Dietary structure plays an important role in the occurrence and development of some chronic diseases. Studies have shown that vegetarian diet can reduce the risk of some metabolic diseases by regulating blood lipid disorder, improving insulin resistance, resisting inflammation and oxidation, and maintaining acid-base balance in the body. The data showed that after excluding the difference of body mass index (BMI), compared with the general population, the prevalence of diabetes in vegetarian population decreased by 1.6 ~ 2 times.
Generally speaking, vegetarianism can be divided into three types, namely, vegetarian diet, milk egg vegetarian diet and milk vegetarian diet. Vegetarians only eat grains, vegetables, nuts and beans, and are not allowed to eat animal foods (including meat, dairy products, eggs, fish and seafood). Dairy products Vegetarians can eat dairy products. Egg-milk vegetarians add egg food on the basis of milk vegetarianism.
Researchers in Prague, Czech Republic pointed out: Clinical intervention experiments show that vegetarian diet can reduce body weight, fasting blood glucose, hba 1c, blood lipid and reduce the use of hypoglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with conventional low-energy diet. Compared with the traditional low-energy diabetic diet, vegetarian diet can reduce visceral fat and improve insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers. Long-term vegetarianism is good for health and mental health. However, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness.
Although vegetarianism shows the above benefits, it should be emphasized that in order to meet the nutritional needs, vegetarians should pay attention to diet collocation and avoid the lack of nutrients such as protein, vitamin B 12, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron and zinc.
Low acid load diet
Dietary acid load is related to chronic kidney disease and hypertension. At present, the relationship between low acid load diet and diabetes has also been concerned. Acid load is usually expressed by two indicators, namely potential renal acid load (PRAL) and endogenous net acid production (NEAP), PRAL=0.4888× dietary protein +0.0366× dietary phosphorus -0.0205× dietary potassium -0.0 125× dietary calcium -0.0263× dietary magnesium.
A prospective study conducted by Iranian researchers found that high dietary acid load is related to insulin resistance, and the risk of insulin resistance in the highest quartile in PRAL and the Northeast Atlantic is higher than that in the lowest quartile, which may be related to dietary acid load increasing cortisol production, increasing renal excretion of magnesium and reducing renal excretion of citric acid. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies. Higher intake of meat, grains, eggs, fish and dairy products is related to higher PRAL, while higher intake of vegetables and fruits is related to lower PRAL.
Meal replacement
At present, some food enterprises have successively developed compound nutritional formula powder suitable for diabetic patients to replace daily food and help control blood sugar. Because of the different composition of the formula, its therapeutic effect is also different. Therefore, it needs to be treated differently and cannot be generalized.
Kempf et al. in Germany carried out meal replacement intervention for 12 weeks on 22 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and used low-energy and high-protein compound nutritional formula powder instead of breakfast or dinner. The average HbA 1c decreased from 8.8% to 8. 1%(P=0.048), the average body weight decreased from18.0 kg to 0.000 1), and the average insulin consumption decreased from1477.
Researchers in China conducted a randomized controlled trial on meal replacement. Rice, soybean, oat and bitter gourd were processed into meal replacement with low glycemic index to replace breakfast for patients. After 12 weeks of intervention, the HbA 1c of patients with type 2 diabetes decreased by 0.2%, while the natural food group increased by 0.3%.
A three-month randomized controlled crossover study in the Netherlands found that replacing breakfast with compound nutritional formula powder with equal energy and low glycemic index can reduce the area under the postprandial blood glucose curve, but it has no obvious improvement on fasting blood glucose, HbA 1c, blood lipid and glucose tolerance.
probiotics
Intestinal flora is called the "second genome" of human body, which has a large number of bacteria with group basis, and its distribution balance is particularly important for human health. Some common diseases, including diabetes, asthma, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity and low immunity, have been found to be closely related to the imbalance of bacterial distribution. Probiotics is a microbial additive, which has beneficial effects on the host by improving the balance of intestinal microorganisms. They have many physiological effects on the body that other normal physiological flora can't match. Probiotics used at home and abroad are mainly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Probiotics, as an environmental factor, may affect the occurrence and development of diabetes, and there are many related studies in recent years.
A study in Sweden found that the metagenome of fecal bacteria in diabetic patients is different from that in normal people. Hu metal aluminum. Meta-analysis was made on domestic 12 randomized controlled studies (770 subjects), and the following conclusions were drawn: probiotics supplementation can improve fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance evaluated by steady-state model, total cholesterol, triglycerides (probiotics supplementation is required for more than 8 weeks) and HDL-C, but it has no obvious improvement on HbA 1c and quantitative insulin sensitivity index.
These benefits may be related to probiotics regulating intestinal microecological balance, inhibiting the invasion of inflammatory pathogens, regulating immune system function, building intestinal barrier and reducing oxidative stress. Some probiotics can reduce blood sugar level to some extent. Therefore, in the future nutritional treatment of diabetes, related probiotic products are also worth discussing.