Introduction to football
Football is dominated by feet, but you can also touch the ball with your head, chest and other parts. A sport in which two teams attack and defend on the same field. A wonderful football match has attracted thousands of viewers, and it has become an important part of TV programs. Reports on football news occupy the pages of various newspapers and periodicals all over the world, and now football has become an indispensable part of people's lives. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 800,000 teams that regularly participate in competitions around the world, and there are about 40 million registered athletes, including about 65,438+10,000 professional athletes.
Intergenerational football
Football is highly antagonistic, and players use all kinds of actions allowed by the rules in the game, including running, emergency stop, turning, falling to the ground, jumping and bumping, to compete fiercely with their opponents. The length of the competition, the number of spectators and the size of the venue are beyond the reach of any other sport. Traditional football consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons and 32 skins. Football matches are divided into 1 1, 7, 5. The age groups are u 15, u 17, u 19 Olympic group, adult group and youth group respectively.
[Edit this paragraph] Origin and development
Ancient cuju football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from Cuju, an ancient ball game in China, and later spread to Europe through Arabs, and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm". Modern football originated in England. It originated from a war between them and Denmark in the12nd century. After the war, the British saw the head of a Danish soldier on the ground. Because Britain hated Danish soldiers very much, it kicked them in the head. By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America at that time, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born. The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated by three universities in London, Oxford and Cambridge in the early 9th century. At that time, each team had 1 1 people. At that time, there were ten students and a teacher living in each dormitory in the school, so a dormitory-to-dormitory game was played, with each side having 1 1 person. At that time, the current 1 1 football match began. 1863101On October 26th, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern English football. The return of the competition was drafted, but some terms are far from today's rules. For example, there was a rule at that time: when the ball entered the space between goalposts or crossed the space above, no matter how high it was, as long as it was not thrown, hit or transported by hand, it was considered as winning. At that time, the position and formation of players were also different from today's: each team had a goalkeeper, a defender, an avant-garde and eight forwards. Soon after the rules were made, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three avant-garde and five forwards. So there are eleven players in the last game. However, many data show that the appearance of ancient football in China is earlier than that in Europe, with a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Meicheng by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 in July, Dr. Havelange, former president of FIFA, came to China and said that football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.
The reason why football has become the first sport in the world.
First, the essence of sports: football itself embodies the characteristics of human sports, and the sudden start between athletes is like a sprint; Goalkeepers jump up and down and jump sideways, just like jumping events; Those athletes with good flexibility hang a gold hook upside down and jump to the top, like gymnastics; The reasonable collision between two players is a bit like the expressive force and aesthetic feeling of football ... Second, popularization: low requirements for football participants are an important reason. Players who play football, unlike other sports, do not have the big problem of being tall and thin. For example, football, the small one must suffer a big loss; Basketball is the world of "long people" Football, on the other hand, provides all the children in the world with the opportunity to have a "superstar dream". 3. Unpredictability: The contingency of football match results is an important reason for the fanaticism of fans all over the world. Because in the football world, there is no absolute strong team. Liverpool may be "knocked down" by an unknown second-division team or even an amateur team. Brazil, which was piled up with stars, was defeated by Japan, which was still immature at that time, in the Olympic football match. 1966, North Korea, a "third world" football team, once defeated Italy and entered the quarter-finals of the World Cup. In the just-concluded World Cup warm-up match, China unexpectedly defeated the French team, the runner-up of the last World Cup and the former world champion. Therefore, in a football match, you never know the result until the last moment. Handsome guy: Handsome guy on the football field is the reason why football has become "the first sport in the world". There is a simple reason. The girls are worshipping and desperate to go to the stadium to watch the ball (mainly to watch people). Can their boyfriends not worry? Even men who are not interested in football should follow their girlfriends to the stadium. The most important thing is to keep an eye on your girlfriends and prevent them from being taken away by those "sweetheart" on the court. V. Environment: Fans, like diners, have a mouth-watering football feast, but the atmosphere of "eating" is better. Lively, atmospheric and spectacular, these football fields have them. Compared with the sultry badminton hall and a small table tennis table, the wide court is magnificent and exciting. Six, freedom: tens of thousands of fans together, hilarious. To be honest, if you want to watch the ball quietly, who will? Controversy: "The biggest charm of football is controversy." A farsighted old man said a farsighted sentence. This old man is former FIFA President Havelange. Yes, if football matches are all "dead" and mechanical, then football will lose its great charm. Just because the referee is a person, he may misjudge, take bribes, manipulate the game and so on. This has caused great controversy and more people's attention.
