Harmony of Three Religions and Guan Yu Worship

Author Hu Xiaowei

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"Three religions" refer to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Chen Yinque said: "There were three religions in the Northern and Southern Dynasties: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism (see Book of the Old Tang Dynasty and Annals of Classics for seven volumes of On the Three Religions of Qi written by the Northern Zhou and Wei Dynasties). In Li Tang's time, it became a fixed system. If there is a celebration in the country, it is an example to call the bachelor of three religions to the palace to talk. Therefore, from the Jin Dynasty, China's thoughts can be represented by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Although this is a popular talk, the facts of the old history have been tested by the human feelings of this world and are the theories of the three religions, which is not easy. " (Feng Youlan's History of China Philosophy, Volume II, Review Report)

In fact, the three religions are moving from controversy to integration, which represents the formation and development of the mainstream of China's ideology and culture. At the same time, they maintain their own value system and worship series; But there are exceptions, such as Guan Yu's three religions and nine streams is a prominent example. There is such a couplet in Guandi Temple in Qing Dynasty, which can quite summarize Guan Yu's historical and cultural position and great influence in China traditional society:

Confucianism calls it holiness, Buddhism calls it Buddha, Taoism calls it Buddha, and all three religions convert. The appearance of Shizhan Temple is new, and no one can help but respect it.

The Han Dynasty sealed Hou, the Song Dynasty sealed Wang, the Ming Dynasty sealed Emperor, and the dynasties added honorifics. Green magic is outstanding, it's really hard to call.

During the formation of Guan Yu's "national worship", Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism participated in succession, which finally made Guan Yu one of the most important gods in the history of China and played an important role in condensing the national spirit of modern China. This paper is a summary of the analysis of this problem.

First, Buddhism and Guan Yu worship

On the origin of Guan Yu worship before the Tang Dynasty, the author once wrote a paper (1), briefly saying that Guan Yu worship was only an episode of the sinicization of Buddhism between Sui Chen and the Tang Dynasty, and its influence at that time was still limited, but its causes were quite scattered and complicated. Let me put it this way:

Guan Yu died in the sun, which is a folk custom of witchcraft in Chu, and the Ba people migrated here in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Guan Yu first appeared as a saint, with the saying that "ghosts in this temple help to build the land" (On Friends in Yunxi, Tang Dynasty), and "releasing ghosts" and "serving ghosts" (see Biography of the Three Kingdoms Zhang Lu and Biography of Song Ermeng) are the unique skills of Shi Tian Taoism that Ba people believe in.

Tiantai Zuzhi, the founder of the most influential Buddhist Sect in Sui and Tang Dynasties (upper and lower beans on the right page), and the sixth ancestor of Zen Buddhism, opened a temple in Yuquan Mountain in Dangyang with folk beliefs as proof of the localization of Buddhism.

The saying that "Guan Yu is a sage" originated from a legend related to the spread of Buddhism in the years of Chen and Sui. The earliest known record is the reconstruction of yuquan temple by Zheng Dong in the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802) (Volume 664 of Complete):

Chen Guangzhong, a wise Zen master (mountains on the left and beans on the right), went to the rooftop, ate and drank under the tree, and suddenly met the gods at night. The cloud said, "May this be a monk's room. Please come out and see its use. " Refers to the dusk, thousands of valleys shake, and the wind is like thunder (little tiger in the upper left mortar, little tiger in the lower right). Split the huge ridge in front, build a pool behind it, and enclose it with good materials and servants; There is no shortage of wheels.

According to Tiantai Sect's theory, based on Convenient Goods, the "convenient method" to reconcile Confucianism and Taoism was widely opened, and wisdom (the top left picture shows the mountain, and the bottom right picture shows the page) was the actual pioneer of this Sect. Chen Yinque once bluntly said: "Taoism, as a Tiantai Sect, is one of the most meaningful Buddhist sects." (See the appendix review report III of Feng Youlan's History of China Philosophy). It is the earliest sect in China that is different from the teachings preached by Tianzhu, and the integration of Confucianism and Taoism is inevitable. It can be seen that it was handed down by Guan Yu, which is no accident.

