Antioxidant is any substance that can effectively inhibit the free radical oxidation reaction at low concentration. Its mechanism of action can be directly acting on free radicals or indirectly consuming substances that are easy to produce free radicals to prevent further reactions. When the human body inevitably produces free radicals, it also naturally produces antioxidant substances that resist free radicals to offset the oxidative attack of free radicals on human cells. Studies have proved that the human antioxidant system is a perfect and complex system comparable to the immune system. The stronger the antioxidant capacity of the body, the healthier it is and the longer its life span.
Antioxidants in the human body are synthesized by themselves and supplied by food. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants play an important role in protecting the peroxide damage caused by exercise. Supplementing plant active selenium to enhance antioxidation is beneficial to reduce the generation of free radicals in exercise or accelerate the elimination of free radicals to counter the side effects of free radicals, so it is beneficial to the health of ordinary people and athletes, which may delay the occurrence of exercise fatigue and accelerate the recovery of physical fitness. Older physical exercisers take antioxidants better than young people.
Basic introduction Chinese name: antioxidant English name: Anti-oxidator, alias: definition of antioxidant free radical: abbreviation of antioxidant free radical, importance, antioxidant substances, skin care products, food, mangosteen, tomato, grape, salmon, nuts, broccoli, blueberry, garlic, spinach, oats, green tea, seaweed, grapefruit, medlar, hawthorn, red wine, carrot. Natural mature honey, cherry, pomegranate, cucumber, lemon, evaluation method, ORAC, other evaluation methods, free radical people need to keep breathing to get oxygen, which is necessary for human body to carry out various oxidation reactions. However, when the human body uses oxygen for some metabolic reactions, it will inevitably produce some unstable substances. These unstable substances are the "transformation" of oxygen. Their personalities are very lively, they don't like to stay where they are, and even like to attack others. Because they don't like being bound, they are called free radicals. The unrestrained personality of free radicals is a headache, but sometimes the human body needs to use the activity of free radicals to destroy some microorganisms or abnormal cells that invade the human body. Therefore, lively free radicals also have their lovely side. When the concentration of free radicals in the human body is not very high, the human body has its own perfect system to remove these free radicals, which is called antioxidant system. Unfortunately, the space and form of life will greatly increase the concentration of free radicals in the body, such as smoking, air pollution, water pollution, radiation (X-rays, ultraviolet rays), pesticides, heavy life pressure and excessive exercise will all increase the concentration of free radicals. The greater the oxidation pressure, the higher the concentration of free radicals in the body. At this time, the antioxidant system in the body will face the crisis of underutilization. Generally speaking, the sources of free radicals are as follows: 1. Smoking (secondhand smoke) and alcoholism (each cigarette will produce10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 free radicals). 2. Radiation, ultraviolet rays, electromagnetic waves, sunlight exposure, or radiotherapy for cancer patients will all produce free radicals. 3. Environmental pollution, including air pollution, drinking water pollution, industrial wastewater pollution, soil pollution, etc. 4 chemical drug abuse, such as the abuse of food additives, pesticides, fruit and vegetable pollution, drugs, therapeutic drugs, etc. (especially an untested prescription). 5. Mental state and emotional problems, such as stress, impatience, anxiety, depression and tension, can also produce free radicals. 6. Modern urbanites are under great pressure, living in a poor environment, full of all kinds of pollution, and their bodies are flooded with free radicals. If they are not controlled, they may be mercilessly attacked by billions of free radicals every day. Importance More and more studies show that anti-oxidation is an important step to prevent aging, because free radicals or oxidants can decompose cells and tissues, affect metabolic function and cause different health problems. If excessive oxidative free radicals can be eliminated, many diseases related to aging caused by free radicals can be prevented. Such as common cancers, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, cataracts, cardiovascular diseases, senile dementia, arthritis and the like. These diseases are