A. have the same goal and motivation to move forward.
B. Do your best, give full play to your strengths and contribute to the collective.
C. unite and cooperate to help each other move forward.
2. How to be a learning manager? (Page 12- 13)
A. learn to study independently.
B. improve learning efficiency.
C. scientifically arrange time.
3. What is the uniqueness of human life? (page 28)
A. human life is the smartest.
B. The uniqueness of human life is more manifested in the diversity of human personality, life path and ways to realize the value of life.
4. How to cherish life and make flower of life bloom? (Page 29-32)
A. never give up hope of life.
B. affirm life and respect life.
C. contribute to society and extend the value of life.
5. How to enhance the value of life? (Page 30-32)
A down-to-earth, starting from now, starting from the little things around you.
B. The meaning of life lies not in its length, but in its contribution to society. We should cherish life, let the limited life glow, and make unremitting efforts to prolong the value of life.
6. What are the three major physiological changes in adolescence? How to recognize these changes? (Page 35-36)
Three physiological changes in adolescence: changes in body shape, perfection of internal organs and maturity of sexual function.
These changes are normal physiological phenomena, and the growth of our bodies has different rhythms and rhythms. We should learn to adjust ourselves and accept these changes frankly.
7. What are the effects of adolescent psychological contradictions? (page 37)
Adolescent psychology is full of contradictions. These inner contradictions are normal psychological phenomena during our growth. These psychological contradictions sometimes make us depressed, but it is they that constitute the driving force for our development. Of course, if these contradictions are not handled well, they will also become the driving force that hinders our development. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the inner psychological contradictions through various means and with various forces.
8. How to solve the psychological contradictions in adolescence and maintain mental health? (page 38)
A. Open your heart, communicate with your parents, teachers and friends and ask for help.
B Improve self-control, be a psychologist, appreciate yourself and give full play to your advantages.
C. constantly enrich yourself.
9. How to treat the physiological changes in adolescence correctly? (page 39)
We need to communicate with each other and enjoy each other's growth experience. Mutual respect is the basic principle we need to follow. In an environment of respect and care, we will further appreciate the beauty of youth growth.
10. How do we pursue youthful personality? (Page 40)
Pursuing individuality doesn't have to be unconventional in dress, and independence is not posturing. The true personality lies in the charm from the deep heart, and the true independence is the spirit of gradually getting rid of dependence and taking responsibility for one's actions.
1 1. What is the role of communication between boys and girls? How to communicate? (Page 40)
(1) The communication between boys and girls is conducive to the healthy development of our body and mind, and the two can complement each other, thus creating a harmonious, warm, cooperative and United atmosphere.
(2) The communication between boys and girls should be based on the principle of natural moderation, with sincere respect as the premise, extensive communication and avoiding one-on-one.
What is youth? (Page 4 1-42)
(1) Youth not only means a beautiful appearance, elegant temperament, strong and handsome posture, but also means a new spiritual realm.
(2) Youth is not only a physiological change with the growth of age, but also a new feeling surging from the undercurrent of life, which is more reflected in a person's mentality, temperament, imagination and emotion.
(3) Youth is a symbol of vitality, which contains wisdom, courage and will.
13. How to realize yourself? (Page 46-47)
A. People are constantly changing and developing, so we should look at ourselves comprehensively.
B to fully understand yourself, not only your external image, but also your internal quality, so as to achieve the harmonious unity of internal beauty and external beauty.
C. to fully understand yourself, you should not only know your own advantages, but also know your own shortcomings.
14. What are some ways to know yourself? (Page 48-50)
A. Know yourself through self-observation.
B. Know yourself through others.
C. know yourself through the collective.
15. How to know the potential of self? (Page 5 1-52)
A. people have great untapped potential.
B. human potential is multifaceted.
C. be good at exploring your own potential.
16. What potential does a person have? (page 52)
People have at least seven potentials: language, music, mathematical logic, space, body movements, interpersonal communication and self-awareness potential.
17. What are the ways to explore your potential? (pages 52-53)
A. always give yourself positive hints.
B. Establish a new self-image.
C. stimulate potential in practice.
19. How to understand idolization? (pages 54-55)
It is a normal psychological phenomenon to like stars, because stars often have beautiful appearance and generous manners, and some of them also have superb professional skills, high work enthusiasm and noble personality. No one is perfect and idols are no exception. We should be good at learning different advantages from different role models and constantly improve ourselves.
20. What are people's basic emotions? Different feelings of people
2 1. What is the relationship between emotion and situation? (Page 6 1)
Different situations will produce different emotions.
