The connection between two eras in the history of China is a national treasure:
It is hidden in troubled times, appears in troubled times, and 290 words of historical information come slowly from the depths of time and space.
3000 years ago, a noble man named "Ke" in the Western Zhou Dynasty gave it life in front of the altar where cigarettes curled up and used it to pay homage to the deceased ancestors.
Gram engraved the oath on a strict and neat inscription:
In other words: "My grandfather is honest, kind, modest, indifferent and quiet, sober and wise ..."
Rich and gorgeous rhetoric, deeply rooted in the bronze tripod. It seems that only by creating immortality on bronzes can we commemorate the glory of our ancestors.
Just like the speed of time, the Western Zhou Dynasty disappeared without a trace.
In 1930s, a woman stood in a messy and shabby house, facing this national treasure, and all she thought was: How to take care of this treasure?
Two vows, let the treasure of this country travel through time and space, and the legend of 3000 years shines:
It was the Western Zhou Dynasty Grand Coding who became popular in the first season of CCTV's National Treasure. The Shanghai Museum is one of the first cultural relics forbidden to go abroad.
The preciousness of Dakeding lies in that apart from the extraordinary value of the cultural relics themselves, the bumpy past life behind it perfectly reproduces the spread of the Chinese ceremony and is full of touching stories.
What's special about it?
Let Allen take you back to the scene of this poem. I saw that the ancestors of the Western Zhou Dynasty were leading the elite tribe to establish a family:
Time flies, when the Western Zhou Dynasty crossed the four seasons in the poem and came to more than 200 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
We can see that the above history of hard work is still sung from generation to generation in the mouth of Zhou people.
This reverence for ancestors is deeply rooted in the culture, not only spread in the Book of Songs, but also lived on the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and became a ritual that must be engraved when offering sacrifices to heaven, land and country.
Speaking of which, you must be curious. There are so many bronzes in the aristocratic family. Which one is the most commonly used at this time?
The answer is: bronze tripod.
In fact, the history of bronze tripod is much longer than that of Western Zhou Dynasty.
At first, as a cooker, tripod was used for cooking.
Of course, it will take thousands of years to eat fried dishes like shredded pork. At that time, people used tripods to cook food, which was about equivalent to the current pot.
This can be seen from the shape of the tripod. Later generations summed up the characteristics of Ding:
There are three-legged round tripod and four-legged Fang Ding, which stand in the dawn of Chinese civilization.
In addition to the gradual fixation of vessel types, with the development of ancient science and technology, the material of Ding has also undergone tremendous changes.
The earliest tripod was usually made of clay.
After the rise of bronze smelting technology, our ancestors began to cast bronze, putting a gorgeous coat on the tripod.
At the same time, the function of the tripod has gradually stepped down from the stove and put on the mysterious light of religious etiquette.
According to historical records, the bronze tripod is associated with sacrificial ceremonies, which can be traced back to the ancestor of China, the Yellow Emperor.
After casting Baoding, the Yellow Emperor became immortal.
According to some legends, after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, Dayu collected metals from all over the country to cast Jiuding and carved landscapes and rare birds and animals.
Ding has since become a symbol of "fate" and stepped onto the supreme throne.
However, although the legendary Jiuding is still hard to find, according to archaeological findings, the bronze tripod was adopted by the rulers at dawn in China.
A precious bronze tripod was unearthed at Erlitou site, which is considered as the site of Yangcheng in the summer capital.
This now seemingly "minimalist" plaid bronze tripod has a mini shape very similar to the previous pottery tripod, with a height of only 20 cm, but it is of great significance. This is the earliest bronze tripod ever discovered in China.
From then on, the bronze tripod flew into the ancient aristocratic etiquette, symbolizing the authority of new life.
And China's bronze pages, from then on slowly open.
When the wheel of history rolled to the Shang Dynasty, with the prosperity of bronze civilization, the bronze tripod symbolizing the destiny of the nation achieved great development.
During this period, the royal family offered the necessary bronze tripod.
In Shang Dynasty, because merchants were superstitious about ghosts and gods, they even offered sacrifices to people with blood, which made the bronze tripod dignified, solemn and mysterious.