thought to be related to free radicals. Antioxidant fruits should absorb enough antioxidants, delay the degradation of the body, prevent skin aging, and always maintain a young spirit. Antioxidants can be found in natural diet. They are called vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene. Astaxanthin is known as the king of antioxidant in nature, and its antioxidant capacity is 6000 times that of vitamin C, 1000 times that of vitamin E and1000 times that of β-carotene. They can use their own structural characteristics to stabilize the surplus electrons of free radicals and prevent cell aging. But in busy cities, you can also choose natural nutritional supplements to get enough antioxidants. Mangosteen, green tea, carrot, pomegranate, etc. It has the functions of strengthening the body's antioxidant defense system, protecting cells from free radicals and promoting metabolism. Antioxidant (1) Natural astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant, known as the king of anti-aging, and its ability to scavenge free radicals is 6000 times that of vitamin C; It is 1000 times of vitamin e; 100 times the efficacy of β-carotene; The efficacy is 20 times that of selenium; 700 times the efficacy of anthocyanins; 320 times the efficacy of tea polyphenols; 10 times the efficacy of lycopene; 800 times of coenzyme Q 10; 240 times the efficacy of grape seed extract; 200 times the efficacy of carotene (lutein); 3,000 times that of resveratrol. (2) Vitamin C: Also known as ascorbic acid, it is an acidic polyhydroxy compound with six carbon atoms. Lack of vitamin C will greatly reduce endurance sports ability. Vitamin C supplementation can significantly reduce the oxidative stress caused by exercise. The safe dose of vitamin C supplementation is 0.5 ~ 3.0g/ day. The recommended daily dose of vitamin C is 0.5 ~ 2.0g. (3): Vitamin E: Vitamin E is an important antioxidant and membrane stabilizer in cell membrane. Vitamin E plays an important role in maintaining the normal mechanism and metabolism of muscle tissue, especially in energy supply and calcium ion intake and release during muscle contraction. Vitamin E supplementation (400 ~1,600 international units/day) can reduce the damage of vitamin E to the body caused by the increase of free radicals caused by high-intensity exercise or other conditions. Vitamin e supplementation can prevent the decline of exercise ability at altitude. Therefore, it is considered that vitamin E supplementation for athletes trained at high altitude is beneficial to the improvement of sports performance. The recommended daily dose of (d-α- tocopherol) vitamin E is 400 ~ 800 international units. (4) Carotene: Beta-carotene is the precursor of vitamin A and has the function of scavenging free radicals, so beta-carotene has a protective effect on oxidative stress during exercise. The recommended amount of β -carotene supplement is 25000- 100000 international units per day. (5) Plant active selenium: Selenium is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase, a component of human antioxidant system. Appropriate selenium supplementation can improve the activity of glutathione peroxidase, thus improving the antioxidant capacity of the body. It has been reported that daily selenium 100 ~ 150 micrograms can reduce lipid peroxidation in the body, suggesting that selenium supplementation may be beneficial to endurance athletes. The recommended dose of selenium supplement is 100 ~ 250 micrograms per day. (6) Anthocyanin: Anthocyanin belongs to bioflavonoids, and the main physiological activities of flavonoids are free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant ability. (7) Tea polyphenols: Tea polyphenols are all-natural antioxidant foods extracted from tea, which have the characteristics of strong antioxidant capacity, no toxic side effects and no odor. The antioxidant effect of tea polyphenols can eliminate active oxygen, and then inhibit the consumption of vitamin C, so it can keep the skin delicate and fair. (8) Coenzyme Q 10: Coenzyme Q 10 is an essential component of all cells that use oxygen in the body. Because it is an electron transporter of oxidative phosphorylation respiratory chain in the process of material oxidation to produce energy, the demand for energy during exercise is greatly increased, so coenzyme Q 10 can reduce the production of free radicals in human heart and muscle. For people who want to keep healthy, the recommended dose of coenzyme Q is 30 mg per day. If it is used to treat various diseases, the dosage used will be higher than this dosage. (9) Grape seed extract: Grape seed extract has a certain antioxidant effect and can also be anticoagulant. Therefore, the National Center for Supplementary and Comprehensive Health of the United States recommends that patients with hematological diseases, patients taking anticoagulants and