Another Buddhism sect that practiced localization earlier was Zen Buddhism, and the theory of "Guan Yu displaying saints" was also spread by Zen Buddhism. According to the history as a mirror, volume 14:

In the last years of Tang Yifeng, Shen Xiu went to Yuquan Mountain in Dangyang to establish the Dojo. The villagers worshipped Guan Yu and put on a show to destroy his temple. Suddenly, dark clouds were gathering, and I saw the people strutting around with knives, asking questions and talking about what happened before. That is to say, break the folk temple and make it a Galand. Since then, it has spread in various temples. (Hong Zongdi's "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Volume 16, quoted this story in the Zen "Guo Deng Lu", but the text is slightly complicated, similar to the saying. Shen Xiu is one of the Zen realms, because he is a bodhi tree and his heart is like a mirror. Never erase, don't let the dust "lost the inheritance of the five ancestors." Zhang's "Tang yuquan temple Datong Zen Master Monument" said: "It began in Yuquan, and its name is in the monk's record. Seven miles to the east of the temple, the ground is covered with mountains, and the eyes say,' This is the lonely peak of Lengga, crossing the Lan Ruo Gate, and the shade pine borrows grass, so I will grow old.' According to Chen Yuan's Shi Yi Nian Ji, he went to Dangyang during the Yifeng period of Wu Zetian (676-679). At that time, monk Hongjing, who presided over yuquan temple, was a powerful monk and a local. This may be the reason why we have to set up another hill in Dangyang, but we can't offend Tiantai Sect, so we have to attach Ma Panhong. There is no contradiction between the "gradual enlightenment" of the spiritual cultivation master and the precepts of Tiantai Sect. Guan Yu's "preface" is not explained here. Perhaps he got the five precepts from the wisdom (going up the mountain from left to right and down the beans), so the theory of spiritual cultivation seems to be attached to the theory of Tiantai. Otherwise, Guan Yu was suddenly appointed as Galand, and seemed to get an epiphany from him.

Puji, the descendant of Shen Xiu, happens to be the hometown of Guan Yu. "Puji surnamed feng is from Hedong. When I was young, I visited eminent monks to learn Confucian classics. When Shen Xiu was in yuquan temple, Jingzhou, Puji was a teacher. These six things are all from Miaomiao and their Taoism ... (Shen Xiu died) The system allowed Puyi to replace Shen Xiu's unified followers. " (Book of Old Tang Dynasty 19 1) is a biography. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there was once a man who talked with Guan Yu about his hometown at Guo Si Temple in Sishui Town, and then broke Guan Yu's Putin with the phrase "Yan Liangan is here". I doubt this person who once lived in Yuquan, but is known as "Putin". The contemporary name of Puji is "Fa Shan Jing" (according to Dunhuang and Tang Ben of Jin Jiu Classics School in Korea). Adding "Phuket" and "Fa Shan Jing" to each other's names is also a common practice of novelists.

The "vulgar talk" caused by the "three religions balance theory" during the Sui and Tang Dynasties inherited the legacy of the novels of the Six Dynasties, boasted about people and things, and set a precedent for future generations to talk about history. According to the four-point method, which is contained in the important classic of Nanshan Buddhism written by Daoxuan in the early Tang Dynasty, Talking about the Stories of the Three Kingdoms in the Tang Dynasty (the tenth edition of the literature heritage supplement), it is said that secular sages should be respected as long as they have integrity inside and dignity outside, and there is a small note with the nature of proof: "Such as Liu Chongkong Ming and so on. "In the Tang Dynasty, monks commented on this book, so some rumors about the stories of the characters of the Three Kingdoms were preserved. For example, the 26th volume written by Dajue monk in Kaiyuan (Volume 68, Part I of Continued Collection). At the same time, whether there is a story of Guan Yu's miracle can also be considered.

Volume 248 of The Whole Tang Poetry contains a poem entitled "Guandi Temple sends senior officials back to Jingzhou" written by Xuanzong Lang Jun, which says:

The general was and is brave. Ever victorious, ten thousand enemies with one sword.

Whoever is grateful is a homesick guest. Wandering between Jing and Wu, wandering between hometown;

Leave a banquet for the temple and sprinkle wine at dusk. Walked and walked without saying a word, mourning the past.

Lang once served as the secretariat of Yunzhou, and this poem is the evidence that Guandi Temple was really built there at that time. But the poem only talks about Guan Yu's shrine and says nothing about Brahma. Judging from the sentence "ten thousand enemies with one sword", there is no such thing as "seventy-two pounds of dragon crescent moon blade" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which shows Guan Yu's bravery. He is still a hero on earth.

The 17 cases of Tiantai Sect revived Tiantai Sect, which should be a development of inheriting Tiantai Sect's legacy during Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, Confucianism had a great influence, and propriety also advocated Confucian theory of reconciliation, so it was favored by emperors and bureaucrats. Song Zhenzong was awarded the title of "Master of the Rule of Law" and "sent China dignitaries to his residence so that he could practice the repentance law, which was a generous gift". It is not surprising that Pan Zhi, a shamanism of Tiantai Sect in the Southern Song Dynasty, exaggerated and decorated the Buddhist Records (Volume 6) and the Biography of the Wise Man based on Zongyuan Lu and Shimin Orthodox, which were moved by the Southern Song Dynasty. Song people recorded this story, which was also accompanied by the Buddha's theory and achieved this. For example, the story of rebuilding Guan Gong Temple in Yuan Feng's fourth year (108 1) (Addendum to yuquan temple's Records and Ci Hua) has described Guan Yu's image before he converted to Buddhism as a "strong ghost" who can "get an electric shock and whip the ghost to hit his mouth", while the theory of "opening up the temple site" in Tang Dynasty is another one.