[Edit this paragraph] Sports characteristics
The reason why football has such great charm is not only because it is pregnant with rich connotations, but also because of its characteristics. First, honesty. In the football match, each team has 1 1 players. 1 1 people on the field should think in unison and act in unison. Move when attacking, and obey all the rules. The overall awareness of participating in the war is stronger. Only by forming an overall attack and defense can we get the initiative of the game and good results. Second, the overall situation. The football match has a large venue and a large number of people. How to make good use of the venue and the number of people is the key to winning or losing. The two sides use effective passing and smooth cooperation to break through the layers of defense and mobilize each other through a wide range of space transfer in order to find loopholes or tear apart the defense. At the same time, the football league has a long season and heavy games. Reasonable physical distribution and proper player rotation are all factors that consider the whole season. Third, fineness. Football is thick and thin, and the big guy is actually very smart. Personal dribbling pays attention to exquisite skills and appropriate timing. Sometimes a short time difference or a few steps will cause a breakthrough, a wonderful pass or even a goal! However, the players of both sides not only confront each other in football, but also have constant psychological contests: small action harassment, big action pressure causing the fear of the other side, verbal provocation and provocation of others, and handling the ball under high pressure at critical moments (such as the mentality of the shooter and goalkeeper during penalty kicks, and whether they can stay awake in overtime) are all the highlights and chewiness of football. Fourth, antagonism. Football is an antagonistic sport with fierce competition. In the competition, the two sides fight for control in hand-to-hand combat, so as to attack the opponent's goal without letting the ball enter their own goal, especially near the two restricted areas, and the competition for time and space is extremely fierce and wonderful. In a high-level competition, both sides fell to the ground more than 200 times because of the competition and collision, which shows the fierce confrontation. V. variability. Football is an aperiodic sport with colorful techniques, unpredictable tactics and unpredictable outcome. When using skills and tactics in the competition, they are directly interfered, restricted and resisted by their opponents. Skills and tactics are flexibly used and played according to the specific situation on the field. Sixth, ease of use. The rules of football match are relatively simple, and the requirements for equipment are not high. There are no strict restrictions on the time, number of participants, venue and equipment of a general football match, so it is a very relaxed mass sports event in the national fitness. In the Song Dynasty, the earliest famous football stars and artists organized their own groups, called "Round Club", to promote Cuju activities and competitions. Gao Qiu was born in the Yuan Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Wang Mingqing's The Dust Settles, Gao Qiu's skill is superb. Because he played football with Song Huizong, he was promoted to be the conductor in front of the temple. This is one of the earliest famous stars. Ding Wei, a scholar in Song Dynasty, was famous for playing football. He knows that the Prime Minister likes playing football. In order to be promoted, he waits outside the wall of the Prime Minister's House every day. One day, he finally waited until the ball flew over the wall. Liu Sanfu picked up the ball and entered Xiangfu in the name of returning it. When he visited the Song Dynasty in Ding Wei, he threw the ball into the air and bowed. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Cuju experienced a process of development to a climax, but in the Qing Dynasty, this activity declined. From 65438 to 0863, modern football was born in Britain, which opened another historical chapter in the development of football. The birth of modern football 1893 The time for spectators to watch the game was from the 8th century to19th century. The predecessor of modern football exists in Europe in various ways. Until 1863, Britain established the first formal football rules, which also marked the birth of modern football. A boy's impulse19th century, football was restored and widely developed in some colleges in Britain. At that time, there were no uniform rules for football matches. The competition will be held in a rectangular venue, and the time and number of participants will be temporarily agreed by both parties. When the ball kicked into the opponent's goal, it scored. During this period, Cambridge University, Hatton College and New Clifton University all had their own ways of playing, and no one thought of unifying the rules of football. At that time, the most unlucky people were the "notarized mediators" who were the predecessors of the referee and were responsible for recording the number of goals and mediating disputes and disputes. However, due to the lack of uniform rules, these mediators are always difficult to convince the public and are often chased and intercepted by dozens of people in the audience. A boy's impulse changed everything. 1823165438+1October 2 1 day, in a game, a boy named William Webb Eszli, aged 15, suddenly picked up the ball with his hand and rushed to the opponent's court to launch an attack. This action later triggered a big debate about football rules, and people realized that it was necessary to formulate unified football rules. In the debate, the party who agreed to use both hands and feet gradually developed the game into today's rugby, while the party who insisted on using only feet began to explore and establish modern football rules. Modern football, the first sport in the world, was born in pubs. London queen street Club Tavern is the birthplace of modern football, and a landmark meeting in the history of football was held here. Before 1848, Cambridge University tried to create a rule about football matches. Although it has not been recognized by the public, it has become common sense to unify rules. 1863101October 26th, representatives from1kloc-0/London Club and College held a meeting in the pub of * * * Club to formulate rules and establish an authoritative football organization, which is also recognized as the birthday of modern football. At the meeting, the debate about the rules was fierce. A few people, represented by Gamber, insisted on using both hands and feet, and the final voting result was 13 to 4. The landmark rule that hands are not allowed in modern football has been passed. To this end, Gambo and others left angrily and later established the Rugby Federation 187 1. * * * Club Tavern also established the English Football Association at this meeting of Club Tavern, and recorded the world's first unified football rules in writing. Two months later, on February 26th, 1863 and 14, the Football Association held another meeting in a small hotel in Misa Street, Crewe, London, and refined the rules of football to 14. 1 1 Clubs and colleges participating in the pub meeting of * * * Club: Forest Club (later renamed Ranger); Gilborn; Barnes; War office; Crusaders; Pasival; Black Hayes Club; Kensington College; Soapy; Blake Hayes College; Crystal palace.