Four-legged Fang Ding, for example, became popular in the middle of Shang Dynasty.
Although Fang Ding is not as practical as the round tripod, it is often easier for Fang Ding to cast complex and mysterious patterns.
Therefore, those animal face patterns, such as cloud and thunder patterns, real prose, etc., began to climb the tripod in the middle and late Shang Dynasty, which made people feel complicated and gorgeous at first glance.
Like the famous stepmother Wu Ding (also known as Simu Wu Ding), she stands tall and tidy, like an ancient bronze beast.
This kind of decoration carries the desire of the Shang dynasty nobles to communicate with the gods through the bronze tripod, and pushes the artistic form of the bronze tripod to a peak.
When the King of Wu succeeded to the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, everything changed again.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, with the development of ideas, the society in Zhou Dynasty no longer respected ghosts and gods as in Shang Dynasty, but established a highly developed civilization with feudal system and patriarchal clan system as the core and family blood relationship as the basis.
So, what is the so-called ritual music conveyed?
Among them, the ceremony includes the figures of bronzes.
As a precious family business, the bronze tripod in this period was used by nobles to worship the gods and ancestors in heaven.
So the tripod became an indispensable "ritual vessel".
In this way, the pattern cast on the bronze tripod has also evolved into a new look, out of the fog of the Shang Dynasty and into the Chinese ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
On the whole, the bronze tripod style of the Western Zhou Dynasty is more simple and simple.
The round tripod generally leans outward and becomes shallow, and Fang Ding is no exception. Dingjiao is much slimmer than Shang Dynasty, like slimming success.
It can be seen that Zhou people advocated simplicity and simple aesthetic concept in order to distinguish it from the extravagance of meat forest in Yin Shang wine pool.
By the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, this simple wind was blowing even harder on the bronze tripod.
The decorative pattern is simplified to simple double ring pattern or stolen curve pattern, and at most some animal face patterns are decorated on the column feet of bronze tripod.
Besides the changes in style and modeling, how to use Ding? The ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was clearly divided into several grades according to the status of nobles.
This is the "ding system" recorded in the history books:
The so-called "one word and nine words" in later generations means that the weight of words is as big as that of the son of heaven.
In this way, the bronze tripod suddenly became the "identity card" of the aristocratic family. How many tripods to use and how to use them depend entirely on social class.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the noble rites and music were recited peacefully, and it reached the period of Zhou Wangxiao nearly three thousand years ago.
On this day, a nobleman named "Ke" was honored as a "cook" and was in charge of the court diet.
Chefs fall from the sky! His family forged an artifact "Dakeding" to thank their ancestors for their achievements.
A national heavyweight that has been circulating for 3000 years was born.
What does this magical cauldron look like?
First of all, from the appearance, Duckding can be said to be a monster.
It is about 93 centimeters high and weighs about 200 kilograms, with an amazing weight of over 400 kilograms.
At the same time, such a stout body, firm support of three hooves and one foot, plus a pair of tall and straight ears, are particularly sincere and lovely.
What's more commendable is that Dakeding, as a masterpiece of bronze tripod in the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty, expresses the style change under the changes of the times in its ornamentation.
For example, in the abdomen, Da Keding carved a continuous and wide wave pattern, which was closely combined with the ring pattern, generous and concise, completely different from the gorgeous patterns all over the bronze tripod in Shang Dynasty.
In addition, Ding Er and Ding Zu are not blank.
Dakeding carefully carved dragon-shaped patterns at the ears of the tripod, and also decorated prominent gluttonous patterns at the feet of the tripod.
It is worth mentioning that both the dragon pattern and the animal face pattern on the top of Dake gradually came down from the mysterious altar of Shang Dynasty.
These patterns are based on the deformation of animals, simplifying the Shang dynasty animal face patterns into abstract forms. At first glance, they are no longer ferocious and terrible, but have the meaning of MengMeng.
For example, the beast on the bronze tripod can only be identified with big eyes.
In addition to the changes in style and ornamentation, the era when Dakeding was born was also a period when the Ding Hunting System was maturing.