patients about to undergo surgery should not take grape seed extract. (10) lutein. Pistachio nuts are rich in lutein. Lutein also has a strong antioxidant effect. In addition, lutein can also fight macular degeneration. (1 1) resveratrol. Resveratrol is also one of the famous natural antioxidants, which can scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. In addition to protecting the cardiovascular system, resveratrol has many functions such as improving immunity, anticancer, antiviral and anti-aging. Composition analysis of antioxidant cosmetics in skin care products: tocopherol acetate: a derivative of vitamin E, which is often used as an antioxidant in cosmetics, has a good effect and is extremely safe, so it is widely used. Grape polyphenol: a compound molecule composed of various components in grape stems, seeds and skins. In addition to a large amount of grape polyphenols in grapes, this component also exists in the shells of small blueberries, cranberries, cherries, black tea, green tea, lemons and barley, but the content is the highest in grapes, and the content of grape seeds ranks first in grapes. The main principle of grape polyphenols is to fight against free radicals, which can combine with free radicals and make them lose the ability to attack cells in the body. Coenzyme Q 10: It has antioxidant function in human body, can scavenge free radicals and maintain the integrity and stability of cell membrane. Taking auxiliary enzyme Q 10 alone or together with vitamin E will produce powerful antioxidants. In addition, it plays an important role in the process of strengthening the body's energy production, which can strengthen the heart function and relieve hypoxia. It is also often used in health care products. Astaxanthin: Also called astaxanthin, it is a carotenoid. In nature, astaxanthin is produced by algae, bacteria and phytoplankton. By eating these algae and plankton, some fish, shrimp and crabs will store this pigment in their shells, so their surfaces will appear red. The antioxidant capacity of astaxanthin is very good, which is 6000 times that of vitamin C; It is 1000 times of vitamin e; 100 times the efficacy of β-carotene; 700 times the efficacy of anthocyanins; 320 times the efficacy of tea polyphenols; 10 times the efficacy of lycopene; 800 times of coenzyme Q 10; 240 times that of red wine polyphenols; 200 times the efficacy of carotene (lutein); Edible Mangosteen Mangosteen, also known as Mangji persimmon, Fengguo and Daobarnyard grass, belongs to Garcinia of Garciniaceae and has the reputation of tropical "fruit queen". In Southeast Asia, mangosteen peel is used as a traditional medicine in Thailand to treat abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, infectious trauma, suppuration, chronic ulcer, gonorrhea, leukemia and sepsis, and it also has obvious antiallergic and antiasthmatic activities. Xanthone is the main active substance in mangosteen, which is rich in mangosteen peel and shell. Researchers have identified and isolated about 40 xanthones from mangosteen peel, such as α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin and so on. These xanthones usually have anticonvulsant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant and diuretic activities, and are used to help alleviate gastrointestinal diseases, skin diseases, inflammation, infectious diseases and lower cholesterol levels. The antioxidant properties of xanthone are also reflected in its chemical prevention of cancer. The results showed that natural α -mangostin induced by 7,7 12- xylene (α-) anthracene could inhibit the early pathological changes of mammary organs in experimental rats. Natural α -mangostin showed strong chemopreventive effect in biological identification of short-term colon cancer; Six xanthone compounds isolated from mangosteen peel have inhibitory effects on human leukemia cell HL60, of which 65438 00μ mol of α-mangosteen completely inhibits HL60 by inducing programmed cell death. Tomato is rich in lycopene and has antioxidant function. In addition, how should tomatoes be eaten to be more effective against oxidation? That's cooked food. Although the vitamin C in cooked or processed tomatoes (tomato sauce, tomato juice, canned tomatoes) will be destroyed, the lycopene content can be increased several times, and the antioxidant function is stronger. Anthocyanin in grape seeds has 20 times antioxidant capacity, and vitamin E is 50 times that of red wine brewed from grapes. The antioxidant capacity is improved through fermentation. Therefore, while eating grapes, drinking some red wine in moderation can achieve the purpose of anti-oxidation. Delicious salmon contains super omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, so it has strong antioxidant effect. Of course, wild salmon is definitely more powerful than farmed salmon. Salmon nuts are nuts