Zheng Banqiao and his map of bamboo and stone.

Banqiao in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, sitting opposite the paper window and bamboo shadow, spread out his pen and ink to draw his favorite bamboo. "The autumn wind swept past the window last night." He saw the breeze passing through the bamboo leaves, and the bamboo was swaying. Banqiao takes "there is nothing to do in the chest" as the theory. He painted bamboo without the teacher's inheritance, but more from the sunlight and the moon shadow on the paper window powder wall, so he adopted a natural method directly. In response to Su Dongpo's statement that he had a well-thought-out plan, Banqiao stressed that he should have a well-thought-out plan. These two theories seem contradictory, but they are similar in essence. At the same time, they emphasize the high combination of conception and skill, but the method of Banqiao should be "like lightning and thunder, and all plants are angry." Banqiao's "Bamboo Stone Map" shows that bamboo stands tall and straight, rising from the ground. His leaves, each with a different expression, are dark and watery, with distinct shades, vividly showing the texture of bamboo. In composition, Banqiao handled the relationship between the position of bamboo and stone and the words used in poetry very harmoniously. The slender and quiet beauty of bamboo sets off another style of stone. This overgrown plant has become an ideal dreamland for Banqiao. Even Jin Nong, the head of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, lamented the bamboo in Banqiao. Compared with their paintings, the bamboo they painted was not as elegant as Banqiao.

2. high

Its flower-and-bird part is created with fingers. Draw a fan with high fingers, and the shape of two birds is chic, and the poem "Peony Flowers" says: "It is also like rouge painting peony, and the sunrise is three poles when painting. It turns out that the flowers belong to Fusang, and people are not allowed to look at them. " This poem is very interesting. Surprisingly, the picture suddenly showed a gorgeous peony, which was beautiful. On the contrary, it has its beautiful scenery and gives up on itself, and it has a dying breath that it can't bear to see. The peony in full bloom in the tea garden exudes the decadent beauty of spring breeze. Gao (1672- 1734), whose real name is Wei San, is also known as Garden, Nancun, Shu and Taoist. The ancestors moved from Shandong to Tieling, Liaoning, and Li Hanjun hung the yellow flag and served as assistant minister of punishments. He is the teacher of Luo Pin, the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou. Gao is good at painting with fingers, and his "finger painting" has become an important school in painting. In his later years, Gao's reputation for finger painting spread far and wide in North Korea, but he still painted the appearance of "a fingernail is disabled to suck blood, and a candle burns frequently every day". In the eighth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1730), he was asked to paint in Ruyi Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan for three years, and he created exquisite silk meticulous paintings such as The Map of the Yangtze River. According to Gao Bing's finger painting theory, Gao Zeng painted a portrait of Lv Shun, the minister of war, as tall as a real person. When the painting was finished, Lushun's disciples were overjoyed and said, "Good skill! Enter the Tao! "