In the history of Buddhism coming to the west, there are also stories of tantric preaching. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the eminent monks in the western regions were not empty, and King Kong and Xu Mituo were the "three outstanding figures in Kaiyuan", and the spread of tantric Buddhism became a common practice for a while. Among them, the belief of King Vishnu (formerly known as Gupiro Cubeira, the northern patron saint and god of wealth in ancient Indian mythology) is one of its characteristics, especially in the book "King Vishnu's Rites", which says that "Tianbao Yuan is thirty years old, and Dashi and Wu Kangguo surround the west city. There are similar records in the first volume of Biography of Monks in the Great Song Dynasty and Biography of Daxing Temple in Tang Jingzhao. Zhao Yi's Examination of Yu Cong (Volume 34):

There are many famous kings in the monk temple. According to Tan (referring to bamboo), between Tang Tianbao and Fankou 'an (Wei Publishing House: it was the mistake of Anxi, the same below), Sanzang (referring to bamboo) recited a spell. Suddenly, I saw a shining man, and there was an empty cloud: "This is the second son of King Shaman, who wants to live alone." After Xi 'an's victory, it was also said that there was a heavenly king in the northwest to win it. The imperial court erected statues because there were various ways. Lang Ying said: "Today there is the Heavenly King Hall in the Buddhist Temple, which is the beginning." And "Kuo Yi Lu": "In the Song Dynasty, it was suggested that the enemy general Tu Xiuzhou and the heavenly king are in the city today, and they are as big as houses. I was scared and took it away, because the Tianwang Building was built in the northwest corner of the city. "

However, Tantric Buddhism declined in the late Tang Dynasty, and the sensational excavation of the underground palace of Famen Temple in Shaanxi a few years ago was the reappearance of its rituals. The belief in the King of Pishamen was substituted into the Song Dynasty through the Five Classics, and the face was almost indistinguishable. Its function in the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties can be divided into "Heavenly King with Many Stories" and Taoism. However, according to my textual research on the Jin Dynasty "Wu Yong 'an Throne" in the Tashi Museum in Elmy, Russia, its functions such as "helping the war in the present" were later classified as Guan Yu. This matter involves a wide range, and the author specially discussed ③, so I won't go into details.

Since then, "(Yuan) ancestors respected Buddha, taking the Guan of Han Dynasty as the altar of supervision" (Historical Records of Yuan Dynasty), and Guan Yu entered the Yellow Sect (Lamaism). The Qing Dynasty worshiped the Yellow Sect, the Mongolian ministries were imprisoned, and Guan Yu was respected by by going up one flight of stairs.

There is a saying that:

When sai-jo didn't enter the customs, he conquered the ministries of Inner Mongolia first. Because they are brothers with Khan of Mongolia, the Manchu people think they are Liu Bei and regard Mongolia as Guan Yu. Take the incident of sworn friendship in Taoyuan of the Three Kingdoms as an example. Later, when he entered the emperor's midsummer, he was afraid of Mongolian mistresses, so he was named "Loyalty, SHEN WOO, Lingyou, Ren Yong and Wei, protecting the country and the people, sincerely comforting and praising Xuande and Guan Sheng the Great" to show his respect for Mongolia. Therefore, the Mongolian people are outside the Lama, and Guan Yu is the most respected person. For more than 200 years, the people who have been preparing for the North Francisco and not invading or rebelling for the minister are here. Its meaning is also like Guan Yu's to Liu Bei, and he only serves the heart (Tsui Hark's "Copy the barnyard grass" (Volume 64).

The worship of Guan Yu surpassed the main nationalities in China today and played a great role in the political life of the Qing Dynasty.

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became more and more common for Buddhist temples to worship Guan Yu as the Bodhisattva of Galand, so that people in the Ming Dynasty once expressed strong dissatisfaction and said, "There is a protector in zenrinji called Galand. Or stand at home, or arch beside. There are different gods, and nine times out of ten people regard Guandi as Galand. The husband preaches Taoism and worships its teachings. Today, the protector is fighting for Guan Di. Why? " As far as I can see, there are still statues of Guan Yu, the protector, in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, Longhua Mountain Hall, saionji Temple in Suzhou, Suoguo Temple in Kaifeng, Yonghe Palace in Beijing and Hongluo Temple.

