Tan Li
The author makes a detailed comparison between Ruan's Annotation to Thirteen Classics, Mao's Annotation to Poetry and Zhu's Annotation to the Book of Poetry, which are the most widely circulated texts in the Book of Poetry, and analyzes the reasons for the differences in their main words in the collating process.
Key words: Biography of the Book of Songs and Justice in Shi Mao, differences in writing styles among fifteen countries.
one
Ye Dehui's book collection says: "If the book has not been sorted out, it is better not to read it." The spread of ancient books is inevitable, and even the most popular and authoritative rare books are not necessarily perfect. Taking the fifteen-country style edition of The Book of Songs as an example, there are many inconsistencies in words and expressions between Ruan's Notes on Thirteen Classics and Zhu's Notes on The Book of Songs, which were photocopied according to Wuying Temple in Qing Dynasty (see appendix for details).
The Book of Songs contains more than 500 years' works from the early Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The custom of fifteen countries is a folk song passed down from mouth to mouth. It is inevitable that there will be differences in words when recording, because "the recipient is not a country, people use their hometown, and they are born here with different words and different words" ("Classic Interpretation? Zheng was quoted in the Regulations). There were four schools in Han Dynasty: Lu, Qi, Han and Mao. Lu, Qi and Han are three schools of Confucian classics, all of which have been lost now, except the biography of Han poetry. Mao's poetry is a study of China's ancient classics, which prevailed after the Eastern Han Dynasty. With the development and evolution of Chinese characters, China's ancient classics have been continuously transcribed and finally become the regular script classics we see today. After several changes, differences will naturally appear in the text.
Errors in copying are also an important reason for the differences between ancient books and records. There is an old saying: "Write three books, you can do anything." Guang Yun? Sixth, we should "quote" poetry? Martin? Tomb door: "Song Dynasty ended with prophecy", and the prophecy in this edition of Justice and Biography of the Book of Songs is "Xun". "Classic interpretation? The sound and meaning of Mao's poems are also called "Xun", and Lu Deming notes: "This is also called prophecy". Qian Daxin pointed out that "the exegetical information of Lu's Shi Wen is difficult to distinguish" (Ten New Records of Yang Zhai, Volume I), and Dai Zhen's textual research on Mao Zheng's poems also thought that "the information system was a mistake in copying". 1977 The Book of Songs unearthed in Fuyang is also called The Book of Songs, which can prove that this version of Xun is indeed transliterated incorrectly because of its similarity.
There are also many examples of font differences caused by taboo and pen saving in The Book of Songs, such as the word autumn in The Book of Songs and the word nation in The Book of Songs. In the Tang Dynasty, people were taboo. When Tang Shijing saw people, he used the word "people", and people who followed the word "people" were easily given surnames. For example, "people" was "people" and "people" was "faint", so the word "faint" was also formed by saving strokes. )
two
"Feng Wei" in The Book of Songs? The second chapter of the bamboo pole is: "The spring is on the left and the water is on the right. "Women are wired and far away from their parents and brothers." The latter sentence is written in Justice in Shi Mao: "A woman has a line and is far away from her parents." What is right and wrong?
The phrase "a woman has a line, but her parents and brothers are far away" also appears from time to time in other poems in the Records of the Fifteen Kingdoms, such as Taifeng? Spring: "stay at home and drink yours." Women are wired, away from their parents and brothers. Ask my aunt, I will talk to my uncle. " Like the wind? The first chapter of "Jumping": "Jumping in the east, dare not point. Women are wired and far away from their parents and brothers. " However, the second chapter is: "Face west and worship the rain. Women are wired and far away from their parents. " We don't make "distant brothers" here, because the ancient sounds of "brother" and "rain" are obviously very different. "Brother" is the word of fat part, which rhymes with "Cloud, You, Sister, Finger" belonging to the same fat part. The word "right" of "there is spring on the left and water on the right" in Bamboo Pole does not rhyme with the word "brother" but rhymes with the word "mother", both of which are part of the same category.
Confucius' Justice said: "The main idea of poetry is to use rhyme in words." Yu Yue's Doubtful Cases of Ancient Books said: "Poets must use rhyme, so there are many inverted sentences." Sang Rou "(i.e." Poetry? Daya？ Sang Rou "):' There are tunnels in the strong wind and valleys in the air.' It is said that there are tunnels in the wind and otani is free. Today's' empty valley' is an inverted sentence. "Wang Niansun also pointed out that" Zhuangzi? The book "Up and Down, Taking Harmony as Quantity" was originally written as "Down and Down, Taking Harmony as Quantity", and "Up" and "Quantity" are rhymes; Autumn waters, no east and no west, started in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and opposed Datong. There is neither east nor west in this book. "East" and "communication" rhyme. Everyone has a saying, that is, later generations changed ancient books because of their familiarity.