3. Jinnong

Jin Nong (1487- 1764), whose real name is Shoumen, whose real name is Dongxin, a native of Hangzhou, is called the head of the Eight Monsters. He is well-read and versatile. He began to paint after the age of 50 and was poor all his life. He is good at flowers and birds, landscapes and figures, especially at ink painting and plum blossom. His paintings are simple and simple in shape, elegant in layout and novel in conception. His works include Meme Map and Moon Flower Map. He created a kind of official script, calling himself "lacquer script", which has another interest. Huang Shen (1687— 1768) was born in ninghua, Fujian. When I was a child, my family was poor and I benefited a lot from learning Huai Su's calligraphy. He painted in cursive, created his own style, was good at freehand brushwork, and had the highest attainments in figure painting. Most of the works are based on immortal Buddhism and Taoism, and there are also many works that reflect the life of the lower classes. His works include Drunk Sleep and Su Wu Pastoral. Li Yu kg-* 6] Dan (1686-1762), born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. He liked painting since he was a child and became famous when he was sixteen. He used to be the magistrate of Tengzhou, Shandong Province. Influenced by Xu Wei and Shi Tao, his painting style is extensive, eclectic, dripping with ink and elegant in color, so that "ink and wash blend into interest". His works include "Okra Map" and "Jade Map of Pine and cypress". Li (1695— 1755) is a native of Nantong, Jiangsu. He served as a county magistrate and magistrate for about 20 years. Be friends with Jin Nong and Zheng Xie, and be good at painting pines, bamboos, plums and orchids. In his later years, he painted plums as a metaphor. He wrote in the poem: "This plum blossom is ordinary and there is no pen to read. The painter doesn't understand the customs at any time and is furious. " His works include Fish Tour Map and Xiaoxiang Wind Bamboo Map. Gao Xiang (1688— 1753) was born in Yangzhou and Xitang. Gaoxiang lived a hard life and was aloof. He admired Shi Tao all his life. He is good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, and likes to paint plum blossoms with sparse branches. His works include "Finger-flick Pavilion". Wang (1685— 1759) was born in Xiuning, Anhui. My family was poor when I was a child. I live in Yangzhou and sell paintings for a living. I am poor and happy, studying art and good at painting plums. Together with Jin Nong and Gao Xiang, he is also known as the "Four Great Painters of Plum Blossoms", and his works include The Picture of Mei Mei. Luo Pin (1733— 1799), whose real name is Xunfu, was originally from Shexian county, Anhui province, and moved to Yangzhou. He is a disciple of Jin Nong. He is the youngest of the eight eccentrics, but he has a high level of knowledge and extraordinary writing style. He has been an official all his life, selling paintings for a living and being down and out all his life. His works include Ghost Fun Map and Drunk Zhong Kui Map. Zheng Xie (1693— 1765) was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. He is a scholar of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and he is a scholar of Qianlong. He used to be the magistrate of Fanxian County and Weixian County in Shandong Province. He offended his boss by opening a warehouse to help the victims, resigned angrily and lived in Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living. He is particularly active in thought, quite original, highly accomplished in poetry and painting, and good at painting bamboo, orchids and stones. He also created a six-and-a-half-part calligraphy style that integrates original works, cursive script, official script and seal script. People call it "a street paved with stones". He is a painter with strong people's character. When he was a magistrate in Wei County, he drew a bamboo picture for the magistrate. The inscription reads: "Zhai Ya is lying listening to the drizzling bamboo, which is suspected to be the voice of the people's suffering. Some small officials in Caozhou County always care about their feelings. "

Masako Aoki came to China in the spring of 1922. When visiting the West Lake Night Market, Japanese sinologists found a rubbings of Jin Dongxin's Plum Blossom Map. In Mr. Dong Xin's hometown of Hangzhou, Aoki found a film of Dong Xin's art in a stall. Aoki said that this is the sincerity that can connect with God. He used the passion of worship to record the scene at that time ("Jiang Nanchun? ; Bamboo sawdust "). This "Plum Blossom Map" is engraved with seven poems that Aoki has been chanting for a long time: "Wild plums are as thin as a shadow, thank you for sharing one. I'm too busy to close the door at the moment, so I have to swallow a few flowers and a few whiskers. " Regarding Jin Dongxin, Wang Zengqi's short story "Jin Dongxin" is very good-looking, because Jin Dongxin's famous sentence "The setting sun shines on the peach blossoms, and the willows are red", and the salt merchant Cheng Xuemen paid 1200 yuan. Jin Dongxin's Plum Blossom Map copied by Qi Baishi is very famous. The rubbings of the plum blossom map purchased by Aoki Hangzhou and the plum blossom map copied by Qi Baishi and Jin Dongxin are now in front of us. This is really the supreme romance in collectors' minds.