Second, Taoism and Guan Yu worship

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism came to the west, and China's inherent culture plummeted. So Taoism was founded by people who combined China's local beliefs. Once there were three schools of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, and one of them was involved in martial arts, as Han Xin said:' One step will win Hanwang. If you vote for the left, you will enter Sheng Wang. "However, Confucianism often attacks Ershi at the same time; However, I never joined forces to attack Confucianism, because Confucianism is the official code of the country, and it is well-founded and well-founded. I also know that it is unshakable. " (4) After a long period of "three religions", Laozi was also the ancestor of the Tang royal family. It was honored by the Great Sage as Emperor Xuanyuan, the Golden Que of Shang Dao, with the hall number Taiqing Palace. Taoism gradually developed its wings and became wise when it attacked the Tang Dynasty in the Song Dynasty. It was a great spectacle to sacrifice the gods for Taizong, the sacred books for Zhenzong and the ancestors, until Huizong had the saying that "Guan Yu beheaded human-god". The relationship between Taoism and Guan Yu worship actually began in the Northern Song Dynasty.

There are only more than 900 words about Guan Yu's biography in The Three Kingdoms Shu Shu, which leaves a deep impression on people because of his extraordinary courage. Guan Yu has been a sacrificial offering in temples since Jiang Shang was first honored as the "King of Martial Arts" in the Tang Dynasty. Although Zhao Kuangyin's right essay suppressed martial arts and emphasized that "those who have always had flawless achievements" were once dismissed, the Song Emperor restored his original position: (Xuanhe five years, 1 123), giving Sean a grand ceremony. (History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Rites VIII) However, Director Li's "Continued Mirror Long Edition" records that "in the first month of the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites invited the title of King Wu' an. Make it into a king temple from martial arts. "

It is necessary to do some textual research and analysis. "Ancient and modern book integration, miraculous canon" Volume 37 narrates the seal of Guan Yu in the Northern Song Dynasty, saying:

During the Xiangfukou period in Dazhong, Song Zhenzong, a temple was built. ("The History of Xiezhou" has "Guan Sheng Temple is outside the west gate of the city, and it was rebuilt in Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu." In the third year, Zhezong Shaosheng gave yuquan temple the title of "Demonstrator King". In the first year of Huizong Chongning, he was named "Zhongjun", and in the second year of Guan Da, he was named "Wu Wang An". In the fifth year of Xuanhe, the title of "King Yong 'an Wu" was conferred. (The History of Song Dynasty is not available in all biographies. )

There is no truth in history, and a more credible record can be found in Volume 89 "Song Ji Eighty-nine" in the History of Continuing Capital Governance: "(Chongning for four years, 1 105) In May, Renzi gave the name of Mr. Zhang Jiyuan, a Taoist priest in Longhushan, Xinzhou. Zhang Han Daoling, thirty generations of grandchildren. Zhang Ziran attacked the mountain master and taught Buddhism (recorded on bamboo slips), that is, Tao. " "In June, C son, royal Chen Zidian, pool, off into the congratulations. Xiechi was flooded for eight years and opened more than 4,400 beds. "It was Zhang's call that the solution of the pool followed. So there is a saying that it is related to each other.

Wang Shizhen's "(Upper and Lower States) Continued" Cloud:

In Song Zhenghe (1111117), Xiezhou Tangyan was defeated, but the class was not given, so the emperor called Xu Jing to beg for it. He said, "This human-god is violent." The emperor said, "Who can win?" He said, "Guan Shuaike, I'm finished." Find out whether strong winds in Chuzhou can suppress giant trees, and if the pool surface is mirrored after the end, salt will resume classes. The emperor told Xu Jing to work hard and said, "Can Guan Shuai see it?" Say, "Yes." Suddenly, when he saw the court, the emperor was afraid and took a lot of money to invest, saying, "I believe it." Tomorrow, Feng Chongning is the real gentleman.

Qian Ceng's "Reading Qiu Minji" cloud:

In the book Han Family History, it is said that the thirty generations did not dare to emulate their predecessors. Song Chongning voted for the solution of Yanzhou Yanchi in two years and died of water. Q: "Why?" On call, I saw him locked in the left side of the temple. He was surprised, threw the money to him and said, "I sealed you." The world respects it as "the true king who worships Ning". This is the beginning of Guan Difeng. ⑦

In the two narratives, Zhang Jixian, the real person of Longhushan, made a difference. It originally originated from Taoism "descending the gods". The matter of "falling to the gods" originated from Taizong. Li Dao's Long Editor Zi Zhi Tong Jian Volume 17:

