Man is the active subject of consciousness and the existence of practice. Through social practice, human beings constantly understand and transform the world and create various conditions to realize their all-round free development. As one of human practical activities, media should also reflect the real existence of human beings. As an idea, media freedom refers to the actions taken by the media out of their own hearts without being forced or suppressed by external forces. The spirit of freedom is an important content of media ethics: "The essence of free publications is the application, rationality and moral nature of freedom." Liang Qichao once said: "Freedom of thought, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are only the mother of all civilizations, and all kinds of phenomena in modern times are their descendants."

The formation of the concept of media freedom is in line with human nature. Media freedom embodies the yearning and pursuit of media workers for freedom and marks the progress of social civilization. With the deepening of marketization, the value rationality and ethical responsibility inherent in the concept of freedom are gradually ignored by people, and instead, the tool value is gradually respected. In today's social transformation stage, driven by economic interests, the media has forgotten or even abandoned its own ethical and moral responsibilities, deviating from the real freedom of the media, and the topic of news ethics has thus been placed in front of us. Therefore, it is necessary for us to discuss this issue in depth, reaffirm the ethical implication of media freedom and rebuild real media freedom.

Second, the performance of media freedom anomie

Media freedom marks the acquisition of independent status of media subject. In view of this, any media should "serve all the people freely, equally, openly and fearlessly", but media organizations and workers should not infringe on the rights and interests of the reported people in the name of "freedom". At present, some media organizations and people are tempted, conquered and driven by economic interests, giving up the original intention of freedom. Media freedom no longer adheres to the original value orientation of freedom, and there is anomie.

1. Life values lead to deviation.

Under the guidance of market concept, media freedom has expanded rapidly, and its value orientation has also deviated. Unscrupulously pursue "entertainment" and "excitement", and pursue the so-called "fun" tendency of news events. The media with public opinion-oriented function should guide people to pay attention to and reflect on social practical problems, guide people to pursue truth, goodness and beauty, guide people to establish a correct attitude towards life, correct their purpose in life, actively explore the value of life, and make the media avoid kitsch and vulgarity in value orientation. Under the cloak of the concept of freedom, the media has become a "free" media, which can only satisfy the audience's sensory stimulation tools, lacking ideological connotation and aesthetic taste, and "truth, goodness and beauty" has degenerated from the peak of spiritual home to the enjoyment of visible sensory stimulation. Moreover, stimulating and fun information also directly affects the moral development of teenagers. Glenn sparks, a graduate student at Purdue University, also believes that TV violence makes social barriers possible, especially among children. Horace greeley once wrote an article criticizing the negative enlightening effect of media entertainment: "People's Daily is keen on lurking in society and igniting it with demonic desires, and they may not be accused of murder. However, they did commit a worse crime of making murderers. " Some media have gradually lost their moral judgment and sense of social responsibility, so they have been criticized by society. Some media do whatever they want under the banner of "the audience has this demand", and make a big fuss to attract the audience, attract attention, and improve attention and ratings, which is immoral. In this process, the media lost sympathy, responsibility and morality, which made people with conscience and moral responsibility very disgusted. In fact, "a professional organization, of course, takes public service as the trend." This kind of' service' cannot be a special organization based on its own interests, but it is not what its own' customers' want, but based on their needs. " Ethics requires the media to meet the reasonable needs of the audience, and must not cater to unreasonable needs, but also do a good job of criticism and guidance. Therefore, the media should be responsible to the people, and its educational function and public opinion-oriented function must not be ignored. For news organizations and practitioners, it should be remembered that the media profession is a real media profession with the most moral responsibility and professional ethics. In a society with a strong commercial atmosphere, media workers should not only have professional loyalty, but also improve their own quality, consciously strengthen the ethical concept of news, and deeply understand the significance of their ethical choices to society, others and audiences.

2. Privatization of media power

The free media is a two-way spokesman for public opinion and the government. It can speak to the government on behalf of public opinion. The dual identity of the media makes the media have a very large right to speak. Therefore, it needs effective supervision, otherwise it may become a corrupt power, which has been proved to be a fact. Some media organizations and practitioners regard the media as a tool for personal gain, so there are also rent-seeking activities with public discourse rights.

