Stephen william hawking, born in Oxford, England, is a famous physicist at Cambridge University, one of the greatest physicists in modern times and one of the great men with international reputation in the 20th century. The following is what I arranged for you. Welcome to reading.

Stephen? Hawking's legendary inspirational life

Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 19421October 8.

And this day happens to be the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death.

Little Hawking, like ordinary children,

Like toys, crazy about toy trains,

I even bought an electric train with my own money.

As a teenager, Hawking also liked to make model planes and ships.

Even trying to invent some games,

For example, factories that make parts of different colors,

Roads and railways for transporting products,

And the stock market.

During school, Hawking was assigned to a good class.

Although his grades are never the best,

But he is still respected by his classmates.

They gave him a nickname-Einstein.

Hawking and his classmates not only often go to concert halls to listen to music,

They often discuss science and religion together.

For example, whether the origin of the universe and the implementation of the universe need the role of God.

In the last two years of Hawking Middle School,

There is a math teacher in the class who is good at heuristic teaching.

His arrival inspired Hawking's interest in mathematics and physics.

Recalling my previous study career,

Hawking said: "When I was young, I treated all sciences equally.

After I was thirteen or fourteen, I knew I wanted to do physics research.

Because this is the most basic science,

Although I know that middle school physics is too easy, too simple and too boring.

Chemistry is much more interesting,

Many unexpected things keep happening, such as explosions and so on.

But physics and astronomy are expected to solve the problem of where we come from and why we are here.

I want to explore the universe. "

It can be seen that the young Hawking's ambition is not far away.

But "wanting to explore the inner details of the universe" will definitely have an impact on his later research.

1959, 17-year-old Hawking entered Oxford University to study natural science.

It took him very little time to get a first-class honorary degree.

Then he transferred to Cambridge University to study cosmology.

1963, 2 1 year-old, unfortunately diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, that is, motor neurocytopathy.

At that time, the doctor had diagnosed Hawking as terminally ill and could only live for two years.

But he is strong enough to survive.

He was confined to a wheelchair,

Only three fingers and two eyes can move,

Illness severely deformed his body-

The head can only be tilted to the right, and the shoulders are left low and right high.

Hands tightly sandwiched in the middle, holding a palm-sized mimeographed keyboard,

The feet are twisted inward and the mouth is almost S-shaped.

As long as you smile a little, you will immediately show a "grin" expression.

This has become his iconic image.

He can't write, so he has to read by a book turning machine.

When reading loose-leaf documents, you must spread each page out on a big table.

Then read page by page in a wheelchair like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves.

However, a few days after the operation, he wrote the world famous book A Brief History of Time.

In the 1960s, due to a series of new discoveries in astronomy,

Inspired the study of astrophysics.

Hawking came at the right time, and his research on black holes made him emerge.

He introduced heat into the study of black holes,

This has greatly deepened people's understanding of black holes.

Hawking also made great contributions to the study of the Big Bang theory.

He believes that the universe originated from a "singularity",

The explosion of the singularity produces particles and energy,

The interaction between particles produces nebulae,

And then evolved into our world today.

Today's universe is still expanding,

The future universe may continue to expand,

It may also shrink to the "singularity" that originally formed the universe when it expanded to the limit.

It looks interesting,

However, this is the level of people's understanding of the universe today

Hawking is a grateful and optimistic person.

After the speech, a female reporter rushed to the podium and asked:

"The disease has fixed you in a wheelchair forever.

Don't you think fate has cost you too much? "

However, Hawking's face was full of smiles.

After banging on the keyboard with his three movable fingers,

Four paragraphs appeared on the display:

"My fingers can still move;

My brain can still think;

I have the ideal that I pursue all my life;

I have relatives and friends who love me, and I love them. "

After answering the reporter's question,

He struggled to type the fifth sentence:

"By the way, I still have a grateful heart!"

Thunderous applause broke out at the scene.

What do people live for?

Hawking's story explains the answer to this question for us.

People should have hope when they are alive.

Everyone should be the master of his own destiny,

Do you think so?

Hawking's Ten Questions

1. Who is Hawking?

Hawking is a scientist who makes people daydream about space, and his life is full of drama.

Hawking was born in Oxford, England, on 19421October 8, and served as the research director of the Center for Theoretical Cosmology of Cambridge University.

The gradual freezing disease changed Hawking's life. The disease paralyzed him, unable to speak, and his hand only had three fingers to move. Since 2005, Hawking can only communicate with people through his eyes. Hawking has been married twice and has three children.

