Abstract: The elderly are the "main force" of urban physical exercise in China, which plays a decisive role in "forming a relatively perfect national fitness system". In this paper, the physical fitness activities of the elderly in Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin, Changsha, Hangzhou and other cities 16 were investigated, aiming at comprehensively understanding the present situation and internal laws of the physical fitness activities of the elderly in cities in China, correctly predicting the development trend of the physical fitness activities of the elderly in cities at the beginning of 2 1 century, better popularizing and carrying out physical and mental sports activities suitable for the elderly in cities, and promoting the healthy and scientific development of physical fitness activities of the elderly in China.
Keywords: city; Old age; Physical quality; Current situation; development trends
The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, which greatly inspired the people of all ethnic groups in China. Building a well-off society in an all-round way is a complete system. A well-off society includes both the improvement of material life and the enrichment of spiritual life, and sports is one of its important symbols. For the first time, the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put "the health quality of the whole nation has been significantly improved" and "a relatively perfect national fitness system has been formed" into the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, emphasizing "actively promoting the reform and development of health sports, launching national fitness campaigns and improving the health level of the whole people".
The elderly have always been the "main force" of urban physical exercise in China, and play a decisive role in "forming a relatively complete national fitness system". According to the fifth census of China, the number of elderly people over 60 is 1.37 billion, accounting for more than 10% of the total population, and they are beginning to enter an "aging" country. Some developed areas such as Beijing and Shanghai have entered aging cities, and the elderly population (over 65 years old) has accounted for more than 10%. Old people have nostalgia for health and a sense of urgency for longevity. Old people have more leisure time, so they pay special attention to the maintenance of their own physique, and choose to participate in fitness and physical rehabilitation according to their physical condition and disease condition, so as to improve their physiological and biochemical functions, adjust their emotions and enjoy themselves. The elderly can maintain a good physical and mental state peacefully, improve and improve their quality of life, and greet the "second spring of life" with confidence.
Therefore, we should pay full attention to and care about a series of problems such as the physique, health and longevity of the elderly, correctly predict and guide the present situation and development trend of physical fitness activities for the elderly, take practical countermeasures, and carry out physical fitness activities more widely, so as to make physical fitness for the elderly become the driving force for liberating and developing social vitality, create a second spring for the elderly, realize the goal of "living a long and healthy life, being active and enjoying the old age" and "form a relatively complete national fitness system"
1 research methods and results
We visited Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Shijiazhuang, Guangzhou, Changsha, Jinan, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi, Hohhot, Urumqi and other cities 16, and nearly 10,000 elderly people over 60 participated in physical fitness activities. At random, a detailed questionnaire survey was conducted on 155 1 elderly people who participated in physical fitness activities. Their average age is (68.43 5.97) years, of which 83 1 person is (68.92 6.05) years and 720 women are (67.85 5.83) years. The average years of participating in physical fitness activities are (8.16 7.64) years, and the average annual physical exercise time is over 300 hours. And all the data are statistically processed and made into table 1 and table 2. On this basis, we should fully understand the present situation and inherent laws of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities in China, correctly predict the development trend of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities at the beginning of 2/kloc-0 century, better popularize and carry out physical and mental sports activities suitable for the elderly in cities, and promote the healthy and scientific development of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities in China.
Note: Comprehensive selection includes the first, second and third choices.
2 Analysis and discussion
2. 1 The population of urban elderly sports and fitness activities has exceeded 50 million, and there are nearly 30,000 elderly sports and fitness organizations at all levels.
At present, there are17.68 million urban elderly people engaged in physical fitness activities, accounting for 44.55% of the 39.68 million urban elderly population. It is estimated that by 2020, the urban elderly population engaged in physical fitness activities will exceed 50 million, accounting for 45.00% of the national1.1500 million urban elderly population. The organization of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities is becoming more and more perfect. According to the sampling survey of this project, at present, 3740 communities (streets) in China have established various physical fitness activities for the elderly, accounting for 68% of urban communities (streets). All kinds of sports organizations at all levels provide conditions for the elderly to participate in sports activities, but there is a big gap in the number, conditions and implementation of sports organizations for the elderly in cities. It is estimated that by 2020, more than 85% of the communities (streets) in all cities in China will establish nearly 30,000 organizations for elderly sports and fitness activities at all levels, and gradually form a unified organization network under the leadership of China Association for Elderly Sports and Fitness Activities. Suggestions: Governments at all levels and relevant departments should attach importance to the establishment and improvement of sports associations for the elderly in cities, set up sports fitness centers for the elderly with communities as natural units, carry out sports consultation and health care services, attract and organize more elderly people to participate in sports fitness activities, promote the popularization and improvement of sports fitness activities for the elderly, and meet the growing needs of the elderly population.