(1) Commercial advertisements are popular.

Since the mid-1980s, the media has been pushed to the market, so many media think that they are facing the dilemma of economic interests and social responsibilities. In the fierce market competition, it can be said that almost all media show business orientation in different degrees in their operation methods, which is human nature and understandable, but some media practices are debatable, such as the prevalence of commercial advertisements. Commercial advertising means that advertisers pay a certain fee to the media. In order to attract the public, or improve the visibility of their brands, or expand the influence of their brands, they rely on the media to attract as many consumers as possible to buy their products. It can be said that commercial advertisements are everywhere, and they are inserted in TV dramas and certain programs, especially in programs or works with high ratings. In commercial advertisements, advertisers have a great influence on programs in certain time periods. The display of commercial advertisements shows that the mass media has found a good buyer and successfully realized the economic cycle of making ends meet. Driven by economic interests, the media are willing to be kitsch or even fake for the huge advertising expenses. For example, some TV stations promoted a certain brand of slimming machine some time ago, and the slimming machine achieved slimming effect by removing excess fat. Later, experts confirmed that slimming machine is not only impossible, but also may cause physical harm to consumers.

(2) false news continues.

With the media gradually entering the market, paid news and even fake news came into being. At present, the main performance of paid news is that radio and TV stations will calculate time slots or newspapers and magazines into specific amounts according to industry standards and trade with individuals or organizations. It is inevitable for media workers to accept money from others, sing praises, write false reports, or threaten to extort money by revealing the truth that is unfavorable to others, and then blatantly reverse black and white after they succeed. False news, in form, is seriously inconsistent with the facts, fabricated out of nothing, and fabricated at will. In essence, it is a dirty transaction of money and power, and an exchange of media discourse rights and the interests of others. The serious lack of journalistic ethics of the media and its employees is no longer his personal problem. Due to the great influence of the media, it will have a wide range of adverse effects on society, others and audiences. In view of this, media workers should "turn off" ethics when spreading news information, so the training and education of "news ethics" of media practitioners has also entered the sight of people of insight and become an urgent problem to be solved at present.

Media organizations and their employees abuse their freedom rights and rent the right to speak, which greatly damages their own image, betrays the moral responsibility entrusted by the concept of freedom, invisibly infringes on the interests of the broad audience, and also brings negative effects to society. It should be said that this is a side effect of the free progress of the media. As we all know, the right to speak in the media comes from the people, and this laurel is given by the people. It is the people who concentrate their right to know and speak and give it to the media. In view of this, the media should have the social responsibility to speak with facts, abide by the principle of good faith, express public opinion and care about people's livelihood.

3. Lack of humanistic care

In the process of "humanistic care" returning to "audience-oriented", the news media slipped to the edge of kitsch. In the media's view, what matters is not the social reflection caused by people's psychological state, behavior situation and value orientation, but the event itself may bring something that can be hyped to improve the click-through rate or ratings or attention. Speculation and spoofing, some even go beyond the moral bottom line and touch on legal issues, which also increases people's dissatisfaction with the media. In excessive irrelevant hype and spoof, a considerable number of media have lost their due social conscience and due respect and concern for people. The media claims to promote humanistic care, but it always hurts many kind, helpless and victimized people intentionally or unintentionally. The media pay too much attention to and meet the needs of the public, but lack attention to the social vulnerable and marginalized groups, which to some extent intensifies the marginalization and weakness of the marginalized groups. Therefore, for the mass media, real humanistic care is not only based on the audience, but also aims at caring for the audience, especially the disadvantaged and marginalized groups in society. This is the natural connotation of the social responsibility of real media freedom.

Thirdly, the reconstruction of the concept of media freedom.

In fact, there are moral restrictions on media freedom. However, the media freedom in the real society has deviated from its original value, which has to attract people's great attention. In view of this, it is necessary to reconstruct the concept of media freedom.