At the beginning, the god came to the home of Zhang Shouzhen, a native of Li Quan County, and said to himself, "I, the god in the sky, was named General Black Boy, and I am also the assistant of the five emperors." Every time I fast and seek truth from facts, the goddess descends into the room, and the wind is awesome and the sound is like a baby. When you are alone, you can know the truth, you can know the happiness and happiness, and you will become a Taoist when you keep the truth. On (that is, Mao) unprepared, labeled as the Forbidden Guard True Que. Yu Ren (October, 9th year of Kaibao) ordered Wang Jien, the chamberlain, to put a yellow seal on the Stegosaurus, so as to keep the truth and surrender the spirit. God said, "The palace in the sky has been built and the jade has been locked. Wang Jin has a kind heart. " I will never give up my words. (Original note: This is based on the national history of Fu Ruizhi, with a little Yuan Tan of Yang Yi. "Also said," MAO heard the truth, thought it was a ghost. He will be punished and hold a banquet. " I'm afraid not. Don't take it today. ) I listened to his words, that is, I called Jin Wang at night, which was later. You can't smell it from left to right, but when you see the king of Jin in the shadow of a candle, you may leave the table if you avoid it. Then he threw the axe on the ground and shouted to the king of Jin, "Good job." (Original note: According to monk Wen Ying's records in Shan Ye, Hunan), there is no official history and records. )

Let's not pursue the truth of the eternal unsolved case of "the sound of candles and axes" first, but only talk about the "falling god" related to this topic. Judging from the results, the deity continued to exist in the era of Zhao Guangyi (Song Taizong) and had a great influence. It is recorded in the Taoist classic Yunqiqian (volume 103) and Biography of the True King of Yi Sheng Baode (also included in the fifty-fourth volume of the orthodox Taoist Collection) in the Northern Song Dynasty that after Zhao Guangyi succeeded to the throne, Zhang Shouzhen was called to Joan Lin Yuan as the altar for Sunday, and he was appointed as the altar keeper for life. Then God sent a message to Wang Jien, the king's minister. Since then, in the early years of Taiping and Xingguo, six or seven years and the early years of Taoism, Zhang Shouzhen has repeatedly printed the words "Black Kill God". So, in the sixth year of Taiping and the sixth year of Xingguo (98 1), Zhao Guangyi named the black evil spirit of Taiping Palace "General Yi Sheng", and in the seventh year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu, he added "True King Yi Sheng Bao De". It can be seen that the descent of the gods in the two narratives is indeed related to the national culture of the Song Dynasty, and the first god who descended to the world-the true gentleman who protects morality all his life is undoubtedly the god who protects the country in the Northern Song Dynasty.

According to Zhang Tianshi in the Thirty Generations, which is the first time in The Water Margin, Zhang Tianshi's Praying for the Plague and Hong Dawei's Misleading the Demon, "there are two buns on his head and a blue collar; The waist is knotted with grass and the feet are spaced apart. Bright eyes and white teeth, fluttering without dust; The green temples are full of Zhu Yan, and there is no vulgarity at all. " "The Tao is very high, lofty and comfortable, and it annoys all the dust. Zhang Tianshi, who can drive the clouds, is uncertain. " . According to Zhang Jishi's theory, Guan Yu's worship of gods has its special origin with the prosperity of Taoism. Taoism worships Guan Yu for four reasons:

First, Taoism in Zuo Fu actively participates in politics. After the uprising, China society was in an unstable state for a long time. Dan Shu focuses on personal cultivation, distinctive personality, immersion in it, saving the world and educating people, and has universal sociality. This is directly related to the long-term social instability in China after Kaiyuan and Tianbao. In the biography of Yi Sheng Baode Zhen Jun, Zhang Shouzhen once talked about Chen Tuan by descending to the gods: Shou Zhen tasted the apocalypse and said, "Huashan Chen Tuan was killed recently, and people called him a corpse without judging his merits?" The true gentleman said, "It is quite necessary to cultivate qi and nourish the spirit. However, the work has not yet arrived, but there is a master's palm. " The so-called transitive work should be the power to save the world. During the fasting ceremony, Taoist Fu Yong not only wished the monarch a long life, but also advocated loyalty, filial piety and righteousness, which was of course strongly advocated by the government and welcomed by the people. Every festival or monarch's birthday, the Fu You Sect prayed for the country through science, education and Taoism, namely the Dojo, which also became a custom in the Northern Song Dynasty. Yuan Feng's four-year "Rebuilding Guan Gong Temple" said: "The older you get, the more magical people there are, the more chaotic the temple profile is, and the hammer Buddha is in name only. The public is not afraid, and the temple is also immersed in disadvantages. Yuan Shen (1080) was a famous monk in Shu, named Cheng Hao. He was 70 years old and had outstanding achievements. He was suddenly invited by many people and was deeply impressed. A son of Chen suddenly made a public statement:' From now on, worship me as before.' Spread the news in all directions, and pray more and more. Next year, Xinyou (108 1 year) will see a new temple. "Chen's son's excuse is obviously a drop pet-name ruby.

