I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: when bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? "Also good at making strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "As a dead branch, bending is unreasonable; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. "I can see that his paintings are very strange and I want to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, we attach importance to the likeness of spirit, think that "paintings are similar in shape, and we can see our neighbors", advocate that there is affection outside paintings and sustenance in paintings, oppose similarity and procedural constraints, advocate that "poetry and painting are unified, ingenious and fresh", clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", and highly value the artistic attainments of "painting in poetry and painting in poetry". It laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry, Cliff Ode, Paper of Thanks to the Teacher, Several Essays in Memory of Huang, Thousand Cliff Odes and so on. The surviving paintings include "Ancient Wood and Strange Stones" and "Bamboo Stone Map"; The "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Atlas" discovered in recent years is also his work.

In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting and many other aspects. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.