As a treasure of aristocratic status, the inscription on the bronze tripod has gradually become popular.
The 290-word inscription on Dukeding conveys to people today the gift from China thousands of years ago.
Zhou people followed the rules, and there were squares on the upper part of the inscription, and each square was regularly filled with a word.
These words are engraved on the inner wall of Ducktin's abdomen and divided into 28 lines. Their handwriting is vigorous, round and neat. They are masterpieces of bronze inscriptions handed down to this day, and their position in the history of calligraphy in China is detached.
What exactly did these 290 sentences say 3000 years ago?
Divided into two parts.
The first paragraph describes Ke, who likes to mention the position of "cook", drinking water and thinking about the source, exhausting all the beautiful words he can think of, and enthusiastically praising his grandfather Shi Huafu's contribution to the Zhou Dynasty.
This record confirms the system handed down from generation to generation by the nobles of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are countless descendants.
Shanfuke inherited his grandfather's aristocratic status, because his grandfather served as a "teacher" and was rewarded by the king of Zhou.
And what is the reward after being appointed by Zhou Wang? It's all in the second paragraph.
Since you are a nobleman, you must have a fief. Zhou Wang gave him a lot of land, including "Kandi field" and "Hanshan field" and so on.
Besides, how can there be no one on such a piece of land
So together with the land, the king of Zhou also gave a large number of male and female slaves and grassroots officials. At that time, the life of the aristocrat was inseparable from music, and he was given a band.
In Dakeding's bronze books, these inscriptions have become valuable first-hand materials for studying the society of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
It is of great significance to the aristocratic system, etiquette and even land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
As you can imagine, the elegant music with bells and drums ringing together, the pampered life, Dick's aristocratic life, enjoy the privileges of bells and drums, and don't care about the storms of real life.
Although from today's perspective, this aristocratic form is bound to make some people live in the clouds and others live in the mud.
As we all know, when Dick was enjoying everything at his fingertips, did he raise his eyes and look out the window at the slaves who were busy all the year round but still got nothing?
If you can't see it, I wonder if he heard the slave's inner cry:
In any case, the later history proved that the rites and music established in the Western Zhou Dynasty could not achieve the eternal imagination.
Shortly after Dakeding was cast, in 77 1 year BC, Gourong entered Haojing, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the second year, under the protection of Qin and other vassal States, he moved eastward to Luoyang.
When the former Zhou changed his new home, the world changed its master completely.
Between the rise of princes, the Spring and Autumn Period officially came.
In the lighthouse of hegemony, believe that the strong is king.
The aristocratic rites and music represented by the Le Ding system were destroyed again and again, and finally gradually withdrew from the historical stage.
Of course, Ducktin was not spared.
It should be a day before the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the war burned to the fief of Keke.
In a panic, the people of Keke buried family treasures such as Dukeding in the ground, then left their homes and embarked on a long road of escape.
At that time, there must have been many other aristocratic families who buried treasures like Dick and fled to other places.
Because up to now, the place where the most bronzes were unearthed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, except tombs, is the cellar.
When these nobles fled, they probably thought that they could return to their hometown one day.
But obviously they didn't, and disappeared into the depths of history.
In this way, Dakding sank into the night under the loess, until nearly 3000 years later, he reunited with another "real aristocrat" on earth.
"Lift slowly, be careful!"
1937 During the Mid-Autumn Festival, there was no light in Suzhou.
The artillery fire was faint in the distance, and the battle between Shanghai and Song was fierce, but the Japanese plane took the lead and blew up all the power plants in Suzhou.
The fifteenth moon shines in Suzhou Panjia yard.
I can see a few busy figures who know about the cable, struggling to move heavy objects into a pit. It turned out to be Pan Dayu, the head of the Pan family, and several relatives and carpenters in the family.
And the monster they are trying to hide is Ducktin, which has disappeared for 3000 years!
Why did this rare treasure that disappeared for thousands of years go to Gusu thousands of miles away?
It originated in Guangxu years decades ago. In Famen Town, Fufeng, Shaanxi Province, a bronze cellar forgotten for nearly 3,000 years broke ground.