[Edit this paragraph] Standard rules
The earliest football rule was 1. Course length 150 yards and width 100 yards. On each sideline, 25 yards from the finish line, there are two sign posts respectively. 2. The goal consists of two vertical pillars, which are 10 feet apart. 3. Choose the target or tee off with coins. 4. After the first half of the game, change the venue. 5. When a player kicks the ball, when any player on the same team stands in front of the ball and is closer to the opponent's end line than the other team, he shall not take part in the game to touch the ball, nor shall he hinder other players from touching the ball in any way. 6. When the ball kicked out of the sideline, it was a dead ball, and the opponent kicked the ball directly into the court at the out-of-bounds place to resume the game. 7. When a team kicks the ball out of the opponent's end line, any player who gets the ball first can serve a free kick 25 yards from the vertical end line. 8. When kicking off, players should not touch the ball behind the opponent's end line. 9. If the ball falls behind the end line and exceeds the sideline mark, the free kick should be served 25 yards from the end line. 10. When a player kicks a free kick, the player on the same team shall not be between him and the opposing end line, and the opposing player shall not stand within his 10 yard. Players can kick free kicks in any way. 12. If the ball passes between the poles, or passes infinitely high above the poles, you win a goal. 13. In the game, you can touch the ball with any part of your body, but you are not allowed to hold the ball or hit the ball with your hands, arms or shoulders. 14. All impacts are fair and legal, but it is forbidden to hug, push, trip or make noise with your feet. This set of formal original rules was published by the president of the English Football Association in BELIS LIFE magazine. Three years later, the Football Association increased the goal height by 6 yards and the width by 8 yards, and pulled a rope between the two columns as the goal height. 1 1 football rules football field introduction (1) stadium 1, the stadium area must abide by the rules. According to FIFA, the venue of the World Cup finals is105m long and 68m wide. The venue of domestic grass-roots competitions can be adapted to local conditions, but in any case, the length of sideline must be greater than the length of goal line, and the area of each area in the venue shall not be changed. 2. The ground of the court must be flat and soft, with the principle of not hurting athletes and not affecting the normal operation of the ball. The FIFA World Cup Organizing Committee has instructed that the World Cup should not be held on artificial turf. (2) Boundary line 1. All the lines of the stadium must be flush with the ground, and there are no V-shaped grooves or convex lines above the ground. The color of the lines should be clear. It is better to use lime powder or mortar to mark the land layer and hydrated lime powder to mark the natural turf layer instead of quicklime powder or mortar. In order to prevent the rain from washing away, you can also draw lines with white paint, but it is not allowed to use grooves filled with wooden strips, bricks or broken tiles as boundaries. 2. The width of each line in the site shall not exceed 12 cm (generally 12 cm is appropriate). The width of sideline and goal line should be included in the field area, and the width of other lines should also be included in the area. The goal area and penalty area should be measured from the inside of the goal post and the outside of the goal line. The width of the goal line must be equal to the width of the goal post. (3) The football field defined by sideline and goal line 1 and sideline and goal line is the basic activity area of players in football match. After the game starts, players and other personnel are not allowed to enter the stadium without the permission of the referee. 2. When the whole ball crosses the sideline or goal line outside the goal from the ground or in the air, it is a dead ball, and the game is restarted by throwing a foul ball, kicking a goal ball or a corner kick. 3. The goal line between goals is the standard line to judge whether the ball enters the door. Only when the whole ball crosses the line in the goal from the ground or the air can the ball enter the door. 4. When penalty kick is executed, the defending goalkeeper should stand on the goal line between goals. 5. When kicking an indirect free kick in the opponent's penalty area, if the distance between the goals is less than 9.15m, the defender is allowed to stand on the goal line. (4) centerline 1. The center line divides the whole stadium into two equal halves, and the width of the center line should be included in the area of each half. 2. At the kick-off, both players must stand in their own half (defenders are not allowed to enter the middle circle). When the referee blows the whistle, the ball is kicked forward, the game begins, and then both players can enter the other half. 3. The player didn't foul offside in his own half. (5) Goal area 1. You can kick the gateball and your own free kick anywhere in the goal area. When the ball is in the goal area, the referee orders the game to stop. If the game is resumed by dropping the ball, the ball should be dropped on the goal line closest to the position where the ball was when the game stopped, and parallel to the goal line. 3. When kicking an indirect free kick in the opponent's goal area, it should be executed on the goal area line closest to the foul place and equal to the goal line. (6) Forbidden area 1, the goalkeeper can touch the ball with his hand in his own restricted area. 2. When a player violates any of the ten fouls that can be judged as direct free kicks in his own restricted area, he shall be awarded a penalty. 