4. Li Shan

Li Shan (1686- 1762), a native of Xinghua, Jiangsu. Kangxi was promoted in fifty years, and in fifty-three years, painting was called a sacrifice of the imperial court. Because I don't want to be bound by orthodox painting style, I am excluded. After three years of Qianlong, he was elected as the magistrate of tengxian and returned to the provincial government. After two different titles and a demotion, he went to Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living. He has the closest relationship with Zheng Xie, so Zheng has the saying that "Yangzhou sells paintings and is old with Li". In his early years, he learned to paint landscapes with Wei, a fellow countryman, and inherited Huang all the way. When he worshipped the court, he learned to paint with Jiang Ting. Later, he asked the master of finger painting for advice and advocated freehand brushwork. In Yangzhou, he was inspired by Shi Tao's brushwork, so he splashed ink with broken pens, and his painting style changed greatly, forming his own unique style. In this style, pen and ink blended into a strange taste. He likes to draw long articles, and his writing style is uneven, which makes the pictures very rich, and his works have a great influence on flower-and-bird painting in the late Qing Dynasty.

5. Huang Shen

Huang Shen (after 1687- 1770) was born in Ninghua, Fujian. He is good at freehand brushwork figures, intercropping flowers and birds, landscapes and bold colors. There is a collection of poems in Jiaohu. As one of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, he is an all-round painter. Huang Shen's freehand brushwork figures created a unique style of putting cursive script into painting. When Huai Su's cursive script arrived in Huang Shen, it became "bald, continuous and intermittent", with more violent and bold brushwork and more bold style. Such a wild brushwork, the brushwork is "swift as the wind", the weather is majestic, and the stippling is like a wind leaf. Huang Shen's figure paintings, mostly based on fairy tales, depict the lives of historical figures and ordinary people such as woodcutters, fishermen, vagrants and beggars in real life, bringing a new breath to figure paintings in Qing Dynasty. Huang Shen's photo album "Beauty Watching Flowers" depicts a beauty's obsession with flowers. The map of Xishan crane is based on Su Shi's Flying Crane Pavilion. On the right side of this picture, there is a white crane. The old man seems to be looking up at the cranes flying in the air. The boy is holding a flower basket, but he is very happy. "I dreamed of Yangzhou Road all my life, and the empty cranes returned" (Huang Shen's "Crane Training in Lin Bu"). Huang Shen lived in Yangzhou twice and spent 17 years in Yangzhou, which became his lifelong attachment.

6. Li

Li (1695- 1755), whose real name is Qingjiang, also known as "Yibaishan" and "Yiyuan", is a native of Nantong, Jiangsu. In the eighth year of Yongzheng, he became the magistrate of Lanshan (now Linyi) in Shandong Province. He was arrested and imprisoned for offending his boss. In the first year of Qianlong, he was released and the official was reinstated. Later, he was appointed as a magistrate in Qianshan and Hefei, Anhui Province, and was still convicted and dismissed from office because he did not please. To be an official, there is benevolent government and people's morality. After going to the official, he stayed in Nanjing to borrow the garden and often went to Yangzhou to sell paintings. He is good at drawing pines, bamboos, orchids, chrysanthemums, plums, miscellaneous flowers, insects and fish, and is also good at drawing figures and landscapes, especially plums. The works are free and unconstrained, full of ink and brush, careless and informal, which is intended to be between Ivy League, Bai Yang and Zhu Han. Plum paintings are famous for their thin and hard stems and new branches, and their sides are curved. With the method of occasionally printing plum blossoms, the famous plum blossom poems are inscribed, and the sentences are not depressing or bizarre. I also like to draw pine and bamboo in the strong wind. The work "Shi Neng" was edited by later generations, and there were only 26 poems, mostly scattered in paintings.