As far as a "celebrity" is concerned, Hawking is gentle, humble, courteous, humorous and full of wisdom. When you talk to him face to face, you can clearly feel the exuberant vitality from his eyes and slowly moving fingers.

Hawking is a banner of physics in public. He can't choose his own shell, but let his soul show great power. After his death, Hawking's children wrote in the announcement, "His courage, persistence and outstanding humor inspired people all over the world. 」

2. Why didn't Hawking win the Nobel Prize in Physics?

For this question, Hawking himself once answered the reporter: "Because my black hole evaporation, that is, Hawking radiation, has not been confirmed by observation or experiment. 」

Hawking won the Einstein Prize, Wolff Prize, Copley Medal and Basic Physics Prize, but he was not favored by the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Committee believes that because black hole evaporation has not been observed, it is still a theoretical model, and a theoretical model that has not been verified by experiments or observations may still be incorrect, no matter how reasonable and perfect it looks. A theory that may be incorrect is unlikely to win the Nobel Prize.

People often compare Hawking with Einstein, and the same story happened to Einstein. Einstein is known to the outside world for his theory of relativity. Although it has been widely accepted by academic circles, it still exists in mathematical formulas because of the lack of positivism. Einstein won the Nobel Prize for another theory-photoelectric effect theory.

3. Why does A Brief History of Time still sell well when many people can't understand it?

Why does a lonely book of learning sell well?

This is a question that may even confuse Hawking himself. His starting point for writing this book is simple: to earn some tuition for his daughter. However, after the book was first published in 1988, it stayed on the bestseller list for an unprecedented 237 weeks, making Hawking famous overnight. After that, the book was translated into more than 40 languages and sold more than 25 million copies.

"No one, including my publisher, my agent or even myself, could have predicted that this book would sell so well ... one in every 750 teachers, ladies or children in the world owns one. Hawking said.

This is a popular science model to popularize advanced theoretical physics, but it is not easy to read. Although its sales exceeded Madonna's Sex, no one has counted how many people have successfully read this book, which is probably the most incomprehensible bestseller in the world. Hawking himself is worried that many people buy his books and don't read them, but put them on shelves or coffee tables to show off.

Some people think that Hawking's illness made this book a success. Publishers regard Hawking's disability as a publicity stunt. A columnist once offered a reward of 14.99 for "a reasonable reason for this book to sell well". Hawking's own answer is: "The success of a brief history of time shows that people have a wide range of interests in major issues. That is: where do we come from? Why is the universe like this? 」

4. What is Hawking's most poetic metaphor about black holes and time?

One of Hawking's greatest discoveries is that black holes can radiate particles. Before that, people tended to think that nothing could escape from a black hole.

In a speech, he compared depression to a black hole. "Generally speaking, a black hole is not as' black' as it is painted, nor is it a place where you will be imprisoned for life. Objects can come out of black holes or enter another universe. So when you find yourself in a black hole one day, don't give up. The exit is there. 」

In 2009, Hawking held a party for time travelers. In order to ensure that all the people present were time travelers, he didn't disclose this information before the party started. As a result, no one came-at least that's what Hawking told everyone. Some people think that Hawking cheated everyone, but someone did come.

5. What does Hawking think of God?

Hawking invited the famous atheist carl sagan carl sagan to write an introduction to A Brief History of Time. Sagan's understanding of Hawking's thought is pertinent: "This is another book about God ... perhaps about the non-existence of God. The word God is everywhere. Hawking set out to answer Einstein's famous question, that is, whether God was selective in creating the universe. As Hawking claimed, he tried to understand the spirit of God. This makes the conclusion of all efforts so far even more surprising: the universe has no edge in space, no beginning and end in time, and the creator has done nothing. 」

What is the "spirit of God"? "God should be the embodiment of natural laws", which is Hawking's answer.

6. What does Hawking think of death?

Since 1963 was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Hawking has been critically ill for several times in the past 55 years and has been living under the expectation of death, but he is "not afraid of death and is not in a hurry to die".

He regards his brain as a computer. "When its components fail, it will stop working. For a broken computer, there is no heaven and afterlife. These are just fairy tales of people who are afraid of death. 」

7. Is Hawking pessimistic or optimistic about the future of mankind?

Hawking cares about human survival. He once criticized President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, thinking that it might turn the earth into a planet like Venus-the temperature is as high as 250 degrees and it is raining with sulfuric acid.