The same situation will also produce different emotions.
22. What is the magical function of emotions? (page 62)
Emotion is like a magical fruit, which will have a magical effect on people, and sometimes it will make people refreshed and full of energy; Sometimes it makes people listless and depressed. Emotion affects people's behavior and life.
23. What is the double-edged sword effect of emotion? (page 63)
Emotion is like a double-edged sword. On the one hand, emotion can enrich people's physical strength and energy, improve individual activity efficiency and ability, and promote our healthy growth. This is the positive influence of emotions on people. On the other hand, emotions can also make people feel uncomfortable, inhibit people's activity ability, reduce people's self-control ability and activity efficiency, and do things that they regret or even violate the law. This is the negative influence of emotions on people.
24. How to control your emotions? (Page 64-66)
A. reason is the gate to adjust emotions.
B. Adjust your mood by changing your attitude.
C flexibly use specific methods to adjust emotions according to different situations and personal characteristics, such as attention transfer method, reasonable venting method, rational control method, etc.
25. What should I pay attention to when expressing my emotions? (page 68)
People's emotions are interlinked and infectious, and one's emotions can easily affect the people around him. It is unreasonable to vent your emotions without considering the feelings of others. We should learn to express our emotions in a reasonable way on appropriate occasions. At the same time, venting emotions should also be carried out within the scope permitted by morality and law, and should not hinder others or harm the interests of others and the collective.
26. What is the relationship and difference between taste and interest? (Page 7 1)
The connection between taste and interest: taste is based on interest. Without interest, there is no taste. At the same time, taste is expressed through interest, and interest can be sublimated into taste.
The difference between taste and interest: interest is short-lived and constantly changing, while taste is lasting and stable.
27. What is the function of interest? (page 72)
Interest can not only relax our nerves and relieve our fatigue caused by study, but also make us fully feel the beauty in life and make our life full of joy even in difficult environment.
28. What are the different influences of different life tastes on our life, work and study? (Page 73-74)
Elegant life interest is beneficial to personal physical and mental health and meets the requirements of modern civilization and scientific spiritual life. It can promote personal development and form an optimistic, confident, lively and cheerful healthy psychology, thus making people love life more.
Vulgar taste in life often makes people unable to see the richness and variety of life and the bright future of life, only seeing what is in front of them and seeking temporary sensory pleasure. It is not conducive to the physical and mental development of teenagers, and even damages their physical and mental health.
29. How to pursue an elegant life? How to cultivate elegant life interest? ) (pages 75-79)
A. An optimistic and humorous attitude towards life is an important condition for pursuing elegant life interest.
B. Cultivating legitimate interests, enhancing curiosity and avoiding blindly following the crowd are the starting points for pursuing an elegant life.
C. Rich cultural life is an important way to pursue elegant life interest.
D. actively participating in group activities is a powerful guarantee for pursuing an elegant life.
30. How should we treat the temptation of money correctly? (page 82)
To treat the temptation of money, we must take it properly and obtain it through proper channels. Never be contaminated with illegal acts such as "forcibly demanding other people's property" prohibited by law, let alone violate the criminal law.
3 1. How to treat video games correctly? (page 83)
Electronic game is a new type of entertainment, which combines many technologies and knowledge of many disciplines. It is beneficial to develop people's intelligence and exercise the ability to use eyes, ears, hands and brain. Moderate entertainment is not a bad thing. However, because video games are easy to fascinate people, addiction will affect our physical and mental health development, so we need to master a degree, the content of the game should be healthy and positive, and the time should be moderate. At the same time, we should resolutely resist this temptation with rich activities such as learning, fitness and making friends.
32. What are the hazards of indulging in online games? (page 83)
(1) affects the healthy development of body and mind.
(2) Affect life, work and study.
(3) Inducing illegal and criminal acts
33. What's the harm of taking drugs? (page 84)
Serious damage to physical and mental health, infection with various diseases, induction of criminal offences, endangering social order, etc.
34. How can I refuse bad temptations? (page 89)
Bad temptations are like viruses. We need to combine our own reality, with a scientific attitude, a strong will, a clear mind and a correct method to eliminate their interference and avoid their harm. Specific methods include: linking the prospect with the consequences, asking for help, avoiding the inducement method, euphemistically refusing friends to improve self-control, and correcting bad habits on a special basis.
35. What are the areas where teenagers are most vulnerable and protected? (Page 9 1-92)
Accident, family, school, society.