7. Wang

Wang (1686- 1759), whose real name is Chilin, alias Waishi, is an old man in late spring, originally from Shexian County, Anhui Province, who lives in Yangzhou and sells paintings for a living. Flowers and plants, pen at will, colorful. He is especially good at painting plums and often goes to Meihualing outside Yangzhou to enjoy and write plums. Plum blossoms are famous for their dense branches, elegant and beautiful, Jin Nong said; The beauty of painting plum lies in the fact that Guangling has two friends, Wang Chao's forest painting is numerous, and Gao Xitang's painting is sparse. But judging from his paintings of plums, not all of them are flourishing, but they tend to be thinner. No matter how simple or complicated, you have time to wrap up the fragrance and enjoy the snow and mountains. At the age of 54, he was blind in his left eye, but he could still draw plum blossoms. When he showed his beauty, he engraved: he was born blind in his left eye, but he still kept one eye for plum blossoms. Sixty-seven years old, blind, but still able to write weeds, but also pay attention to the mind. Turning a blind eye is not turning a blind eye to one's own heart. Good poem, author of Selected Poems in the Nest Forest.

8. Luo Pin

Luo Pin (1733- 1799) was a famous painter in Qing dynasty. The word is big, and it is called Erfeng, also known as Yiyun, Huadian, Jinniu Mountain Man, Zhou Yufu and Shilian Old Man. His ancestral home was Shexian, Anhui, and later he was from Ganquan, Jiangsu (now Yangzhou). The present country calls itself "Zhu Cao Shilin". I am a disciple of Jin Nong, not an official, so I am good at traveling. Painting figures, Buddha statues, landscapes, flowers and fruits, plums, orchids, bamboos, etc. , omnipotent. The writing style is fantastic, aloof and unique. It is one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". He is also good at drawing funny pictures of ghosts and describing all kinds of ugly ghosts, which are extremely wonderful to satirize the ugliness of society at that time. He is also good at seal cutting, and he is the author of Biography of Guangyin People. After Jin Nong's death, he collected manuscripts and contributed engravings, so that Jin Nong's works could be passed down to later generations. His wife, Fang Wanyi, named Bai Lian, is also good at painting Meilan bamboo stones and poems. Both Zi and Yun Yong are good at painting plums, so they are called "Luo Pai". Representative works include: Weather Outside Things (Picture Book), Two Peaks Covered with Flowers, Autumn Height in Dangui, Sunrise in the Shade, Singing in Gu Qing, Painting Bamboo with Sound, etc. Author of Xiang Ye Caotang Collection.

Yangzhou Eight Eccentric Painters broke through the shackles of "authenticity" and, on the basis of inheriting the tradition, concentrated on their own creation and development, trying to create a new painting style with their whole life. Undoubtedly, they have made great contributions to the development of Chinese painting, and their creative ideas and numerous works are valuable legacies for us to learn and inherit.

After the "Four Monk Painters", an innovative painting school-"Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" rose. In fact, there were more than eight important painters active in Yangzhou painting at that time, about 16 or 7, and "eight" was not an exact number. According to the earliest records: Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Zheng Xie, Li (fish list), Li, Wang, Gao Xiang,. So it is called strange because they are eccentric, eccentric and strange when painting, and most of them are strong-willed, aloof and arrogant, and their behavior is wild, so they are called "eight eccentrics".

"Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" have similar life experiences and thoughts and feelings. Most of them came from the intellectual class, some refused to be officials all their lives, some passed the imperial examination and became small officials, but they were dismissed or resigned one after another, and finally made a living by selling paintings. Their lives are relatively poor, and they are well aware of the corruption in the officialdom, forming a character of contempt for powerful people and debauchery, and expressing their inner resentment with the help of calligraphy and painting.

Most of their art is based on flowers and birds, with freehand brushwork as the main expression. They attach importance to individuality and strive for innovation in their creation, which breaks through the traditional aesthetic norms to varying degrees and has certain anti-traditional significance. Their works have a strong subjective color, which is refreshing. But at that time, they were not fully understood, and even regarded as "leftists" and "criticized". In fact, it is they who have created a new situation in painting and broadened the road for the development of flower-and-bird painting.

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Artist, painter, Qing Dynasty, China cultural history, Yangzhou celebrity.