It is said that this cellar was rich when it was discovered.
More than 0/000 pieces of bronze wares/kloc-were unearthed, including big tripod, 7 small tripod and a set of bell.
What is worrying is that it was in the chaotic era of the late Qing Dynasty. After the treasure was rediscovered, it soon spread to all directions.
Some are sold to foreigners, some disappear completely, and there is nowhere to be found.
For example, there are four Xiaoding unearthed in China at the same time, and the other three pieces have flowed into the Chicago Art Museum and the Japanese Shu Dao Museum. After being excavated, they will never be reunited.
Xiaoding is still like this, and the more precious and conspicuous Dading naturally makes more people think about its destination and destiny.
The news spread like wildfire, and soon there was a news circulating in Beijing. Pan Zuyin, Minister of the Ministry of Industry and a great collector, collects "Three Treasures at Home"!
At that time, countless people were envious.
The so-called "three treasures in the sea" refers to the three best Western Zhou bronzes unearthed in the late Qing Dynasty: Mao, Da and Da, which have experienced 3000 years of wind and frost and shine again!
So, where did this famous Pan Zuyin come from?
Pan Zuyin, Suzhou Pan Shi family, Huizhou merchant family.
In Huizhou in the early Qing Dynasty, there was a saying of "Zhou Tea Plate Soy Sauce Garden", that is to say, Pan family started from managing soy sauce garden.
After the Pan Shi family moved to Suzhou, in addition to the traditional sauce accidents, they also actively engaged in overseas trade.
For example, at that time, the Qing government often bought oriental copper materials to cast copper coins, and the Pan Shi family had close ties with Japan.
After several generations of accumulation, Pan Jiacheng became a giant businessman in Suzhou and accumulated countless wealth.
What is rare and valuable is that although it is often said that businessmen value profits, the Pan Shi family is a famous cultural family in the south of the Yangtze River.
The word "Li" also shows the pursuit and persistence of generations of Pan Shi family.
First of all, Pan Jiali pays attention to children's education.
Although the Pan Shiyi family started as a businessman, they stood out from several political elites.
For example, in addition to being a senior official of the Ministry of Industry, Pan Zuyin's grandfather Pan was also the top scholar in high school. After more than half a century of four eras: Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng, he was known as the elder of the Four Dynasties.
Secondly, self-cultivation and family love classical culture. In the turbulent years of the late Qing Dynasty, the Pan Shi family ran out of money and protected a large number of precious cultural relics.
So, when Pan Zuyin stumbled upon the trail of Big Codin, he immediately bought it at a huge expense.
But unfortunately, he died only one year later, leaving all the collections in the custody of his younger brother Pan Zunian.
Pan Zunian, who got the treasure, lived up to his brother's trust. He insisted on the family's teaching, and none of these precious bronzes was lost.
And seeing the stormy Beijing at that time, the situation became more and more tense. Pan Zunian struggled and returned to Suzhou with treasures such as Dakeding and Dayu Ding.
In troubled times, people were worried, perhaps because of fatigue, and soon his life came to an end.
Even so, he was most worried about these cultural relics at home.
He said to his wife Pan Dayu, "You must take good care of these treasures!"
It is this sentence that impressed young Pan Da all his life.
Although it is simple to say, it is difficult to do this in the next war!
A woman should not only raise children and support her family, but also protect her national treasure at all times. It is almost impossible for her to go to heaven.
However, no matter what dangers and difficulties Pan Da encountered, he never abandoned and guarded these national treasures, nor did he think about abandoning or selling them.
In fact, at that time, all kinds of forces tried the idea of national treasure, and all kinds of politicians, brokers and swindlers came to us in an endless stream, but they were all handled skillfully by Pan Da.
In the mid-1930s, members of the Kuomintang sent her a message saying that they had built a building in Suzhou and wanted to "borrow" the baby exhibition.
When Pan Da heard of the fraud, she declined directly. Later, in the face of threats and inducements, she remained unmoved.
Perhaps in her heart, her husband's entrustment before leaving has been echoing: I want to leave these treasures!