3. When kicking a goal or a free kick in the penalty area: (1) The opponent should quit the penalty area. (2) The ball must be kicked out of the penalty area directly before the game can be resumed. 4. When a penalty is awarded, all players must be in the penalty area, outside the penalty arc and behind the penalty spot except the referee and the opposing goalkeeper; When the ball is kicked out and moves forward, the game starts again, and then the player can enter the penalty area. (7) When kicking a corner kick, the ball must be placed in the corner arc. (8) When taking a penalty at the penalty spot, the ball must be placed at the penalty spot. When the penalty spot is blurred due to heavy rain, the referee will determine the position of the penalty spot. Accurate location: on the vertical line of the goal line, the distance is 1 1 m (12 yards). The midpoint of the midline is usually called the tee point. When kicking off, the ball must be placed at this point. (10) When the middle circle kicks off, the defender must stand on his own half outside the middle circle. This is the same as when kicking a free kick, the defender must stand at least 9. 15 meters away from the ball, and its role is to ensure that the attacker is not hindered by the other side when kicking the ball. (1 1) When a penalty is awarded, all players must be in the penalty area, outside the penalty arc and behind the penalty spot, except the penalty player and the opposing goalkeeper; When the ball is kicked out and moves forward, the game starts again, and then the player can enter the free throw arc. (12) corner flag 1, which is a sign around the field and should be perpendicular to the intersection of the sideline and the outer edge of the goal line. 2. The height of the corner flagpole (from the top of the pole to the ground) shall not be less than 1.50m, and the top of the pole shall be flat to avoid stabbing the players. The color of the corner flag should be obviously different from that of the flag and venue used by the assistant referee. When the lights are used in the game at night, you can use the white flag. Corner flags can be made of cloth or silk, and the specifications are generally 30cm× 40cm. (13) The centerline flag shall be at least 1 m away from the boundary lines at both ends of the centerline, and a centerline flag with the same size as the corner flag may be erected as the centerline symbol. Conducive to judging offside. (14) The goal of the goal competition field should be fixed, and the width and thickness of the post and beam should be consistent. The target color must be white. The specific specifications are: the goal is 7.32m× 2.44m. The goal net 1. The goal net is used to help the referee see if there is a goal, so the goal net can only be hung behind the goal, firmly attached to the goal beam and column, and the lower end is nailed to the ground, so the ball cannot pass through. Hooks shall not be nailed to the side of the doorpost or the lower edge of the beam. 2, the goal net should be properly propped up, so that the goalkeeper has sufficient room for activities, and the ball will not pop up after entering the net. Generally, the method of pulling up the net with a rope from behind the goal is adopted. Around the venue 1. According to the requirements of the competition organization, a photographer's limit line can be drawn outside the goal line (generally 2 meters outside the corner flag, 3.5 meters outside the intersection of the sixth zone line and the goal line, and 6 meters outside the goal post), and the photographer should be behind this line. If there is a billboard in the back. 2. The seat of the fourth official is located on the extension line near the center line outside the venue; The seats of the substitute players are located about 10 meters on both sides of the seat of the fourth official. The coach, substitutes and staff of each team should be on the bench. The number of substitute seats is determined according to the requirements of the competition organization. At present, it is determined to be 14 in China. 