In the long history of ancient China, one of the most important lifestyles was playing. In the history of China, various games came into being. They are not necessarily unique to China, but many of them are the products of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. China, with his strong cultural spirit, realized the China of imported goods and became a part of China culture.
Generally speaking, the ancient games in China are mainly divided into four types: chess games, gambling games (with gambling nature), word games and sports games. So today, let's take an example to talk about these common but not necessarily familiar historical cultures around us, and walk into the world where China people play.
It is a truth that games are competitive in the end, so the most representative game in China is sports games. As a national sport, these things have greatly changed the life rhythm of China people. They have become the representatives of China culture, but they have experienced variation and decline more or less in the long history, and some of them no longer exist.
Equestrian polo
Polo was called "Bowing" in ancient China, which began in the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a poem in Cao Zhi's Mingdu describing people playing polo at that time, which was gradually lost. Polo was introduced from Persia to the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty and became the most popular activity in China at that time. Polo was very popular in the Tang Dynasty, which not only became a sport for emperors and nobles. According to the literature, the neighboring countries such as Bohai Sea, Korea and Japan at that time all recorded polo matches with the Tang Dynasty. There is a large polo mural in the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai in Tang Dynasty, which proves the prosperity of polo art at that time. The combination of polo art and military honor guards in Song Dynasty became a part of the military parade at that time. According to the analysis of Tianjin Records, Liao played polo as a traditional custom in this festival, and he played ball during the Dragon Boat Festival and the Double Ninth Festival. Liao and Jin also like to play polo, and "Liao Sheng Zong Ji" contains "Good Strike? Longbao? Satin? Nanzi? I stole a spoon to hit the ball and shoot the willow in the East Garden. In the Ming Dynasty's "Music Map of Xuanzong", there are scenes of Xuanzong enjoying polo. In the Qing Dynasty, polo was gradually lost and eventually disappeared from China.
Polo was the most popular in the Tang Dynasty: in Poems in the Palace written by the poet Wang Jian of the Tang Dynasty, it was said that palace maids played ball: "The new white horse was afraid of whipping and broke in through the door, in the name of playing ball." Guo Ying, our envoy from Jiannan, watched female geisha play ball and have fun. According to historical records, it costs tens of thousands of yuan every day. Feng Shiwen Ji Jian, written by Feng Ji, records that Li Longji, king of Linzi, took part in a polo match with Tubo at the age of 24. He runs back and forth in a Mercedes like the wind, waving a big stick and invincible. He scored his opponent's goals many times and won a great victory, which made Tang Zhongzong very happy.
In addition, Tang Muzong Hengli was also a super horse fan, and later died of playing injuries. After Tang Jingzong Li Zhan succeeded to the throne, his fascination with polo grew day by day. Some polo players were recruited from all over the country and played day and night, ignoring state affairs. Finally, he was killed, and Tang Huang's edge-ball tricks were constantly updated and emerged in an endless stream. Xuanzong Li Xian is one of the best players. It is said that when he hits the ball, "every time he holds a bow, he jumps into the air and hits the target with a hundred shots, but Ma Chi is as fast as lightning without stopping. When he is two years old, he will be convinced of his ability."
At the end of the Tang dynasty, Tang Xizong gambled with polo, which led to Chen Jing's infamous life? Yang Shili, Niu Xu and Luo will be released soon, so they decided to give priority to the richest places by competitive recruitment. Chen Jing? The first one hit the ball into the hole and won the position to give up our time. This shows its fanaticism.
shadow play
In the Song Dynasty, a breast-feeding woman manipulated a huge skull to show the originality of the puppet show in the Song Dynasty.
Puppet show, also known as puppet show, comes down in one continuous line with shadow play. How did puppets come into being? So far, there is no conclusion. Among the cultural relics unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province, there are pottery figurines, and there are musical figurines during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Musical figurines, song and dance figurines, etc. It has been excavated from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. The joints are already flexible, which is considered to be the origin of puppets. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, a puppet show was formally formed in China, where people directly manipulated puppets to dress up specific characters and perform simple stories in public. In the Sui Dynasty, the production and performance of puppet shows had a direct impact. In the Tang Dynasty, musical puppets were invented, which enabled Woodenhead to drink and sing blowing sheng, and the performance and production reached a perfect unity. Puppet shows in the Song Dynasty are even more famous. "Tokyo Dream of China Record" records: "Every puppet, put smoke powder, ghosts, fighters, case-solving, history books, tell stories, or tell history, or make zaju, or like cliff words. Hanging puppets, for example, began with the story of Chen Ping's Six Wonders Pass. Today, there are gold thread doctors Lu and Chen. This makes it as true as ever, especially those who are eclectic. There are also staff-headed puppets, especially Liu Xiao's archer Guo Qi, and his water puppets, including Yao Yuxian, Sai Bao Ge, Ji Wang and Jin Shihao. Make a hundred funerals. There are hundreds of plays in the water, one after another, the scales dance away, the dragons turn into reality, and the art is like a god. "
In the Yuan Dynasty, the art of shadow play rose in China, which was a variation of puppet show. In the period of Zheng De, the Hundred Drama Congress was held in Beijing, and shadow play entered Beijing, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
fall to the ground
(Strike by Sancai Association)
The legend was invented by Emperor Yao, but its specific time should be in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to Liu Xi's explanation of the names of people in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is said that "digging dirt is a wild old joke", and Wang Chong's "On Heng Yi Zeng" in the Eastern Han Dynasty further explained: "The people who dug dirt on the road fifty years ago, the viewers said,' Great, Yao!' "The digger said,' Work at sunrise, rest at sunset, dig wells and drink, plow fields and eat. "How powerful I am!"