School protection, family protection, social protection, judicial protection and self-protection.
36. Why should teenagers strengthen self-protection? (page 92)
Teenagers are in an important period of long knowledge, immature in all aspects, lacking social experience and self-protection consciousness. Due to the complex living environment, there are factors that are not conducive to the healthy growth of teenagers, and the phenomenon of infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of teenagers and damaging their physical and mental health still occurs from time to time. Teenagers who are immature in body and mind and lack social experience will often be violated when facing attacks, natural disasters and external injuries, so they must strengthen self-protection.
37. What should teenagers pay attention to when protecting themselves from illegal infringement? (page 95)
In the face of illegal infringement, we should rely on our own wisdom to make judgments quickly and accurately, and adopt witty and flexible methods to confront and protect ourselves. However, when implementing effective self-protection, we should pay attention to the following points:
* Power comparison
* the use of the surrounding environment
* Be tactful when asking for help.
* adjustment of subjective psychology
* Personal safety comes first.
* Avoid provoking each other unnecessarily.
* compromise temporarily and report afterwards.
38. When we encounter danger and infringement, how should we deal with it? (page 96)
When we encounter dangerous situations and violations, the way to deal with them is to be calm, resourceful and brave, and protect ourselves with wisdom. In principle, we should take the lesser of the two evils, strive to minimize losses and maximize the protection of legitimate rights and interests.
39. Why use legal weapons to protect yourself? (page 97)
It is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen to fight against illegal and criminal acts with legal weapons, and it is also the right of every citizen. Cracking down on illegal and criminal acts according to law can not only effectively protect our legitimate rights and interests, but also make criminals get the punishment they deserve, while maintaining the dignity and authority of the law, so we should dare to protect ourselves with legal weapons.
40. In the face of unlawful infringement, how can we effectively prevent infringement and protect ourselves? (pages 93-97)
In order to effectively prevent infringement and protect ourselves, we should
A. be vigilant and enhance self-protection awareness.
B. actively strive for the protection of society, schools and families.
C we should conquer evil with courage, protect ourselves with wisdom, and bravely and tactfully take up legal weapons to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests.
The seventh grade China ancient history review outline Volume I
(A) the origin of Chinese civilization:
1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, which was discovered in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, about 1.7 million years ago.
2. Beijingers who lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 700,000-200,000 years ago can make and use tools and use natural fire. Labor played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.
3. Hemudu residents in the Yangtze River valley grow rice (the earliest country in China), generally use ground stone tools and live in dry houses; Residents in Banpo, located in the Yellow River Basin, grow millet (China is the first country to grow millet), and generally use ground stone tools. A large number of pottery has been unearthed in Banpo, and the pottery used in houses with half holes is generally red with patterns on it, which is called painted pottery.
4. Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of the legendary Yellow River Tribal Alliance. After they defeated Snuyu together, the two parts moved towards the joint formation of the Chinese nation. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are known as the "humanistic ancestors" of the Chinese nation.
5. When Yao, Shun and Yu became tribal leaders in the Yellow River Basin, the method of tribal alliance selecting leaders was called "abdication system". Dayu is a legendary hero of water control.
(B) the emergence of the country and social changes:
1, the Xia Dynasty was established in 2070 BC; Xia was the first slave country in China's history. After Yu's death, his son Qi inherited his father's position, and the hereditary system replaced the abdication system. In 1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty was established in the Tang Dynasty. In 14 BC, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, and later people called the Shang Dynasty Yin. 1046 BC, defeated Zhou in the battle of Makino, established the Western Zhou Dynasty, and implemented the system of enfeoffment. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi and established the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Three tyrants in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Xia Jie, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and Western Zhou Dynasties.
2. Contents of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: (Purpose) In order to consolidate the slave owners' regime, the enfeoffment system was implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Content: Zhou Tianzi distributed land and people to relatives, heroes and so on. , sealing them as princes, established numerous vassal states. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou emperor, pay tribute to the emperor, lead troops to fight with the emperor, and appear before the emperor regularly. (Role) The Western Zhou Dynasty strengthened its rule through enfeoffment of princes and became a vast slave country.
3. From 770 BC to 476 BC, it was the Spring and Autumn Period in the history of our country, which was the disintegration period of our slave society. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states constantly competed for hegemony. Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang successively competed for hegemony, which was called "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history. In 65 1 year, Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
4. The period from 475 BC to 22 BC1year is the Warring States period in history and the formation period of China feudal society. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin appeared one after another. Known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". In 260 BC, the battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, and the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack.
