2. Know how to take and store. And set up a total station, which is equal to the whole.

3. Data collection. Understand wires, fragments and feature measurements.

4. Specific angle measurement and ranging. Draw a sketch

5. Data transmission.

6. Edit drawings and print data and drawings.

7. Pay attention to the handling and storage of the total station. Keep the instrument as clean and dry as possible.

This paper systematically expounds the correct method of instrument leveling, how to judge whether there is a bubble tube problem, and the correct correction method and steps of simple bubble deviation.

The method to level the instrument correctly:

(1) Erection: Erect the instrument on a stable tripod and tighten the central screw.

(2) Rough leveling: Look at the circular bubble (the accuracy is relatively low, generally 1 min), and rotate the three foot screws of the instrument respectively to roughly level the instrument.

(3) Fine leveling: make the tubular level (or long bubble tube) on the sighting part of the instrument parallel to a pair of foot screws, and rotate the foot screws to center the bubble (it is best to use the left thumb method, that is, the left and right hands rotate the two foot screws at the same time, and the two thumbs move in opposite directions, and the direction of the left thumb is the same as that of the bubble tube. ); Then, rotate the aiming part by 90 degrees, and rotate the other foot screw to center the bubble in the long bubble tube.

(4) Inspection: The sighting department of the instrument earns another 90 degrees. If the bubble in the long bubble tube is still in the middle, it means that it has been leveled; If there is any deviation, please repeat step (3). In general, it is good to repeat 1 ~ 2 times.

Check whether there is a problem with bubbles:

(1) Erection: Erect the instrument on a stable tripod and tighten the central screw.

(2) Rough leveling: Look at the circular bubble (the accuracy is relatively low, generally 1 min), and rotate the three foot screws of the instrument respectively to roughly level the instrument.

(3) Check leveling at the same time: make the tubular level (or long bubble tube) in the sighting part of the instrument parallel to a pair of anchor screws, and rotate the anchor screws to center the bubble; Then, rotate the aiming part by 180. At this time, if the bubble is still in the center, the axis of the tubular level is perpendicular to the vertical axis (there is no problem with the long bubble tube). If the bubble is not centered, it needs to be corrected.

Correction method:

(a) Carry out step (3) according to the inspection step, and determine the deviation amount, that is, the deviation amount of bubbles from the middle.

(b) Adjust the correction screw of the long bubble tube with a needle changer to make the bubble return to the deviation of 1/4. If you can't accurately know the previous differences, you can roughly correct them here; Then, step (3) of the inspection step is repeated.

(c) Repeat the previous steps, generally 1 ~ 2 times for adjustment. After adjustment, level the instrument according to the leveling steps.

It is mentioned here that it is best to confirm that the long bubble tube is a circular bubble after adjustment, and adjust it if there is any deviation.

Supplement: Why does the bubble in the bubble tube deviate?

Reason:

(1) Generally, a circular bubble tube is fixed with three screws and has a wave spring inside. If the stress on the three screws is uneven, when the instrument bumps in the process of vehicle transportation, the screws with less stress will loosen, and it is best to cause deviation.

(2) Long bubble tube is generally fixed at one end and adjustable at the other end (correction screw). There is a spring under the adjustable end and a raised inner washer inside the fixed end. Whether in production assembly or maintenance correction, if the screw spacing is not paid attention to when adjusting the long bubble tube, the screw will be unbalanced, and the screw will rotate slightly after the instrument bumps, resulting in bubble deviation.

Problems needing attention in the use of total station 1 and the measuring function of total station.

Total station is a whole composed of rangefinder, electronic theodolite, electronic compensator and microprocessor. Measurement function can be divided into basic measurement function and program function. The basic measurement functions include electronic ranging and electronic angle measurement (horizontal angle and vertical angle), and the program measurement functions include switching display of horizontal distance and height difference, three-dimensional coordinate measurement, edge measurement, lofting measurement, eccentricity measurement, rear intersection measurement and area calculation. In particular, as long as the electronic angle measuring system is turned on, it will start to work and display the observation data in real time; Other measuring functions are only ranging and data processing.

(1) electronic ranging is the inclined distance from the center of the instrument to the center of the prism, so both the instrument station and the prism station need accurate centering and leveling. Accurate ranging needs to add instruments, constants and meteorological corrections; The additional constant obtained by instrument identification can be set into the instrument together with the additional constant of prism; Meteorological correction needs to set the atmospheric pressure and temperature under the input observation conditions, and the instrument automatically corrects and displays the corrected distance.