2.2 Urban elderly people's physical fitness activities widely meet the needs of physical and mental health.
At present, the contents of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities in China can be classified into 10 categories 100, among which12 million elderly people participate in Tai Ji Chuan, health care, qigong and running, and dance, ball games, chess, gymnastics, water ice and other fitness and entertainment activities are also very popular. There are as many as three activities per capita, and the average annual physical exercise time reaches 300 hours. Many old people have laid a solid foundation for physical education since they were teenagers. Among them, 27.08% people insist on physical exercise 10 years or more, and 77.47% elderly people can insist on physical exercise. In the old age, the degree and speed of the decline of human organs and system functions are different, and most of the elderly suffer from different diseases (a survey in Beijing shows that 74% of the elderly suffer from chronic diseases), so the elderly show strong purpose and pertinence in physical exercise. 64.45% of the elderly are for fitness and 27.86% for physical therapy. 7.69% of the elderly are trying to make friends or kill time. It is worth noting that 28.26% of the elderly people only joined the ranks of physical exercise after suffering from different diseases. It is predicted that, by 2020, Tai Ji Chuan, health and body-building exercises with "movement" as the main body and Qigong with "quietness" as the main body will become the main components of the elderly's fitness activities in characteristic cities of China.
2.3 The physical fitness activities of the elderly in cities tend to be large-scale, entertaining and rationalized.
The participation of the elderly in physical exercise has seasonal and regional characteristics. Generally, there are more people who take part in exercise in spring and autumn, and the content is more colorful. The content of exercise also has obvious regional characteristics. For example, health care and qigong are very popular in northern China. In Beijing alone, as many as100000 elderly people participated in the "rejuvenation medical exercise". Northeast China is keen on dance sports such as "Yangko" and "disco for the elderly". In Harbin alone, there are more than 100 One Happy and Fifth dance tutoring stations for the elderly, with 50,000 participants. Old people in South China like badminton, table tennis and other small ball fitness activities; The elderly in East China prefer the ancient and traditional Tai Ji Chuan-style fitness activities; Physical fitness activities with ethnic characteristics are common among the urban elderly in northwest and southwest China. It is predicted that by 2020, the form of physical fitness activities for the elderly in China will tend to be large (spontaneously organizing hundreds or thousands of people to exercise in the same venue), and the exercise content will tend to be entertaining and diversified (physical exercise and psychological adjustment, local sports and modern sports, traditional culture and foreign culture, etc.). ), and the exercise mode will tend to a reasonable and scientific biological rhythm (regular, fixed-point quantitative community sports activities are mainly carried out in the morning exercise or evening). Suggestion: Creating and popularizing sports health care activities with flexible movements, brisk pace and soft range can not only exercise bones and muscles, but also regulate emotions, soothe the soul and make people feel happy, so as to adapt better.
The physical and mental characteristics of the elderly can meet the physical and mental needs of the elderly to the greatest extent, which is conducive to the elderly to obtain the best physical and mental exercise effect.
2.4 The economic and social benefits of urban elderly physical fitness activities have been significantly improved.
With the increase of age, the self-care ability of the elderly will obviously decline, but the two-week prevalence rate (the statistical data of various diseases and injuries suffered by the elderly in the two weeks before the survey) is higher than that of the total population. According to the survey conducted by China Aging Science Research Center in the early 1990s, the two-week prevalence rate of the elderly in China is 18.7% in cities and 1 1.4% in rural areas. The rate of bedridden due to illness increases with age, which is about 3% ~ 5%. The average annual medical expenses of the elderly are about 425 yuan. Scientific physical exercise can not only improve the physical and mental health of the elderly, but also greatly reduce medical expenses. Changsha Sports Association for the Aged organized 100 elderly patients to participate in physical fitness activities for two years systematically, and the medical expenses decreased from the average monthly 1364 yuan before physical fitness activities to 332 yuan, a decrease of 75.6%. At the same time, the burgeoning physical fitness activities for the elderly have become an important part of mass sports in China. Not only the number of elderly people participating in physical exercise is increasing, but also there is a sports craze in which the elderly bring their families to promote society, which accelerates the process of sports socialization in China, especially setting an example for the majority of young people to actively participate in national fitness activities. Some old people's fitness activities with China characteristics are welcomed by the old people all over the world, such as Tai Ji Chuan and Qigong, which have improved the reputation of China's old people's fitness activities on the international sports stage. It is predicted that by 2020, the vigorous development of physical fitness activities for the elderly will not only enhance the physique of the elderly, but also promote the younger generation to actively participate in physical exercise. It is not only beneficial to the cultivation of China people's physical exercise ability, but also can strengthen the effect of the first, second and third level health care in the whole society. It can not only carry forward the traditional national fitness activities, but also improve the status of China's elderly fitness activities in the international sports arena.