3. Technical field. The word "technical area" has been mentioned in Article 2 of the Resolution of the International Football Council in Chapter 3 of the Rules of Football Competition, and there are seats for team technicians and substitutes in this area. The size and location of the technical area can be adjusted according to the site conditions. The following is a general guide to the setting of the technical area: (1) The technical area refers to the area where both sides of the bench are outward 1 m and the sideline is within 1 m.. (2) It is suggested to use a marker line to define this area. (3) The number of people in the technical area shall be stipulated by the competition rules. (4) According to the competition regulations, the technical personnel should confirm before the competition. (5) Only one person is allowed to conduct tactical command in the technical area at a time, and should return to the bench immediately after the command is completed. (6) Coaches and other officials must be in the limited technical area, unless there are special circumstances, such as when physiotherapists or team doctors get permission from the referee to visit injured players. (7) Coaches and other personnel in the technical area must be responsible for their own actions. (seventeen) check the venue referee should carefully check the venue. Before the start of the game and during the intermission, the blurred boundaries (especially those close to the goal) should be redrawn by the relevant personnel. If the site is muddy and the boundary is unclear due to rain and snow, 10 flags can be inserted at the designated position around the site, and the distance between the flags and the boundary is 1 m. The specifications of the flag are the same as those of the corner flag, so as to help the referee make a judgment. According to the resolution of the Rules Group of the International Football Association (1), the maximum area of an international competition venue is 1 10m long and 64m wide. (2) Football associations in various countries must arrange stadiums in strict accordance with the prescribed areas. When holding an international competition, the national football association of the visiting team must be informed of the venue and stadium area before the competition. (3) The Rules Group of the International Football Association has agreed that the width of the end line used in the rules should be the same as the thickness of the doorpost and the cross beam, so the width of the line inside and outside the doorpost should be the same. (5) In order to draw the goal area and penalty area, the distance between six yards and eighteen yards measured on the end line must be measured from the inside of the goal post. (6) The area of the stadium, including the width of the boundaries of various areas in the stadium. Football materials and standard balls are round and made of leather or other suitable materials. Generally, it consists of 12 black regular pentagonal fabrics and 20 regular hexagonal fabrics. The circumference of a sphere shall not exceed 70 cm (28 inches) and shall not be less than 68 cm (27 inches). At the beginning of the game, the weight of the ball shall not exceed 450g (16 oz) and shall not be less than 4 10/0g (14 oz). The pressure of the ball is 0.6 to 1. 1 atmospheric pressure at sea level (600g to1100g per square centimeter = 8.5 lbs to 15.6 lbs per square inch). Replace the substandard ball if the ball is broken or substandard during the game: stop the game. Replace the standard ball, throw the ball where it broke, and start the game again. If the ball was in the goal area at that time, then the place where the ball fell was on the goal area line parallel to the goal line, which was closest to the position of the ball when the game stopped. If the ball is not broken or not up to standard during the game, such as kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick, penalty or throwing ball, restart the game according to the rules. During the match, the match ball shall not be changed without the consent of the referee.
[Edit this paragraph] Player position
GK- Goalkeeper SW- sweeper CB- Center Backcourt. LCB- left center-back player (left center-back) RCB- right center-back player (right center-back) CWP- cweeper (free man, center-back with constant assists) SB side-back player (full-back). LB- left tailgate RB- right tailgate WB- wing tailgate LWB- left tailgate. RWB- right-wing midfield MF-wing (strong back flank, SMF- winger LMF- left midfielder RMF- right midfielder DMF defensive midfielder (defensive midfielder) CMF- central midfielder AMF- offensive midfielder f- winger striker. Left left striker RWF- right striker ST- striker SS- second striker CF- center.
[Edit this paragraph] Mobile mode
Modern Football Modern football first appeared in Britain in the 9th century/KLOC-0. As mankind entered the 20th century, so did football. Whether it is the legendary enemy on the battlefield or the fact that ten thousand people play a football together between the two cities, it has become a thing of the past. Modern football is about to begin, and has gradually formed a professional league. 1903, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain and other countries discussed the establishment of an international football organization, but Britain, as the birthplace of football, was not enthusiastic. But football began to spread in Europe and America. In Italy, British immigrants established the Genoa team as early as 1893, 1899, and the British and Italians joined hands to establish today's green giants-AC Milan, 1899. Italy also founded the Federal Championship, which won six times in Genoa in the previous seven sessions, and AC Milan/KOOC-0/90/KOOC-0/won the championship.