This shows that "the spring is on the left and the water is on the right." Women have cable, but their parents are distant brothers. "There is a rhythm, it should be the original book of songs. At the same time, the word "Bi" still exists under the word "Brother" in The Book of Songs, which coincides with the ancient sound of the word "Mother", proving that Zhu Chuan is still a "distant brother and mother", but if there is any mistake in this edition, it will not rhyme.
Another example that can be judged by rhyme appears in Nan Zhou? Han guang The first chapter of Han Guang's The Book of Songs, National Style and Mao Shi Justice is: "There are trees in the south that don't rest. There are women on the Han River who want to pursue the impossible. The Hanshui River is so vast that it is impossible to cross it. Jiang Zhiyong, don't think about it. " Among them, "Xi" is the entering tone word, and "Hugh and Qiu" are the light tone words, which should rhyme. Moreover, in this chapter, "can't think", "can't swim" and "can't think" are all words of "thinking". The shapes of "rest" and "thinking" are very similar, but "can't rest" is actually "thinking", which was called "thinking" as soon as Korean poetry was published.
three
Feng Wang? The first chapter of "There is hemp in the mountain" says: "If there is hemp in the mountain, he will raise a son. He kept the child, and he came to give it away. " "Biography" said: "It is difficult to give." "Notes" said: "When giving, Shu Xing stays idle and comes to see himself alone." Confucius' Justice says: "Give me", and old books are regarded as "give me". This statement can be found in Yan Jiaxun? Documentary evidence: "The poem says,' Give it to me'." Han Shi also pays attention to "giving". Mao poems in Hebei all say "giving", while old books in Jiangnan are simply "giving". Custom is it, and I'm afraid it will make fewer mistakes. "Visible Yan Zhitui to jiangnan old capital is wrong. Today's Book of Songs is all about giving, which may be decided by Yan. However, the poem "Hemp in the Mountain" has three chapters, four sentences in each chapter and four words in each sentence. If the old book is wrong, the unique sentence "give it to me" is five words.
Yu Yue's "Doubtful Cases of Ancient Books" pointed out: "Some people involved in ancient books have misinterpreted them." In fact, there is only one word "stone" in the scripture of Mazhongshan, and both "turn" and "sword" are explained by "stone", so a word is explained by repeated words. There are many such examples in The Book of Songs:
"Hurricane? Gu Feng: "There are some flaws, that is, teasing me. "Biography says," Yeah, Wu Ye: Collapse, Anger. "Sword" says: "So natural, so broken, tepid. "
Feng Wei? Shuoren: "Shuoren is amazing." "Jian" says: "Chang Lijun is kind and graceful."
Feng Wei? Meng: "Laugh." Both Biography and Notes say, "Laugh."
"fangs? Sang Rou: "It's fascinating. "Biography" said: "Parallel, the road is long and its Xiu Yuan Xi. "
Business ode? There is a sigh in the drum and a game in the dance. Biography said: "I am full of joy and carefree." "
It can be seen that the word "giving to others" in the current edition means that the word "giving" is wrongly derived from biographies and notes, and this sentence should be based on the old version of Jiangnan.
In addition, "Feng Wei? The justice of Mao Zedong's poems in Peach Blossoms in the Garden: "Those who don't know me are arrogant", "those who don't know me are empty", and those who don't know me are called "those who don't know me". Ruan Yuan thinks that the original text is "those who don't know me" and Zheng said "those who don't know my gossip". Justice is well-founded, but the original text should not be changed to "those who don't know me".
four
"Feng Wei? Storytelling is a well-known poem, in which "Promised Land", "Promised Land" and "Happy Suburb" overlap into sentences, which is even more memorable. However, after reading the fifteen-nation system, many people have written overlapping sentences, but there is no such thing as "if you die, you must go to a woman, and you will be the right person." Take the overlapping way of "happy land, happy land, so that I can get what I want" as an example:
"Zhao Nan? Jiang Yousi: "Jiang Yousi, come back, not me. No, I did, and then I regretted it. Jiang Youzhu, his son returns, not me. No, I am with you, and I will be with you in the future. There is a flood in the river, and my son will come back, not me. Yes, I do. Its whistle is also a song. "
"Hurricane? There is a bitter leaf: "Zhao Zhou, people involved." "Whether anyone is involved or not, they need my friends."