But the bigger danger is coming soon.
1in the autumn of 937, the Japanese invaded Shanghai, and Suzhou was about to be annexed.
In desperation, this Mid-Autumn Festival, weak Pan Da, with the help of relatives and carpenters at home, quickly dug a big hole in the back wing and carefully buried Da Ke Ding in a wooden box.
Afraid of not being hidden enough, after burying the big Keding, she carefully laid the square brick on it and sprinkled the broken muck.
Fortunately, seven years later, it was safe and sound.
Until one day, my family suddenly found that the ground suddenly sank. She was surprised and quickly let people quietly dig out Baoding.
God bless! Ducktin is intact, but the wooden box has rotted.
Although I am relieved, I can't hide underground. What should I do?
Pan Da thought and thought, and he had a plan: water under the bridge. The most dangerous place may be the safest.
So she moved the cauldron to a corner of the wing and asked the children to find a lot of rags to cover it.
In this way, no matter how you look at it, it's just a pile of sundries, just integrated with the old ones at home, and you can't see it at all.
In this way, although I am afraid every day, there is a panic outside. This is the only way now.
Ducktin is safe for the time being, but it is actually more difficult. After years of war, the Pan family was as rich as a cloud, and it was no longer the life of the nobility.
Over the years, in addition to taking refuge, she also took a pair of young children and lived in an old house in Cross Street in the south of Suzhou, struggling to maintain the life of her family.
But even if I lose my wealth and live under heavy pressure, as long as I see the tripod lying quietly in the corner, although I can't hear the lofty tribute of the tripod three thousand years ago, Pan Da still has a warm light in his heart:
This baby can still be saved!
Faced with Pan Dayu's "lifeblood", some people are gradually curious: Who should this tripod be left to?
Faced with these questions, Pan Da didn't answer, but soon they waited for the answer.
At 195 1, the Culture Department of East China Military and Political Commission received a letter, which read as follows:
This sincere letter comes from Pan Da.
It turned out that Pan Da decided to donate all the national treasure bronzes collected in his life, including Dakeding and Dayuding, to the Shanghai Museum under construction.
Later, Da Yuding was transferred to the National Museum of Chinese History at 1959.
In the face of Pan Da's generous donation, the cultural relics department that received rare treasures was deeply moved and quickly sent her two things:
Certificates and certificates of 20 million yuan (old coins in circulation at that time).
Surprisingly, Pan Da returned the bonus and later donated it to the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. She left a certificate and hung it on the bed for 50 years.
In the refund letter, Pan Da also wrote: "It is a great honor to give a certificate to hold a ceremony."
Some people don't understand her righteous act.
One day, when she accompanied her relatives to Shanghai Museum to see Tintin, someone asked her curiously:
I have struggled all my life, why not keep these treasures?
To this, Pan Da in just said dryly:
"It's good to put it here. The first is safety. Besides, everyone can see it. Very valuable! "
In addition, she has no regrets and has been teaching her children:
It can be said that, spanning 3,000 years, Big Codin, who was guarded by Pan Da for his whole life, is lucky.
It found the person who knows it best.
As a representative ritual vessel in the transitional period of Chinese bronzes;
Dakeding, whether it is the extraordinary value of the objects themselves or the precious inscriptions bearing historical information, shows the world a long history of etiquette and highly developed bronze civilization of Chinese civilization, and is a precious national treasure.
At the same time, Pan Dayu, who accompanied Da Keding, showed us:
The nobles of the Western Zhou Dynasty carved China's ceremony on bronze 3000 years ago, and the spiritual nobles carved China's ceremony in their hearts 3000 years later.
If Pan Da was in the first half of his life, he kept the family's "ceremony" and tried his best to keep the family's treasure.
Then in the second half of her life, she kept the "ceremony" of her home country and selflessly dedicated what she had hidden for the inheritance of Chinese civilization.
The vast Milky Way flows endlessly, and the ceremony engraved on bronze wares may be forgotten by history, but the ceremony engraved in the hearts of China people will always shine in history.
Everything in the past can open the preface!
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