The second point related to this is that, as far as Killing Chiyou in Yanchi is concerned, it actually shows the realistic concern of Fu Min, a Taoist priest of the conversion school. Since the Western Han Dynasty, salt tax has been one of the most important sources of wealth for the country, and the solution of salt is the most important. Chen Yin branded the wife of the salt merchant in Xinlefu in the fifth chapter of Shi Hua, and quoted the New Tang Book and the Record of Food Loan: "(Liu) The profit of salt is only 400,000. By the end of the Dali period, it had exceeded 6 million yuan. The blessing of the world, salt benefits half. Gong Wei's service, military pay, and official salaries have all increased. " Song people talked about the proportion of salt interest in national tax revenue. Because of different times, there are three theories: one is that tax revenue should be one-third of tax revenue, the other is that the annual salt interest rate collected in the world should be one-half, and the third is that it accounts for nine out of ten national expenditures. Some people even think that Taizhou alone "has more states than the Tang Dynasty." Commenting on the benefits of salt in the Song Dynasty, Lv Zuqian, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, said that "only sea salt and the salt in the pond are the most useful to the country", while "the benefits of salt are used by the country" and "most people benefit from salt because of the large state funds" are also flooded with history books. In view of the important position of salt dissolution in the finance of the Northern Song Dynasty, the disaster of salt dissolution in Jiezhou Lake will certainly disturb the court and become a major event. It is not surprising that the Northern Song emperors of Taoism, such as Zhenzong, Zhezong and Hui Zong, are bound to make some achievements. Xiezhou pond salt has always been regarded as a sacred object. Narration of Nanfeng Songs in the Book of Songs of the Pre-Qin Dynasty;

Shun is a banjo, singing the south wind. His poem says: "The south wind can relieve my anxiety! When the south wind blows, it will enrich the wealth of our people! "

This is a dance music. It is the south wind that sings and promotes the dissolution and crystallization of salt. Shi Jiao, the author of Dead Son, is Shang Yang's teacher, which is recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu. Therefore, some people think: "As early as 4,000 years ago, this mysterious' salt south wind' near Xiechi has attracted people's attention. It is not only worshipped for bringing the benefits of salt, but also becomes an important theme of poetry and music creation. The salt solution praised by the Tang people is "yin and yang harmonious, driven by ghosts and gods, and used well without effort." "Digging a spring to cook a sea is different. (Ouyang Xiu's Epilogue to Records of the Historian involves Qian (Tang Dynasty) Yanzu Temple, which is not in Quan. ) Liu Zongyuan's "Jinwen" has "the salt of easy home, the treasure of Jin is great. "People rely on things like salt. If it is made by God, it is not man-made. " ("All Tang Wen" Volume 586) Song people said that "sea salt, well salt and pond salt all belong to the people, but not to the people." (Detailed Explanation of the Systems of Past Dynasties, Volume V Detailed Explanation of the Salt Law) People regard Yanchi and Gu Feng as some kind of gods and set up shrines to offer sacrifices. In the eighth year (July 3rd) and eleventh year (July 6th) of Emperor Taizong, he was given the title "Baoying Lingqingchi" and "recommended to the Qing Palace and compiled in the annals" (Yao Hui, Volume XXVIII, Auspicious Ruins). Since then, countless people have given titles to the pool god.

Now that Zhao has moved out of Xuanyuan Huangdi as his ancestor, it should be reasonable for his old rival Chiyou to make trouble. According to Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan", Volume III: "Xiezhou Salt Ze, halogen color red, slang for' Chiyou blood'". The name of Xiezhou also comes from the myth that the Yellow Emperor beheaded Chiyou. Miro's Biography of the History of Taoism and the Later Ages: "(The Yellow Emperor) spread the war especially in China and Hebei, but different, so it is called" solution ". Sun Fengyi edited The Imperial Tomb: "It is said that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and the Yellow Emperor killed them, so they were not buried." Shi Tian, a Taoist priest, asked Guan Yujian, a native of Xiezhou, to build this merit. He is also said to be a famous teacher.