5. The use of ironware and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period greatly improved the production efficiency. Dujiangyan is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, in the middle reaches of Minjiang River. (Function) The flood of Minjiang River was eliminated, and a large area of farmland was irrigated, which made Chengdu Plain gain the reputation of "Land of Abundance".
6. In the reform of the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's reform of Qin was the most influential. In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform: (Content) The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading; Reward farming, and those who produce more grain and cloth can avoid corvee; According to the size of military service, the title and residence were granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished; The implementation of the county system is governed by officials directly sent by the monarch. (Role) After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, its national strength increased greatly, and its army's combat effectiveness continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, laying a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.
7. During the Warring States Period, after political reforms, countries gradually established feudal systems, and the landlord class replaced the aristocratic rule of slave owners. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has become the main contradiction in society. China's feudal society was formed.
8. The characters of Shang Dynasty are carved on tortoise shells or animal bones, which is called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Oracle Bone Inscriptions is quite mature, and today's Chinese characters are developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty. The characters cast on Shang bronzes are called "inscriptions" and "inscriptions". Da Zhuan appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States period, people began to write on bamboo slips and silk books with brushes dipped in ink.
9. The Shang Dynasty was a glorious period of bronze civilization in China. The most famous ones are: the Si Mu Wu Ding unearthed in Yin Ruins, which is the largest bronze ware and four sheep square statue found in the world at present. The earliest record of solar eclipse in China was in the Xia Dynasty. Xia dynasty had a calendar. There was a leap moon in Shang Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, people defined 24 solar terms.
10, Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He can treat diseases with acupuncture, massage and decoction. And summed up four commonly used methods of disease diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Qu Yuan, a Chu man in the Warring States period, absorbed the essence of folk songs and created a new form of poetry in Chu language-Chu Ci. Qu Yuan's masterpiece is Li Sao, which is a long lyric poem that has been told through the ages. The World Peace Committee designated him as a world cultural celebrity.
1 1, Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. He advocated benevolence, propriety, moral education and governing the country with propriety, founded private schools, taught students in accordance with their aptitude, and worked hard as a teacher, and wrote the Analects of Confucius. Mencius advocated "benevolent government for the people" and "the people are more valuable than the monarch"; Zhuangzi advocated "let nature take its course and govern by doing nothing"; Han Feizi's Rule of Law and Centralization; Mohism advocates "universal love" and "non-aggression".
Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing in 12, is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List. The prevalence of "Bell and Drum Music" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period reflected the height of ancient music in China. A large number of bell and drum instruments have been unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province, among which the whole set of chimes is the most precious.
(3) unified Qin and Han empires:
In BC 1 year and BC 230-221year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, annexed the six eastern countries and established the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal country in China-Qin; Politically adopt the title of "emperor"; The central government set up prime minister Qiu, who was also an ancient scholar; The county system is implemented and the country is divided into 36 counties; Degree of economic unity, quantity, balance and currency-round square hole currency; Unity of Thought and Culture-Characters-Biography: Burning books and burying Confucianism to strengthen ideological control; Militarily, the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao in the west to Liaodong was built to resist the Huns, and the southern Xinjiang was developed to build Lingqu. Qin's territory is east to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea. It was a great country in the world at that time.
2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township-the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history. Zhang Chu regime was established in Chen Jian.
3. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty politically weakened the power to seal the country (by decree), deposed hundreds of schools, and regarded Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. Thus, the unification of political and economic thoughts was realized, and the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday. In addition, the Imperial College was held in Chang 'an. Imperial academy is the highest institution of learning in ancient China, with the Five Confucian Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn) as the main teaching materials. Economically, the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be cast in a unified way. Militarily, a powerful cavalry unit was organized to launch a large-scale counterattack against Xiongnu, seize Hetao and Hexi Corridor, and realize the great unity of political, economic and military thoughts, thus bringing the Western Han Dynasty into its heyday.
4. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and desolate everywhere. The rulers of the Western Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "rest and recuperation" and attached importance to agricultural production. In the Wenjing period, the economy recovered and developed, and "the rule of Wenjing" appeared.
5. In BC 138 and BC19, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions; In the first 60 years, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, and now Xinjiang is officially under the jurisdiction of the central government. The Silk Road in the Han Dynasty passed through the Hexi Corridor from Chang 'an-present Xinjiang-Central Asia-West Asia-Europe, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between China, West Asia and European countries.
6. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs alternated in authoritarian power, and politics was very dark. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, coupled with years of famine, the peasant uprising in Greenwood and Chimei finally broke out, and the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. In 220 AD, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.
7. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once ordered the harnessing of the Yellow River, and Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty also ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to harness the Yellow River. Jacquard machines have been used in silk fabrics in Han dynasty, and the dyeing technology is also very high. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du, the magistrate of Nanyang, dredged the drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron, which was more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe. In the Han Dynasty, iron weapons gradually replaced bronze weapons.
8. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Mo Duhan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time and established a powerful country. 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu, and defeated the main force in the northern desert. From then on, the Huns were no longer able to confront the Western Han Dynasty, and some Huns began to move westward. In the first century BC, the Xiongnu was divided into several parts, and the leader of one part, Uhaanyehe, surrendered to the Han Dynasty.
9. During the Han Dynasty, people called today's Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, that is, today's Xinjiang region and beyond, the Western Regions. In BC 138 and BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han government established the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, the western regions have been under the jurisdiction of the central government and become an inseparable part of China. In 73 AD, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to administer the Western Regions, which was 166 AD.
10. In the early Western Han Dynasty, hemp was used as paper, which is the earliest known paper in the world. After 12 century, Europe began to use paper instead of parchment. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty and called his improved paper "Cai Hou Paper". Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, an instrument for determining the orientation of earthquakes. Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and Hua Tuo, a medical doctor, made Ma Feisan, an anesthetic. He also created a medical gymnastics-wuqinxi. Nine Chapters Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, marked the formation of China's ancient mathematical system centered on calculation.
1 1. The three major religions in the world today refer to Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Taoism is a native religion in China. Historical Records written by Sima Qian is the first biographical historical masterpiece in the history of China, which mainly describes the historical facts from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are the highest level of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties.
(d) Separation of political powers and national integration
1, in 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in Guandu. In 208 AD, Cao Cao led more than 200,000 troops south, trying to unify the north and south, but was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. In 220, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, abolished Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, claiming to be the emperor, with the title of Wei and its capital in Luoyang. Late Eastern Han Dynasty. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king (Sun rose in 229), with the title of Wu, Jianye as the capital, and the three countries stood firm.
In 2.263, the weakest of the three kingdoms was first destroyed by Wei. In 266, Sima Yan usurped the throne to establish the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, ending the situation of division. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Manga, Di and Qiang have moved in and lived together with the Han nationality for a long time. In 3 16, an inward-moving Xiongnu army wiped out the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 3.3 17, Si Marui, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty and made its capital Jiankang, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In the late 4th century, the Miao people established the pre-Qin regime, and Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, made great efforts to eliminate other separatist regimes and unify the Yellow River basin. In 383, the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty fought a fierce battle at Feishui. As a result, the former Qin Dynasty was defeated and its rule collapsed. In 420, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established himself as emperor, with the title Song, ending the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In the late 4th and 4th centuries A.D., a branch of Xianbei ethnic group in Northeast China became strong, and established the Northern Wei Dynasty, with Pingcheng as its capital. In 439, the Yellow River Basin was unified, and the capital was moved to Luoyang during Emperor Xiaowen's reign.
5. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties used and developed the secant created by predecessors, and calculated pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, nearly 1 0,000 years earlier than the world.
6. The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China, which occupies an important position in the world agricultural history.
7. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. His Notes on Shui Jing is a comprehensive geography monograph. Taking the rice cropping system as the key link, the book introduces the mountains, rivers, towns, topography, customs and historical sites in detail.
8. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script became popular. Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is known as "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is also called "the sage of books" by later generations.
9. Gu Kaizhi's paintings in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are excellent, and his representative works include A Woman's History and A Luoshen. At that time, it was said that Gu Kaizhi had "three unique skills", namely, talent, painting and infatuation.
10. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was social unrest. In order to get rid of the suffering of reality, people believe in Buddhism in succession, and the rulers also strongly support it. Buddhism is very popular. There are not a few people who are against it. Among them, Fan Zhen, a famous thinker in the Southern Dynasties, wrote The Immortal Theory, which exposed the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people and systematically expounded atheism.
1 1. In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties made people cut cliffs, dig grottoes and carve Buddha statues in many places. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are the two most famous grottoes.
12. The reasons for the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River are: the war in the north at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and a large number of people moved south, which brought advanced production technology and labor force and promoted the development of the south of the Yangtze River; Superior geographical conditions are conducive to the development of agriculture; There are few wars in the South and they are relatively stable.