(However, it is also said that it existed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was a popular sport at that time. )
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Han Danchun's Art and Literature, the way to play with soil is as follows: "The soil is wood, with a width of four feet and a width of three inches, and it is shaped like a shoe. On the edge of the soil, thirty or forty steps, hit it with the soil, and if you hit it, you will win.
Cao Zhi wrote in "Famous City": "There are many enchantresses in famous cities, and Luo Jing teenagers. My treasure knife is worth thousands of dollars, and the clothes inside are luxurious and vivid. Cockfighting on the road in the eastern suburbs and horse racing in a long string of catalpa trees. When I was on my way there, a pair of rabbits jumped in front. Take the gong gong cymbals and drive the Nanshan Mountain. I drew a bow with my left hand and fired an arrow with my right hand, and only one arrow hit two rabbits. Other techniques are useless, and people who fly kites in the air meet in a narrow way. The pedestrians watching H unt cheered in unison, and the archers nearby were impressed by me. Back to Pingle Ancient Temple, the wine is worth 10,000 yuan. Carp? Baked turtle with mackerel shrimp and bear's paw. Calling friends and friends came to his desk, and the long banquet was filled in an instant. Cuju and Jirang are busy, agile and renovated. The sun will always gallop to the southwest, and the passage will not be surpassed. The cloud returns to the city and comes back in the morning. "
There are many records about digging soil in the literary works of Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, the soil changed from wood to tile.
"Record: Two bricks are seven inches long, with a difference of thirty steps as the standard. One brick for each, and Fiona Fang threw it out with one foot. The owner can keep as many as he wants. A first throws a wrecking ball to get a raise, and B throws a wrecking ball to win the first wrecking ball. There is another name for smashing soil: throwing/p >
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the game of digging soil became playing tiles. Wang Qi's "Three Talents" records: "The soil is wood, with a width of four feet and a width of three inches, and it is shaped like a shoe. The rules of the game are similar to those before the Song Dynasty.
Hitting the earth is an ancient bowling ball in China, which has been gradually lost.
Take pills. Take pills.
Playing marbles is the origin of golf, and stepping on the ball is similar to hockey today, with competitive attributes, which came from polo, but the rules and methods of the game between the two sides are quite different.
Pooling is hitting the ball into the hole, stepping on hockey, which is an introduction to playing. Both sides played with sticks. "Zitang Sixty-nine" records: "Where to strike? Traveling together? Lu. ? ⑷ ⒙ ⒙????????????????? Lu≈? Cunning? In the valley? I have a seizure? Hey, hey? All coaches do this? Grazing school? Hey? Choice? The horse grabbed it first? Lou. Travel? ぁふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ ふ? Hey? Hey? Close? What happened? Raise money. " It was the characteristic of stepping on the ball at that time. In the Song Dynasty, kicking the ball developed the movement of pounding pills.
In Yuan Dynasty, Ning Zhizhai devoted himself to the description of "Song Huizong and Jin Zhangzong both love playing pills" in the preface to Maruko, which shows that the formation of playing pills should be in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to the records in Maruko, the maruko can be grouped or not. According to the number of participants, there are corresponding names. Many people attend the meeting, seven or eight people attend the meeting, five or six people attend the meeting, and three or four people are called friends. There are at least two people, called "singles and doubles". A hole should be set in the shot-ramming, and colored flags should be inserted next to the hole as a mark; The club used for punching pills is divided into "stick", "spoon", "round stick" and "one hand", which is very similar to today's golf, but the difference is that golf is 9- 18 hole and punching pills are 10 hole. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Chuquan Pill was gradually lost.
Bingxi
Skating is skating. According to the Book of Rites, Hui Zong likes ice entertainment. Backyard skating was very popular in Ming and Qing dynasties, and it was a unique game of the palace. In the Ming Dynasty, skating was listed as a court sport. According to Yi Qing Ge Miscellaneous Notes, rich children play a kind of "ice bed" on the ice surface of Beijing Jishuitan, connecting more than a dozen beds together, putting wine on them and driving away the cold while drinking. The Qing Dynasty was the golden age for the development of skating in ancient China, and it was the general name for many ice activities popular in the Qing court. It is not only an entertainment activity, but also a military exercise. During the Qianlong period, skating was widely popularized, which formed a model at that time.
In recent years, with the harem? Keep? Why don't you forgive me for returning my thumb? /p & gt；
struggle
The so-called wrestling is wrestling. "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" records: "The son of heaven was ordered to teach martial arts, learn archery and wrestle for the general. Prove that wrestling appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. After Qin unified the six countries, wrestling was listed as a kind of entertainment in the court and also carried out among the people. According to the book of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the largest scale is twice. One is Yuan Feng's "Three Years of Spring, Making a Corner Play, Seeing from 300 Li"; One was Yuanfeng for six years. "In summer, teachers and students in Beijing watched a corner play in Shanglin Pingle Hall. "It is enough to show that wrestling activities in the Han Dynasty have become more common.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao strongly advocated wrestling, which was not only used as a means of training, but also included in hundreds of plays. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, wrestling competitions were held on the Lantern Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival on July 15. Many emperors not only like watching, but also are good wrestlers. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the court also set up an official camp sumo shed to recruit and train wrestlers. The chosen wrestler is called sumo wrestlers. Whenever there are meetings, banquets and sacrifices, sumo wrestlers people will specially perform wrestling performances. The Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty brought this club to Japan and gradually evolved into the national sport of Japan: sumo. Later, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanbin, an official of the Ming Dynasty, stayed in China and reformed and developed martial arts and wrestling, making it the present Japanese judo.
Chef's work
20 17.08. 19