(2) The essence of electronic angle measurement (horizontal angle and vertical angle) is electronic theodolite. As long as the telescope is aimed at the observation target, the instrument will display the horizontal value and zenith distance. The horizontal angle is the difference between the horizontal direction value and the 0 direction value; The vertical angle is the difference between 90 and the zenith distance. Therefore, when observing the horizontal angle, the starting direction should be set to zero (zero); The format of vertical angle dial can be set as required to display zenith distance or vertical angle.

(3) The purpose of electronic compensator is to reduce the influence of triaxial error of instrument on observation data. The function of the compensator is to detect the component information of the vertical axis of the instrument inclined on the X axis (collimation axis) and the Y axis (horizontal axis direction) through electronic conversion and data processing, and automatically correct the observed data, thus improving the accuracy of the collected data.

(4) The essence of microprocessor is microcomputer, which is the center of data processing. It can be processed and calculated by the preset program in the machine, and then the measurement content required by the program measurement function is displayed; At the same time, data storage and two-way communication can be realized.

2. Total station observation data

Although there are many manufacturers, models and functions of total station, the original observation data is only oblique distance (oblique distance); Horizontal direction value, zenith distance; The electronic compensator detects the components of the vertical tilt of the instrument on the X axis (collimation axis direction) and the Y axis (horizontal axis direction), and automatically corrects the influence of the vertical axis tilt on the horizontal angle and vertical angle through program calculation. Therefore, the observation data of total station are: horizontal angle, vertical angle and oblique distance. Other measurement methods are actually calculated and displayed by these three original observation data through built-in programs. It is particularly important to note that all the observed data and calculated data are only half of the measured data, so the memory function cannot be used in slope measurement, and it is very necessary to record the three original data of horizontal angle, zenith distance and inclination distance.

3. Dial configuration of total station

In order to eliminate the graduation error of the dial in optical theodolite grade measurement, it is necessary to configure the dial between each measurement. Because the division on the dial of optical instrument is fixed, the position of each angle value on the dial is fixed. Electronic instruments use electronic dials, and the position of each dial can be set to different angle values. If the aiming direction of the instrument is set to 0, rotate it clockwise by 30, and the display angle is 30; After aiming at the same rear view direction again, set it to 30, and then rotate it clockwise by 30, the display angle will be 60, but the position of the electronic dial has not actually changed. Therefore, it should be noted that as long as the instrument is centered and leveled in different stations, the position of the corresponding electronic dial has been fixed; Even if the setting of the rear view angle is different, the angle value is not fixed at a certain position on the corresponding dial, and dial configuration is not needed for measurement.

4. Total station front and rear mirror observation

Optical theodolite can eliminate collimation axis error, horizontal axis tilt error and dial indication error by using the observation method of front and rear mirrors. Although the total station has the function of automatic compensation and correction, the collimation axis error and dial index difference can also be automatically corrected by presetting parameters after instrument detection. However, under different observation conditions, the preset parameters may change, resulting in errors in the correction number, and the residual after automatic correction by the instrument will also affect the observation results. Therefore, in the grade measurement, it is still necessary to observe the front and rear mirrors and record the inspection.

5. Total station left and right angle observation

The scale of the horizontal dial of the optical theodolite is numbered clockwise. Whether the telescope rotates clockwise or counterclockwise, the observation angle is a right angle. The right-angle observation of total station (the scale of horizontal dial is numbered clockwise) means that the horizontal dial of the instrument increases when the telescope rotates clockwise and decreases when it rotates counterclockwise; The left angle is just the opposite (the scale of the horizontal dial is numbered clockwise). The scale of the electronic dial can be set to observe the left and right angles (usually right angles) as needed. It is very important to pay special attention when setting the horizontal electronic dial, otherwise the observed horizontal angle will be wrong. If the horizontal angle is actually 30, it is displayed as 330. In particular, when setting the rear-view orientation in plane coordinate measurement and construction lofting measurement, if it is set to the left corner, the measuring point and the rear-view orientation of the measuring point will be left and right symmetrically misplaced. For example, if the rear view azimuth is set to 0 and the clockwise rotation angle is 90, then the azimuth should be 90, and the coordinates displayed by the instrument are calculated according to the azimuth of 270.

6, total station lofting function

The dial reading displayed by the total station has automatically corrected the influence of the three-axis error of the instrument, so special attention should be paid to lofting. For example, when setting out a straight line, you can't use the same method as the traditional optical theodolite (only rotate the telescope longitudinally), but rotate the sighting part by180; When setting out the vertical line, the horizontal inching screw should be used to make the readings displayed at the horizontal angle completely consistent, instead of simply rotating the telescope; Because the horizontal direction and vertical direction of the telescope are different, the compensation correction number is also different. When using distance and angle lofting measurement and coordinate lofting measurement, pay attention to input the coordinates of the station and the back viewpoint, then confirm the coordinates of the station again, and check the measured back viewpoint coordinates with the known back viewpoint coordinates. ※.