Thirdly, the Song Dynasty began to unify the whole country after cleaning up the chaos in the Tang and Five Dynasties, and followed Zhou Shizong's policy of "destroying Buddhism and promoting Taoism". There have been many legends about the relationship between the founding monarch of the Song Dynasty and Taoism. For example, at the beginning of the Water Margin, there was a Chu Shi in Chen Tuan at Huashan Mountain in Xiyue. He is a man of noble morality, and he is good at distinguishing the wind from the clouds. One day, I rode a donkey down the mountain and heard a legend from my guests on my way to Huarong Road:' Now Chai Shizong in Tokyo has given way to Zhao Diandian to be king.' Hearing this, Mr. Chen Tuan raised his forehead with joy, fell on the donkey's back and laughed, and got off the donkey. When people asked him why, Mr. Wang said,' The world will be decided from now on.' Description of ". In the record of Hunan, Shi of Song Dynasty also said that before his brother made his fortune, he swam in the Guanhe River with a Taoist who claimed to be "chaotic" or "really innocent", and the three of them were drunk in their own plays. I haven't seen you since Yuji, so I wrote a letter to Cao Ze to visit him everywhere. Said Scott brothers and Zhao Pu out of changan, meet Chen Tuan * * * to drink. YiWen Zhao's mother chose the brothers in the basket to escape from the war, which is very suitable for Chen Tuan. She wrote a poem, "There is no son of heaven today, and all people will bear the burden on the son of heaven. "Although these unofficial history can't be true, it seems that the legendary words may be not far from Zhou Shizong's prediction that he was an emperor when he was alive in the Song Dynasty, and the record that" those who know the stars in the army are threatened day by day, and the dark people wander for a long time "during the Chen Qiaoyi mutiny. Therefore, in the Northern Song Dynasty, whether it was "descending the gods" under the rule of Taizong after the sound of candles and axes, "heavenly books and Fu Rui" after the alliance of Tang and Yuan Dynasties, and "supporting ancestors" after inheriting the Yellow Emperor, until the Hui Zong period, they all called themselves "leaders and emperors", which played an important political and social role. Meanwhile, Taoism has developed to a higher level.

Fourthly, the orthodox school rose again in the history of Taoism in China. As mentioned above, the worship of Buddhist Guan Yu began with Zhang Daoling's "attracting ghost soldiers" and was greatly promoted by Zhang Jixian's "cutting human-god". If Longhu Mountain was demoted to Maoshan in the Northern Song Dynasty and lived side by side with Gezao Mountain in the "Three Mountains Symbol", then it stood out from the Taoist school and became the largest.

A story recorded in the later orthodox Taoist scriptures is also detailed. According to Yuan Di Zhenmoguan, the secret method of Marshal Guan Yu of the Daoist Association, Guan Yu was the commander-in-chief of the Arctic emperor in China, and was called "Marshal Guan Yu, general of eliminating evil in the thunder department, general of fighting against evil, general of protecting the country, general of protecting the army and general of worshipping Guan". Taoist Hui Yuan praised Guan Yu for "heroic spirit, courage before death, being a god after death, being faithful to the sun and the moon, being virtuous and willing to work" and once "killed demons". For example, during the period of Chongning, when Zhang Tianshi sent a letter in Yanchi to eliminate disasters in jiaozi, he burned incense in Dongyue Temple, saw the statue of Guan Yu in Langmiao Temple and asked what God it was. Disciple replied that Guan Yu, a general in the Han Dynasty, was a god of loyalty. Guan Yu was sent to punish Jiao. In an instant, the wind and cloud are everywhere, lightning and thunder. Guan Yu cut jiaozi on the salt pond. Zhang Tianshi plays Hui Zong, and Hui Zong is called. Guan Yu appeared in his royal highness, holding jiaozi down with a broadsword and never retreating. Hui Zong paid for Ning and called it "King Ning". Shi Tian accused him of indecent assault and imprisoned Du Feng for 500 years. In the Secret Law of Marshal Lang Lingguan in Du Feng, Volume 260, Guan Yu is also known as the commander-in-chief of Zhang's subordinates, with the title of Marshal Lang Lingguan, the lieutenant as the true gentleman of Qingyuan, and eight flying generals such as Wei. The 50th generation of Shi Tian Zhang Guoxiang and General Tai Sheng Da Lang Ling's "The Wonderful Sutra of Protecting the Country" were compiled into the Taoist Collection. It is proved that "Guan Yu beheaded Chiyou" is the myth of Zhang Tianshi system. These are all examples of Zhang's theory of saving the world.