rich in vitamin E (cashews, walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, etc. ) not only has antioxidant function, but also can repair skin tissue. However, due to the high oil content of nuts, if they are consumed in excess, they will not only gain weight, but also the oxidation reaction caused by high oil will destroy the antioxidant effect of vitamin E. Therefore, nutritionists advise people to eat these foods in moderation, otherwise they will go too far. Besides being rich in vitamins A and C, cauliflower also contains a unique antioxidant, which contains almost all antioxidants. Therefore, its antioxidant performance is superior to other foods, and it is also an anti-cancer star. Blueberries and berries are rich in β -carotene and vitamin C, which are the most recognized substances in the medical field, so you should vomit small and beautiful strawberries, blueberries and cranberries. In addition, it contains potassium and water-soluble fiber, which can also reduce the concentration of cholesterol in blood and reduce the risk of hypertension. Don't stay away from garlic because you are afraid of its taste. Not only has antioxidant effect, but also promotes blood circulation and accelerates metabolism, which can help detoxify and lose weight! The sulfide contained in it has antioxidant and lowering effects, which can not only effectively lower cholesterol in the body, but also prevent hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. If you really have no feelings for garlic, you might as well eat some garlic seedlings, garlic leaves and garlic oil. Also remember, if you drink a glass of milk after eating garlic, the unpleasant smell of garlic will disappear within half an hour. Try it if you don't believe me. Spinach Spinach is rich in beta-carotene and vitamin C, so it is also among the top ten antioxidant foods. A large number of antioxidants in spinach can not only activate brain function, but also enhance youthful vitality, which helps to prevent brain aging and prevent Alzheimer's disease. Oats are rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin and thiamine. Oat is the only one among the top ten antioxidant foods in whole grains. Proper intake of oats every day can accelerate human metabolism, amino acid synthesis and cell renewal. Green tea Green tea contains tea polyphenols. The antioxidant effect of polyphenols can remove active oxygen, and then inhibit the consumption of vitamin C, so it can remove free radicals in the body, and also has the functions of removing oil, relieving boredom and refreshing breath. Patrick Holford, a green tea seaweed nutrition expert, said: "Seaweed and green vegetables are rich in chlorophyll, which can enhance the production of red blood cells in the blood." In addition, seaweed is rich in various enzymes, minerals and vitamins, which not only has a strong antioxidant effect, but also has the function of removing human excreta. Holford of Grapefruit said: "The bioflavonoids rich in grapefruit are powerful antioxidants, which can combine with toxic metal substances to drive these poisons out of the body. In addition, bioflavonoids also help to make vitamin C more stable in human tissues, thus helping to play an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer role. " The content of bioflavonoids in fruits is high, which is also helpful for human body to absorb. The most prominent component of Lycium barbarum is anthocyanin, which is a powerful antioxidant. It can prevent premature aging, enhance vascular elasticity, inhibit allergy and inflammation, and improve joint flexibility. Flavonoids, vitamin C and carotene contained in hawthorn can block and reduce the production of free radicals, enhance the body's immunity, and have anti-aging and anti-cancer effects. Proanthocyanidins and resveratrol contained in red wine grapes are powerful antioxidants, which can resist aging and scavenge free radicals in the body. Grapes should be eaten with belt seeds as much as possible, because many nutrients of grapes exist in skins and seeds. Carrots and carrots can not only enhance human immunity, but also have anti-cancer effects. They are also rich in carotene, which can remove singlet oxygen and free radicals that lead to aging, slow down the process of human aging and prevent skin aging. Soybean contains isoflavone, which is a natural antioxidant and has the function of weak estrogen. Drinking soybean milk often can obviously weaken the menopausal symptoms of women, and also has the functions of preventing cancer and Alzheimer's disease. It has a good beauty beauty effect on women. After a busy day, Indians usually like to sit down and drink a cup of warm ginger tea. The method is simple. Add ginger slices into boiling water, and add natural mature honey when the tea temperature is suitable. Ginger tea has many anti-aging effects. Naturally