7. Compensation function of total station

The influence of instrument error on angle measurement accuracy is mainly caused by the incorrect relationship between the three axes of the instrument. Optical theodolite mainly reduces the influence of instrument error on angle measurement accuracy by checking and correcting the relationship between three axes; Total station is mainly realized by compensation and correction. The latest total station has realized the "three axes" compensation function. When using the compensation function of total station compensator, the following points should be paid attention to:

(1) When the total station is used, when the sighting part brakes the screw in the horizontal direction and rotates the telescope in the vertical direction, the display reading of the horizontal dial will change constantly, which is the result of automatic compensation and correction of the total station.

(2) Uniaxial compensation can only correct the reading of vertical dial, but not the reading of horizontal dial. When the horizontal direction of the sighting part is fixed, the horizontal angle reading will not change when the telescope rotates up and down.

(3) Two-axis compensation can only correct the influence of vertical axis tilt error on the readings of vertical dial and horizontal dial. When the horizontal direction of the scope is fixed, the horizontal angle reading will not change when the telescope rotates up and down.

(4) On the basis of two-axis compensation, the three-axis compensation total station uses the built-in calculation software to correct the influence of horizontal axis error and collimation axis error on the reading of the horizontal dial. Even if the horizontal direction of the scope is fixed, the horizontal display reading of the telescope will still change greatly as long as it rotates up and down, and it is related to the size and positive and negative of the vertical angle.

8. Total station electronic leveling

In electronic leveling with total station, when the inclination of X and Y directions is zero, theoretically speaking, when the horizontal direction of sighting part is fixed and the telescope rotates up and down, the reading of horizontal dial will not change. However, some instruments will still change the reading of the horizontal dial after the above operations, because the total station compensator has zero error check and correction; The alignment of electronic bubbles must be based on the inspection and correction of long horizontal bubbles, and the bubbles should be leveled first and then the electronic bubbles should be leveled.

9. Total station coordinate display

There are two ways to set the coordinate display of total station. The coordinates commonly used in the measurement of N, E, Z and E, N, Z ... are expressed as X, Y and H, which are the same as N, E and Z. If the setting is wrong, the measurement result will be wrong. For example, when measuring a strip topographic map, four groups work at the same time. After the observation data is imported into the computer, it is found that the data of one group cannot be connected before and after, and the result is that the instrument coordinates of this group are set incorrectly.

10, total station memory

The memory of total station is divided into internal and external. Memory is a part of total station; Electronic record books, memory cards and portable computers all support peripheral devices. At present, most total stations use memory to store the collected data. For example, the memory of the SET500 total station can store up to 4000 observation points, which is enough for one day's field measurement data. After the field work, the data should be transmitted in time; Before data initialization, we should carefully check whether all the data have been exported, and we can only proceed after it is confirmed. Although the use of data memory saves the trouble of recording and avoids recording errors, the memory can't check all the tolerances, so the memory should not be used for recording in grade measurement, and manual recording and checking are still needed.

1 1, total station misoperation.

Errors in the operation of total station are inevitable. No matter what happens, you can return to the basic measurement mode, and then enter the corresponding measurement mode for correct operation. Except for the angle measurement mode, all other measurement modes are ranging modes. If there is no signal to return to the basic mode, aim the prism accurately and make corresponding measurement, otherwise, check whether the prism is facing the instrument. When the line of sight is close to the sun, add a telescope hood, otherwise it is impossible to measure the distance.

12, total station battery

At present, the batteries of total station are mostly rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, so the following points should be paid attention to when using.

(1) The battery must be installed before the leveling of the instrument, so as not to affect the leveling of the instrument due to vibration; Turn it off and then take it out to avoid losing data;

(2) The power supply should be turned on after centering and leveling, and turned off before moving the instrument. Because the automatic compensation of total station consumes a lot of electricity in the inclined state;

(3) The power consumption of ranging is much greater than that of angle measurement, so the frequency of ranging should be reduced as much as possible. Especially under the program measurement function, stop immediately after the measurement data is displayed, otherwise the ranging has been going on;

(4) If the battery capacity is insufficient, the measurement should be stopped in time; If you don't use it for a long time, charge it once a month;

(5) If the instrument is not used for a long time, it should be electrified for inspection at least once every three months to prevent the electronic components from being affected with damp.

As long as the observer carefully observes the working state and data display content of the instrument during the measurement, the above problems can be found and avoided in time. Therefore, only by mastering the working principle of the total station, being familiar with the operation steps, defining the measuring function, setting the instrument parameters reasonably and choosing the measuring method correctly can the advantages of the total station be brought into full play.