1. objective principle

At any time, objectivity is the primary ethical principle that media organizations and workers adhere to, and it is also the life of the media. For the news media, objectivity means seeking truth from facts. Liang Qichao's article "Gentlemen in Our Industry" said: "Western philosophers have a saying:' Newspapermen are also books on modern history. "Therefore, it is necessary to have the spirit of historians to govern this industry. What is the spirit of a historian? Remember the past, be a teacher of the future, and guide the people to evolve. Therefore, historians must be in charge of the objective world, so must newspaper writers. Objectively report what the government and people have done recently and the phenomena from home and abroad; Compared with recent events and phenomena, we should abstract them, invent them to benefit the people, and report subjectively ... There are all kinds of irregularities in the embrace of subjectivity, but what should guide the people is called good history by historians and good report by the press. In today's society, the media deliberately distort or even conceal the facts from time to time, causing widespread dissatisfaction. Li Dazhao once said that news is a new and vivid description of social conditions. Therefore, in news reports, strictly speaking, both media organizations and media practitioners should have the spirit of seeking truth from facts. In recent years, the "Top Ten Fake News" has been appraised every year, which shows the seriousness of "fake". The existence of "false news" is not only a shame of the press, but also a shame of the whole society, which damages the basic value and credibility of news. Kieran, a famous person, said: "News is a very important value carrier. Assuming that journalists play their basic value in news reports, any event will become a work re-described by various terms. Therefore, it is meaningless to seek some kind of' reasonable revision' of news in order to overwhelm other media to ensure exclusive coverage. "From the perspective of media ethics, it requires workers to learn to discover and restore the truth. It can be seen that objectively and fairly reporting facts and paid false reports are incompatible in essence. However, the persistence of this principle depends on the moral choice of media organizations and media workers. Therefore, the moral responsibility of media organizations and workers is becoming more and more important.

2. Principle of justice

"Righteousness" is a compound word, a combination of "integrity" and "loyalty". "Righteousness" is the eternal orthodox thought of China culture and the essence of Chinese national spirit. A long-standing cultural tradition in China holds that honesty is a must and loyalty is a festival that people must observe. Justice is the basic category of ethics, and justice is relatively evil. The objective standard of justice mainly lies in whether its behavior meets the requirements of social development and the interests of the broad masses of the people. Justice is brighter than the sun. Whether justice and fairness can be upheld is the key to media support and another principle of the media. The media should be a tool to represent the public opinion of the overwhelming majority of the people. Marx said: "The people's trust is the condition for the survival of newspapers and periodicals. Without this condition, newspapers and periodicals will be completely depressed. " In my opinion, exposing the responsibility of swindling and cheating is the primary responsibility of newspapers and periodicals. The media should play its own "scalpel" function, dissect social scars bravely from time to time, defend social justice, maintain a good social order, and do its part for human beings to pursue harmony and happiness and build a harmonious society.

3. Benevolence principle

Confucius first advocated "the benevolent loves others", and Mencius inherited and carried forward this idea of Confucius, holding that "everyone has a heart for others" and emphasizing that compassion is a virtue and character that people in a normal society should possess. Of course, for media organizations and their practitioners, this is their moral code of conduct. The media pursues freedom, but it also has boundaries. No media organization can infringe on the rights and interests of the reported person in the name of "freedom". For example, we should also show mercy to public figures, give them some private space, master the principle of moderation, and don't invade privacy. The daughter of a celebrity couple was born with cleft lip and palate, and some bad media rushed to buy photos of the girl at high prices. Some websites even use photos of other baby girls with the same disease to improve their click-through rate. This kind of behavior of the media has no sympathy and goodwill, which deeply hurts parents' hearts. For another example, when reporting on some socially disadvantaged groups, we should protect their privacy and safeguard their dignity. In the name of freedom, we should not ignore the self-esteem of the reported person, infringe on the interests of the reported person, or insinuate. For example, a reporter interviewed a reporter and promised that the interviewee would not disclose any information. But after the interview was published in the newspaper, the name and address of the interviewee were readily available. As a result, in order to escape revenge, the interviewee had to leave his hometown, and the family lived a life of separation and integration. The original intention of the media is to expose illegality and darkness and protect the weak, but it backfires and hurts the reported people. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out moral education for some media organizations and employees, and cultivate the media's benevolent government thought through external enlightenment and self-moral consciousness and cultivation.