mature honey has natural antibacterial properties, which helps to reduce skin inflammation; Ginger is rich in antioxidant gingerol (also known as gingerol or gingerol), which can prevent collagen from decomposing, thus helping to keep skin moist and full. Natural and mature honey can be used once every morning and evening. Dark natural ripe honey contains different concentrations of polyphenols (strong antioxidants). Polyphenols are antioxidants and are thought to reduce the incidence of heart disease and cancer. Research conducted by the University of California, Davis shows that natural mature honey is a healthy food, which contains an amazing amount of antioxidants. It can eliminate the garbage in the body-oxygen free radicals, which is helpful to improve the level of healthy antioxidants in the human body, thus eliminating the generation of free radicals in the body, and has the functions of anti-cancer and anti-aging. Natural and mature honey can promote ruddy, delicate and shiny skin. Dr. Heidrun Grosin, a researcher at Davis University in California, recently announced the results of this research conducted by her and her colleagues at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in California. She said that in the study of 25 volunteers, they found that naturally ripe honey can improve the antioxidant level in the human body. Cherry is a beauty fruit since ancient times. Cherry juice is the favorite among many whitening products, which can help facial skin to be fair and ruddy, eliminate wrinkles and remove spots. Cherry is not only rich in vitamin C, but also extremely rich in iron, which is 13 times that of hawthorn and 20 times that of apple. In addition to high iron content, it also contains vitamin A, which can balance cortical secretion, delay aging, and help activate cells and beautify skin. Pomegranate is delicate and charming. Pomegranate has been proved to have strong antioxidant effect. It contains an ingredient called ellagic acid, which can protect cells from environmental pollution and ultraviolet rays, nourish cells and slow down body aging. Studies have shown that ellagic acid is more "powerful" in radiation protection than polyphenols contained in red wine and green tea. Cucumber is delicious, crisp and fragrant, and is highly praised by slimming people. Moreover, it is rich in various sugars and amino acids necessary for human growth, development and life activities, as well as rich vitamins, providing sufficient nutrition for skin and muscles, effectively resisting skin aging and reducing wrinkles. Rich in fruit acid, it can clean and whiten skin, eliminate sunburn and freckles, and relieve skin allergies. Lemon Lemon contains vitamin b 1, vitamin b2, vitamin C and other nutrients. In addition, it is also rich in organic acids, which has a strong antioxidant effect and is very effective in promoting skin metabolism, delaying aging and inhibiting pigmentation. Evaluation method ORAC ORAC is the abbreviation of oxygen free radical absorption capacity, and it is an evaluation method system for testing antioxidant capacity. [5] Since science has proved the importance of anti-oxidation to human body, how to quantify the anti-oxidation effect is an urgent problem to be solved. Only when the antioxidant effect can be quantified can enterprises develop better products, gain the recognition of * * *, and prove the antioxidant effect of their products to consumers. Before the introduction of ORAC method, because of the extremely complex antioxidant test, the business community (an extremely complex experimental scheme could not be applied by the business community, when a rigorous antioxidant experiment often took several months and the cost was extremely expensive, which was unacceptable to the business community) could not effectively and comprehensively test the antioxidant capacity of the samples. However, business is the driving force of technological innovation, just like Apple. The antioxidant test of ORAC includes the comprehensive analysis of five main reactive oxygen radicals in human body: peroxide radicals (hydrophilic and lipophilic), hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen and superoxide anion, which can effectively obtain the actual antioxidant capacity and distribution of the samples. ORAC antioxidant bioassay is a higher level testing scheme than ordinary antioxidant testing. The antioxidant capacity (bioavailability) of the sample was effectively tested by using human cells. ORAC is rated as the standard method of antioxidant test by AOAC of the United States, and it is the international mainstream test method. Other evaluation methods of anti-oxidation are not only a concept, but also the effect of anti-oxidation on the body can be quantitatively measured. As an animal experiment, the changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in