"For us, the earth has become too small. In the past two hundred years, the population growth rate has been exponential, that is, the population has increased at the same rate every year. At present, this value is about 1.9%. By 2600, the world will be crowded, and electricity consumption will turn the earth into a "hot" fireball. This is at a critical juncture. 」

Hawking predicted that the earth would be destroyed in 200 years. "However, I am an optimist. I believe that we can avoid such a doomsday, and the best way is to emigrate to space and explore the possibility of human life on other planets. 」

8. How does Hawking view the development of artificial intelligence?

Before humans can build a new home in outer space, Hawking believes that the uncontrolled development of artificial intelligence may bring a devastating threat to human survival.

In 20 15, Hawking and thousands of intellectuals such as thinker Chomsky jointly issued a joint statement: the research and development and application of "robot killer" must be banned, and the arms race in the field of artificial intelligence may be a disaster for mankind, which will fuel war and terrorism and aggravate world turmoil.

2065438+In March 2007, Hawking once again warned in an interview with The Times, "Humans need to control emerging technologies represented by artificial intelligence to prevent them from bringing devastating threats to human survival in the future. 」

He said: "Since the beginning of human civilization, aggression has always existed, often between different groups with relative viability advantages, and the further development of artificial intelligence in the future may have this advantage. 」

In Hawking's view, artificial intelligence itself is rooted in Darwin's theory of evolution, so human beings need to use logic and reason to control possible threats in the future.

9. Why are people so enthusiastic about Hawking's unproven theory?

Since the 20th century, science and technology have become an overwhelming force to promote social progress. Scientists have replaced intellectuals such as Tolstoy and Dante as leaders of social progress, and their voices on important issues have begun to attract public attention.

2 1 century, biotechnology, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence are changing with each passing day, and these technologies may even completely change mankind and shape a "post-human era".

In the "post-human era", many of the original things of human beings will be lost, and some people are controversial and some people are worried. This has become a very urgent matter, and the scientists who are most concerned about it naturally play an important role.

Hawking, as the most famous scientist in the contemporary era, has become a public idol, although many people know nothing about his theory.

10.20 There are a long list of shining names in the world physics circle in the 20th century: Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger ... Hawking may not be the most dazzling one, but it may be the most special one. Why?

What makes Hawking special is that he is a "prisoner" in a wheelchair, but he leads a wonderful life beyond a person with perfect limbs and has made extraordinary achievements. To a certain extent, Hawking has become a symbol of human struggle against fate.

Hawking's three predictions

1: "Watch out" for the development of artificial intelligence

"In the short term, the impact of artificial intelligence depends on who is controlling it. In the long run, this effect will depend on whether we can still control it. " 20 14 in may, hawking put forward "worry" in the independent.

In recent years, with the technological breakthrough of human beings in the field of artificial intelligence, more and more sci-fi "products" such as "face recognition" and "intelligent robots" have appeared in real life and started to serve the higher quality of human life.

But at the same time, the super-fast self-learning speed of the "machine" has also frightened many people. AlphaGo, a robot, has won Li Shishi, the world's top Weiqi player, in the ever-changing field of Weiqi by "gnawing" the handbook day and night.

This makes many people, including Mr. Hawking, wonder whether the human brain can catch up with the machine. Perhaps in the near future, robots will develop "self-awareness" like people, and rely on stronger "self-learning" ability to make people face the risk of being replaced.

2:/kloc-0: 000 Earth destruction.

In 20 12, facing the BBC's question about "the end of the world", Hawking replied that "it is almost certain that in the future 1000, the earth will be destroyed by a catastrophe, such as nuclear war or greenhouse effect".

In the past 200 years, our human society has achieved a qualitative leap, creating wealth and output almost hundreds of times that of thousands of years of human history, and also producing weapons "nuclear weapons" that can destroy the earth.

However, the price is also "heavy". Our green hills are no longer so green, green water has become "black water", and human beings are "dying slowly" in pollution, what's more, nuclear weapons have become the "Satan's sword" hanging over human heads, which can kill the earth at any time.

3. The brain can be copied.

Hawking said in an interview with the Guardian on 20 13 that "the brain is like a computer to some extent, and we can copy programs into the computer, which is feasible in theory."

Hawking suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 265,438+0, resulting in total paralysis. Except for his brain, there are only three fingers left to move, but with the help of computers, he has made outstanding achievements in cosmic physics.

Perhaps out of the instinct of "beneficiary", Hawking believes that in the near future, the brain can exist independently without being restricted by the body and can continue to replicate. In other words, "immortality" may no longer be a dream.