4. The principle of good faith

"Honesty" is an excellent tradition of the Chinese nation. The ancients attached great importance to honesty, regarded honesty as their own life, and believed that honesty was the foundation of a person, a person and a country. At the age of 96, our teacher Gu Yuxiu sent a message to Zhu Rongji at the Washington Hotel in the United States: "The wise are not confused, the brave are fearless, sincere and trustworthy, and the benevolent are invincible." See Zi Han's three sentences in the Analects of Confucius: "The knower is not confused, the benevolent is not worried, and the brave is not afraid"; The Analects of Confucius asked: "The benevolent does not worry, the knowledgeable does not doubt, and the brave does not fear." Gu Lao's flexible use of the Analects of Confucius, coupled with this sentence, shows that the sages value "sincerity" and place their hopes on future generations. Honesty is a very important moral principle. For the media, honesty is the foundation of the media. Without honesty, there is no media ethics. Honesty and trustworthiness is not only the need of social progress, but also one of the prerequisites for the healthy development of society. At present, many media have reports that deviate from the principle of good faith, or news events that deliberately exaggerate or shrink or conceal or distort the facts, or examples that inadvertently lead to reports that are quite different from the facts, and even interviews with people who are taken out of context and catch shadows. Honesty, as the ethics and professional norms of media workers, has the following requirements: First, we should spread the true news facts to the public in the spirit of honesty and face the people and things being interviewed in an honest manner. Some interviewees, out of their trust and admiration for the media, provided information to the media, but asked not to report it, but the media people continued to report regardless of their feelings, which deeply hurt the interviewees; The second is to present the high-quality plot content and noble spiritual products that the audience likes with the quality of honesty, so as to gain the recognition of the audience and enhance value of the image; Third, the media creating spiritual products and the audience as consumers need to establish a highly honest contractual relationship. Of course, it is undeniable that the media has played a great role in exposing the truth. Some media workers risk their lives in order to get first-hand news materials. For example, many reports of mine accidents are also known to the public through the real reports of media workers. This kind of report not only embodies the professional ethics of media practitioners, but also embodies their principle of good faith, which is conducive to social progress and political civilization construction.

In short, there are many media workers with lofty moral sentiments in reality, but in the face of constant economic temptation, the original firm defense line of moral belief is gradually washed away. Therefore, the four principles of objectivity, fairness, kindness and honesty are sometimes not enough as the individual self-discipline of media practitioners. There must be a perfect industry system and corresponding laws and regulations to play a mandatory role. Therefore, when the power of virtue cannot play a role in dealing with the free deterioration of the media, industry regulations, laws and regulations have a real normative role.

Four. conclusion

Sound moral personality and high-level moral cultivation are the minimum entry qualifications for a media practitioner. Pulitzer wrote in the North American Review of 1904 that journalists should have lofty ideals, have the mission of meeting the urgent needs of the public without hesitation, have an accurate understanding of the problems they are exposed to and the most sincere sense of moral responsibility, aim at benefiting the public, and should not succumb to commercial interests or any personal power. Professor Hu of Shantou University spoke highly of it: "The argument of this paper is based on the social function of the newspaper industry and emphasizes the social responsibility of journalists, which is regarded as the cornerstone of news ethics." It highlights the social responsibility in the ethics of media freedom and emphasizes the moral responsibility of the media to society.

Media workers should exercise the "right of communication" given by the party and the people and give full play to their magnifying role. Media workers should constantly improve their cultural taste, spiritual sentiment and moral cultivation, which is the foundation of expanding their influence and the final recognition of the audience. Media freedom is its legal right, but the media should also pay attention to whether freedom infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of others, which is a question that the media should ponder deeply when pursuing so-called freedom. Therefore, the media should have a correct social orientation for themselves, that is, the freedom of the media that is objective, fair, kind, honest and brave in taking social responsibility is the freedom that the media really pursues.