Surgeon, digestive physiologist, used the thinness of human stomach to study the physiology and pathology of stomach for the first time. 1785165438+1October 2 1 Born in? B style='color: black; Background color: # 99ff99'> What is it? What's the matter with you? He died in St. Louis, Missouri on April 25th, 853. Born in a peasant family, he studied medical books when he was a teacher in the countryside in his early years. Worked as an apprentice with a local doctor in1810-18 12, and obtained the medical license of Vermont medical association in1812. 1812-1815 as an assistant surgeon in the U.S. army; 18 16- 1820 started practicing medicine in new york; 1820- 1839 as a military doctor, 1839- 1853 as a doctor in St. Louis, Missouri. Experiment and observation of gastric juice and digestive physiology (1833).

Gibbs, J.W. (Josiah Willard Gibbs 1839- 1903)

Physicists and chemists. Born in February 1939+0 1? B style='color: black; Background color: # 99ff99'> What is it? Axillary calamus? Die? Died in the same place on April 28th, 903. Graduated from Yale University, 1863 received a doctorate in philosophy and stayed on as a teacher. 1866- 1869, he went to Europe and attended lectures by some famous scholars in mathematics, physics and chemistry at that time in Paris, Berlin and Heidelberg. 187 1 year as a professor of mathematical physics at Yale university. 1897 was elected as a member of the Royal Society. Gibbs is mainly engaged in the basic theoretical research of physical chemistry, systematically summarizes the classical laws of thermodynamics, and comprehensively solves the equilibrium problem of thermodynamic system in theory; The phase law, Gibbs free energy and chemical potential, which describe the phase transition and equilibrium conditions of multiphase systems, have made epoch-making contributions in the field of thermodynamics. He is the author of On the Equilibrium of Multiphase Matter (1876- 1878) and Basic Principles of Statistical Mechanics (1902).

Edison, T.A. (Thomas A 1Va Edison 1847- 193 1)

Inventor. Born in Milan, Ohio. Living in poverty since childhood, I am diligent and eager to learn. He invented more than 1300 items in his life, including phonographs, telegrams, talking movies and electric lights. Thermionic emission was found in 1883. 1877, my colleagues and I started trial-producing electric lamps. After selecting various metals such as boron, nails and chromium as the filament and testing, carbon wire is selected as the filament. He inserted the carbon wire between the two poles of the battery. Although the carbon filament glows, it is quickly burnt out by oxidation. 1879 in April, Edison made a 25W electric lamp with platinum wire, but it burned out in a short time. In order to find a suitable filament, he experimented with 1600 materials. Later, people came to the conclusion that the key to manufacturing electric lamps is to avoid filament oxidation. For this reason, an air extractor was designed to make the glass shell reach a high vacuum, and a carbon cotton filament was put in the glass shell, and the first carbon filament incandescent lamp was successfully made. 1879101October 2 1, this lamp lights up after being electrified and burns continuously for 40 hours.

W. Reed (Walter Reed L 851-1902)

Military doctor, pathologist, researcher of "yellow fever". 185/kloc-0 was born in Gloucester, Virginia on September 3rd,190211died of appendicitis in Washington on October 23rd. From 65438 to 0869, he received a doctor's degree in medicine from the University of Virginia. After that, he studied at Bellevue Medical College in new york. 1870 obtained the second doctor's degree in medicine. He served as a military doctor from 65438 to 0874. 1890 studying pathology in Johns Hopkins hospital. 1893 professor of bacteriology, army medical college. 1898 Spain and the United States broke out in war. He led the research on the epidemic situation and causes of typhoid fever in the US military, and effectively controlled the epidemic situation of typhoid fever. 1900, he led the Committee to Havana to investigate the yellow fever epidemic of American troops. 190 1 year, Reed proved that the pathogen of yellow fever is virus (the earliest virus known to cause human diseases). W. C. Gorgas carried out mosquito control on the basis of Reid's research and controlled the epidemic of yellow fever. Reed's typhoid fever investigation report is a classic of epidemiology. 1945, Reid was elected to the American Hall of Fame, and Washington Army General Hospital was named after him.

Halsted, Washington, USA (William Steward Halsted L852- 1922)

Surgeons and clinical educators. /kloc-0 was born in new york on September 23rd, 852, and/kloc-0 died in Baltimore on September 7th, 922. 1874 received a degree in literature from Yale university, and 1877 received a doctorate in medicine from the new york Academy of Internal and External Sciences. He immediately studied surgery at Bellevue Hospital. /kloc-went to Austria, Germany and other places for further study in the autumn of 0/878, and studied under (C.A.) T. Billroth. He returned to new york from 1880, where he taught anatomy in the College of Internal Medicine and Surgeons, and then practiced medicine locally until 1888, during which he served as an attending physician in six hospitals. From 65438 to 0892, he served as a professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Medical College until his death. He has conducted extensive research in the field of surgery, designed new techniques such as vascular anastomosis, and made many surgical techniques more scientific: using cocaine, developing local anesthesia; And first advocated that surgeons wear rubber gloves for surgery.

Morgan (Thomas Hunt Morgan1866 ——1945)

Embryologist, geneticist. Born in Lexington, Kentucky, died in Pasadena, California. I majored in zoology in my university, and 1886 received a bachelor of science degree from Kentucky State College, and 1890 received a John degree from the United States. Doctor of Philosophy, Hopkins University, Professor of Experimental Zoology, Columbia University 1904 to 1928. From 65438 to 0928, he went to California Institute of Technology to set up a biology department and taught there until his death. Because he discovered the genetic mechanism of Drosophila and developed the theory of genetic chromosomes, he won the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. A foreign member of the Royal Society, 1939, won the copley Prize of the Society. 1927- 193 1 year, served as the president of the American academy of sciences. 1930 is the president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; 1932 was elected as the president of the 6th International Genetic Society. He is the author of Heredity and Evolution (1925), Heredity and Sex (19 13), Genetics (1926) and Embryology and Genetics (1934).

Wright brothers (Wright brothers)

Aviation pioneer and aircraft inventor. W Wright 1986 was born in Millville, Indiana on April 6th, and died in Dayton, Ohio on May 30th, 2002. O Wright187119 was born in Dayton, Ohio in August, and 1948 10 died on October 30th. The Wright brothers have only finished their middle school courses, and they have been interested in flying since childhood. They used to imitate "bamboo dragonfly" and engaged in bicycle repair and manufacturing in their early years. 1896, the German glider Olin Dall was killed in a flight accident. The Wright brothers were deeply affected and determined to develop a powered plane. They assiduously studied Linda's works and books on flight that could be found at that time, and set out to develop airplanes. 190 1 year, more than 200 wing models with different shapes were made, and thousands of wind tunnel experiments with different angles were carried out. The lift is measured by wings with different aspect ratios, and it is found that the greater the aspect ratio of the wings, the greater the lift generated.

They attached importance to solving the problem of stability control of aircraft, and completed the first manned gliding flight in 1900. During the period of 1900- 1903, they built three gliders and made nearly a thousand gliding flights in Chamorro Mountain near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The last glider fully meets the requirements of stability control. The aircraft built on the basis of the third glider is equipped with a self-made 8.8 kW (12 HP) internal combustion engine, which drives two sets of Shuang Ye propellers, and adopts a duck layout with an elevator in front and a rudder in the back. The driver maneuvered on his stomach. The plane was named Voyager 1.