"Hurricane? Smelly mouse: "Smelly mouse has skin, but people have no tools." "People without instrument, what is longevity. Rats have teeth, but people never stop. There is no end to people and no end to death. Rats have bodies, but people are rude. People are rude and Hu will not die. "
Feng Wang? "The Valley is Constant": "It's a pity that the woman is divorced. It sighs and meets people's difficulties. " "There is a woman divorced, very embarrassed. This is very embarrassing, and it is also very embarrassing to meet people. " "A divorced woman, sipping tears. If you cry, why not? "
Feng Wang? There is hemp on the hill: "If there is hemp on the hill, he will raise a child." . He kept his son and gave it to him. There is wheat in the mountains, so he stays in the country. He stayed in the country to eat. Peter's son Li is on the mountain. I admire her for the son he left behind. "
"Qi Feng? Oriental Day: "Oriental Day, the son of the other, is in my room. "In my room, come with me. The moon in the east, the son of the other, is in my heart. I am embarrassed, and I am also embarrassed. "
"Feng Wei?" "Separate Training": "His son is beautiful beyond measure. The beauty is beyond measure and extraordinary. " "His son is as beautiful as England. Beautiful as English, extraordinary. " "His son, beautiful as jade. Beautiful as jade, extremely unusual. "
"Feng Wei? There is a peach in the garden: "who knows the worry of the heart?" "Who knows? Forget it."
"Cao Feng? Dove: "Dove is in Mulberry, and her son is seven years old. A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. Always have a good appearance and a rock-solid inner integrity. Rhododendrons nest on mulberry trees, and birds play on plum branches. A good gentleman with good conduct has white lace on his belt. It takes meaning, and it seeks meaning. Rhododendrons nest on mulberry trees, and birds play on jujube trees. A good gentleman with good character will never lose his manners. Every country has a model image of its appearance and dignity. Rhododendrons nest in mulberry trees, and birds fly in the bushes. The gentleman is from China. This is from China, the Year of the Tiger. "
The Book of Songs? Feng Wei has seven poems. Besides Shuo, two poems, Fenju Xun and Peach Blossom Garden, are also written in overlapping sentences, and both of them repeat the previous sentence rather than one of them. It can be seen that this is a unique way of writing overlapping sentences in The Book of Songs. How can Shuo be an exception? The Korean Poetry Biography quoted this poem, "I will go to my daughter when I die, and I will be happy there." I love what I have. ""Death will find a woman, and she will live happily in the country. If you are happy in your country, you will make me straight. "In line with the reduplication of the Book of Songs, it should be regarded as positive.
Mao's poems should be consistent with Han's. Why is there such a difference? Yu Yue's "Doubtful Cases of Ancient Books" said: "The ancients only added two pictures under the words, which was wrongly transmitted." It can be seen that this is because the overlapping sentence was written as "heaven suitable for others = =", and later generations mistakenly wrote it as "heaven" when copying.
Appendix: Comparison of Sentence Differences between The Book of Songs and Shi Mao Justice.
The Book of Songs and the Justice of Mao's Poems
Nan Zhou? Guan Ju's Annals of Chinese Ancient Music
Nan Zhou? Ge Tan's "Misinterpret my private interests, Misinterpret my private interests"
Nan Zhou? Rufen, fish, fish, fish, tail.
"Zhao Nan? Lamb: Five wives, five in all.
"Zhao Nan? What is this? What is this? What is this?
"Hurricane? Gu Feng's banquet is new, and so is the banquet.
"Hurricane? Gu Feng's previous education was afraid of education, and it was also afraid of education.
"Hurricane? How can we finally let Zang finally let Zang?
"Hurricane?" Wandering is also pregnant with a faint marriage.
Feng Wei? Qi 'ao is more important than Xi, and it relies heavily on Xi.
Feng Wei? Ren Mei eyes looking forward to.
Feng Wei? Master, you have sin, you have sin.
Feng Wei? Bamboo poles stay away from parents, brothers and parents.
Feng Wang? "Rabbit" is still awake without wisdom, and still awake without embarrassment.
Zheng Feng? Uncle Tian Yu and Uncle Tian Yu.
Zheng Feng? The mountain has a lodging, the mountain has a bridge, and Songshan has a Qiao Song.
Zheng Feng? There are creeping weeds in the wild, and all the sons are hidden.
Zheng Feng? Qin Yan Fang Bingxi Fang Bingxi
"Feng Wei? There are peaches in the garden. People who don't know me don't know me.
"Feng Wei? Ten acres of leisure "between ten acres of leisure and ten acres.
Tang style? There are bells, drums, bells and fulcrums in the mountains.
Tang style? Pepper chat is really big, big, big, big.
Qin Feng? Jian Peijun is sad and bitter.
Qin Feng? There are six refutations in Morning Wind.
"Martin? Yang stayed at the East Gate for a while.
"Martin? East gate yang, west, one star, and so on.
"Martin?" Zebei has Pu and Zhou, and there are Pu and Zhou.
"Cao Feng? Next spring, next spring, next spring.
"Hurricane? Dongshan is also awesome.
"Hurricane? Son of my jackal, son of my jackal.
"Hurricane? Nine swords are based on clothes and clothes.
(Journal of Chaohu University, No.4, 2007)