2.5 Physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities will rank among the advanced in the world.
Over the years, China has attached importance to the macro-control of physical fitness activities for the elderly, and created dozens of sets of health exercises and medical exercises suitable for physical fitness activities for the elderly. For example, Taiji Chuanjian Series, Guided Body-building Exercise, Eighteen Exercises, Rejuvenation Medical Exercise, Wuqinxie Music, Mulan Fitness Series, etc. It has promoted the popularization and improvement of physical fitness activities for the elderly. Especially in recent years, China's old people's physical fitness activities have entered the stage of international exchange, and they have established contact with the World Old People's Long-distance Running Association. Some city long-distance running teams and gateball teams have visited and competed in the United States, Japan, Britain and other places. Through these activities, the level of physical fitness activities of the elderly in China has been improved, and the links with international cities have been strengthened, so that the physical fitness activities of the elderly in China have been continuously developed to a new breadth and depth. It is estimated that by 2020, the cities of China.
The scale and level of sports activities for the elderly in the city will enter the advanced ranks in the world. Suggestions: Relevant departments should immediately study the popularization and improvement of physical fitness activities for the elderly with great development potential, as well as the specific matters of external publicity and promotion of physical fitness activities with national traditional characteristics, so as to meet the needs of China's urban physical fitness activities for the elderly to go global in an all-round way.
2.6 The management and scientific research of urban elderly physical fitness activities tend to be standardized and systematic.
Influenced by many factors, the leisure life of the elderly in contemporary China is monotonous, which shows that the elderly lack social support. Physical fitness activities for the elderly have played an important role in enriching their leisure life and improving their social support. However, the physical fitness activities of the elderly are different from competitive sports and school sports, and have their unique functions and the nature of the tertiary industry. At present, there are few professionals engaged in the management of physical fitness activities for the elderly in China, and it is difficult for the management of physical fitness activities for the elderly at all levels in various localities to adapt to the needs and development of physical fitness activities for the elderly with the help of the aging offices or trade unions of various units. At the same time, the research on physical fitness activities of the elderly at home and abroad is still in the spontaneous stage, and the team and system have not yet formed. It is suggested to train professionals in the management and scientific research of physical fitness activities for the elderly in a planned and step-by-step manner, so as to promote the improvement of the management and scientific research level of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities in China at the beginning of the 2/kloc-0 century and obtain the best economic and social benefits of physical fitness activities for the elderly. Physical fitness activities of the elderly are an indispensable part of their social life. Physical fitness activities for the elderly can not only strengthen the body, prolong life, cultivate Zhi Tao's sentiment and promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, which has important social benefits, but also open up the consumer market for physical fitness activities for the elderly, save medical expenses and improve the quality of old-age care, which has remarkable economic benefits.
3 Conclusions and suggestions
Physical fitness activities for the elderly play a great role in helping the elderly make full use of their leisure time. Various forms of physical fitness activities for the elderly enrich the spiritual life of the elderly, which can not only help the elderly to fully eliminate their loneliness, but also guide them to establish new social relations and enhance social interaction. China has established tens of thousands of organizations, activity centers and other types of physical fitness facilities for the elderly to meet the recreational needs of hundreds of millions of elderly people in terms of physical and mental health, so that they can better participate in society and improve their quality of life.
At present, the scale and development speed of physical fitness activities for the elderly in China are still in the primary stage, which cannot meet the growing needs of the elderly. We must try our best to change this situation. Therefore, we should pay full attention to and care about a series of problems such as the life and health of the elderly, correctly predict the development trend of physical fitness activities for the elderly in cities at the beginning of the 2 1 century, and adopt practical policies and specific measures, which will help the elderly to keep fit, delay aging, prolong their working years and prolong their life, and give full play to their role in stabilizing society, developing economy, educating future generations and building the four modernizations. And make them gradually transition from a tense working environment to a colorful retirement life, and better spend their happy old age.