liver homogenate are generally measured after taking antioxidants for a certain period of time. Judging the strength and effect of anti-oxidation from the changes of the above two enzymes and MDA. Because it is impossible for human body to measure liver homogenate, MDA in blood or urine, SOD and GXH-PX in blood can be measured to determine the antioxidant effect. Antioxidants in food have long been concerned by scholars at home and abroad because: ① Antioxidants in food can protect food from oxidative damage and deterioration. ② It has antioxidant effect in human digestive tract, preventing oxidative damage of digestive tract. ③ It can play a role in other tissues and organs of the body after absorption. ④ Some antioxidant extracts from food can be used as therapeutic drugs. The action mechanism of antioxidants includes chelating metal ions, scavenging free radicals, quenching singlet oxygen, scavenging oxygen and inhibiting oxidase activity. Although there are many in vitro evaluation methods, they are mainly based on two kinds: one is to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the tested substance by measuring the ability of the sample to inhibit the oxidation of lipid substances, and the other is to reflect the antioxidant activity of the tested substance by using the scavenging ability of the sample to synthetic free radicals. The antioxidant activity of antioxidants in food and biological systems is affected by many factors, including the distribution effect of antioxidants between water phase and oil phase, oxidation conditions and environment, and the physical state of oxidation substrates. 1. Determination of anti-lipid peroxidation. Lipids cover a wide range and are the main components of biofilm. Unsaturated fatty acids in lipids can be oxidized, and free radicals such as L, LO, LOO- and LOOH will be produced during lipid peroxidation, which will cause damage to biological cells. Therefore, inhibiting lipid peroxidation has important biological significance. Iron Monothiocyanate FTC: The colorimetric method of iron thiocyanate (FTC) is based on the fact that under acidic conditions, the peroxide formed by lipid oxidation can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+, and then Fe3+ forms a red complex with thiocyanate ions, and the maximum absorption is in the range of 480-5 15nm. The absorption value at 500nm is usually used to express the ability of substances to resist lipid peroxidation. The smaller the light absorption value, the stronger the ability of substances to resist lipid peroxidation. TBARs method of thiobarbituric acid reactant: it is a common method to evaluate the oxidation degree of oil products. The final product of oil or linoleic acid oxidation is mainly malondialdehyde, and these peroxides react with thiobarbituric acid to form colored compounds, which are absorbed at about 530 nm. 2. Lateral DP with DPPH scavenging ability is an organic free radical synthesized in the early stage, which is often used to evaluate the hydrogen supply ability of antioxidants. It is very stable in organic solvents, with purple color and characteristic absorption peak. When it encounters a free radical scavenger, the solitary pairing of DPPH makes it fade, that is, the light absorption value at the maximum absorption wavelength becomes smaller. Therefore, the scavenging effect of samples on DPPH free radicals can be evaluated by measuring the change of absorption value. 3. Determination of reducing power The determination of reducing power is a method to test whether a sample is a good electron donor. The samples with strong reducing ability should be good electron donors, which can not only reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, but also react with free radicals. Determination of reducing power is a common method to evaluate antioxidant activity. 4. Experiment of inhibiting LOX enzyme lipoxygenase LOX is widely distributed in plants. It is a non-heme ferritin with a molecular weight of 90- 100KD. This enzyme protein is composed of multiple leather chains, and the metal auxiliary group containing trivalent iron ions is active, while the metal auxiliary group containing divalent iron ions is inactive. Its main function in organisms is to specifically catalyze the oxidation reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with cis-and cis-pentadiene structure to generate hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. The main substrates in organisms are free unsaturated fatty acids released by glycerides (such as phospholipids), among which arachidonic acid is the main substrate in animals, linoleic acid and linolenic acid are the main substrates in plants, and the main products are peroxide antelope fatty acids. The above methods are in vivo and in vitro measurement and evaluation methods of antioxidant application effect.