It was also adapted into a play. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Mai Museum copied the school-based "Ancient and Modern Zaju", including the anonymous zaju "Guan Yunchang Broken Chiyou" (⒂), saying that during the reign of Renzong in Song Dynasty, God Chiyou made the salt pond in Xiezhou dry up, and the court ordered Kou Zhun to invite Zhang Tianshi to Beijing to find out the reason. Shi Tian taught Lv Mengzheng's nephew Lv Yijian to visit the elder Yuquan in Yuquan Mountain, and requested that Yuquan land be enshrined. Guan Guan defeated Chiyou by "serving the imperial edict of the Jade Emperor" and "opening the heaven to show his relatives, so he sent magic soldiers to make the heaven Cao". Fan Zhongyan was ordered to explain the state temple to Guan Gong. The owner of the exorcism institute declared the Jade Emperor's decree, and named Guan Gong as "the brave king of Wu 'an" and "the king of worshipping Ning Zhen through human-god". In view of all the historical facts, this play is especially ignorant. Mr. Zong Yirao analyzed the cloud: "When Cha Fan died when he was young, it was problematic for the writers to dispatch troops at will regardless of time. " ⒃

Taoism's widely circulated exhortation books are related to the Emperor's True Classics, His Bible and Zi's Wen. There are also Guan Yu's "God of Wealth" or Buddha statues in the Quanzhen school of Beijing Baiyun Temple and Wudang Mountain Taoist Temple. According to the Records of Guandi, in the forty-second year of Wanli, when Guan Yu was named as "the Great Demon of the Three Realms was far away in Guansheng Dijun, Megatronus", he also "sent a special order to Taoist Zhou Youzhen to seek peace and destroy China and foreign countries." It can be seen that Guan Yu's admirers in Taoism are not only the southern Sect of Longhushan, but also the Quanzhen Sect of the Northern Sect which prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty.

Third, Confucianism and Guan Yu worship.

Confucianism is the last of the "three religions" to set foot in the worship of Guan Yu, because it is said that Machamp is very confused. But it is precisely because of the intervention of Confucianism that Guan Yu's worship finally established its national status.

I have tasted Cao Cao's promise of being a hero and giving it to others. Seeing his "childhood cooking wine", he was unfortunately rated as the first "adulterer" by later generations. In ancient times, the difference of this word was praised and criticized by the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was probably the brushwork that was experienced and "exercised" by several generations. This is China people's sense and view of history, and it is also the so-called "righteousness" in Romance. The title of "hero" is not reserved for Liu Bei, Cao Cao's private tutor. He is generally called "Yaoxiong". The ultimate heroes of the Three Kingdoms are Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu. They are losers, but they let later poets write such a poem: "But before he conquered, he was dead, and heroes cried on their coats from then on." The ancients said "Three Immortals". Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu are models of Lide and become heroes in the cultural sense. This is the value of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, because it can sort out, refine and summarize the super-utilitarian value judgment of "not judging heroes by success or failure" from the complex historical events of "competing with each other", so as to counterbalance or even replace the utilitarian judgment of "princes are defeated and thieves are defeated". This is why it is immortal.

However, a careful study of the formation process of Zhuge Liang worship and Guan Yu worship will reveal that they have actually gone through completely different trends and channels: one is from top to bottom, spreading from literati and Confucianism to Zhuge Liang with folk beliefs; A bottom-up, from folk beliefs and religious forces to the upper worship of Guan Yu. The main reason why scholars and Confucian scholars accept Guan Yu is the Confucian view of history represented by Chunqiu.

It is said that Song Confucianism faced a headache, that is, how to sort out the chaotic historical facts of the Five Dynasties to prove the legitimacy of the Zhao and Song Dynasties. Only the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties before Sui and Tang Dynasties can be used for reference, and the Three Kingdoms is the beginning of this chaotic history. The History of the Five Dynasties written by Ouyang Xiu when he was in Renzong (later called the New History of the Five Dynasties) did not take the Liang Dynasty as a fake, but talked about orthodoxy. Later, he successively wrote seven monographs, such as Original Daoism and Ming Daoism (later deleted as Preface to Daoism, Theory of Daoism and Theory of Justification), and proposed the unification of Daoism, so the world was different. "Specific to the history of the Three Kingdoms, he wrote" On Wei "and said:" The new Wei was taken from the Han Dynasty, the new Wei was defeated, and the Wei and Sui Dynasties passed on to Jin. Unfortunately, there were no wise descendants in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Wei did not seek revenge. Today, when you enter Wei, those who are suspicious go into evil, which is called traitors. This cannot be ignored ... the husband is orthodox and the Chinese is also; Han, Wei also; Wei, also. There is no doubt that Jin tasted the world, and on its origin and end, Wei went on to correct it. " ⒄

The History of the Three Kingdoms is a chronicle. Obviously, Sima Guang was influenced by Ouyang Xiu. Zi Jian (Volume 69) The Year of the Yellow Emperor in Wei Ji says that "Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty was overthrown, the Three Kingdoms were divided, the Kim family was out of control, and the world was divided ... According to the Han Dynasty, it was collected by Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jin Dynasty was collected by Song Dynasty and even Chen and Sui Dynasties, and Tang Dynasty was collected by Liang, Zhou and Da Song Dynasties.