wedding and funeral customs

There are five ways of burial for Tibetans after death, the most grand one is tower burial, but only the living Buddha and some lords can enjoy cremation after death. When a child dies, or someone dies of other diseases, they throw the body into the river to feed the fish. This is called water burial. Those who have done bad things before their death are buried in the soil. Tibetans believe that buried people will never be reincarnated. Celestial burial gives people the illusion of ascending to heaven. Celestial burial ceremonies are usually held in the early morning. Before dawn, the family of the deceased will send the body to the celestial burial platform in the northern suburb of Lhasa. The sun rose slowly and the celestial burial ceremony began. Generally, unauthorized people are not welcome to watch. Because it's not good.

eating habits

Ciba made from highland barley is the main food for farmers and herdsmen to drink ghee and highland barley wine. Ciba is fried noodles made by grinding highland barley or peas. Ciba is mixed with butter tea or highland barley wine, and kneaded into balls by hand for eating. Buttered tea is made by pouring the tea leaves of brick tea into a long barrel with a length of 1 m, adding salt and ghee, and impacting it up and down with a long shaft to evenly mix its various components. Tibetan compatriots would rather have no meat in March than butter tea in a day. Highland barley wine is a kind of low-alcohol wine brewed from local highland barley, which is deeply loved by men, women and children. Most foods are meat and dairy products, and many people like to eat air-dried beef and mutton.

National taboo

When receiving guests, whether walking or talking, we should put the guests or elders first, and use honorifics, such as adding the word "la" after the name to show respect and kindness, and avoid calling them by their first names. When welcoming guests, please bend your knees, smile, sit indoors and cross-legged, don't straighten your legs, and don't look at people with your feet in all directions. When accepting gifts, you should go by hand. When offering tea, toast and cigarettes, offer them with both hands and don't put your fingers into the bowl. Tibetans are absolutely forbidden to eat donkey meat, horse meat and dog meat, and some areas do not eat fish. When toasting, guests must first dip a little wine in the air with their ring fingers for three times in a row to show their sacrifice to heaven, earth and ancestors, then take a sip, and the host will fill it up in time, then drink it three times in a row. When drinking butter tea, the host pours the tea, and the host holds his hands in front of him before the guests can take it. Don't spit on others' backs and clap their hands. When you meet religious facilities such as monasteries, manidui and stupas, you must go around from left to right. Do not cross the vessel, brazier or prayer wheel, and do not turn it upside down. Don't touch the top of your head with your hands.

Clothing characteristics

The costumes of Tibetan men and women are intact. Different areas have different clothes. It is characterized by long sleeves, wide waist and big chest. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, with shirts of various colors and patterns inside and an apron with colorful patterns in front of their waist. Tibetan compatriots especially like Hada and regard it as the most precious gift. Hada is a snow-white fabric, generally about twenty or thirty centimeters wide and one to two meters long. It is made of yarn or silk. Whenever there is a festival, or guests from afar come, or visit their elders, or take a long trip to say goodbye, Hada should be presented as a sign of respect.

Tibetans are widely distributed in Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and other places, with colorful costumes and bold men's clothes; Women's dress is elegant and chic, especially jewelry and jade as accessories, which forms the unique style of plateau women.

Tibetan robe is the main clothing style of Tibetans, and there are many kinds. From the clothing texture, it can be divided into brocade, leather and plain cloth. Tibetan robes are very decorative. In the past, monks and officials had different ranks and strictly distinguished decorative patterns. Tibetan robes are very long, generally longer than the height. When you wear it, you should lift the lower part upwards, and the hem is thirty or forty centimeters high from the foot surface, and tie a belt. Tibetan robes can be divided into fur robes in pastoral areas, colored sleeve robes and embroidered robes in agricultural areas. Styles can be divided into long-sleeved fur robe, wide-shouldered sleeveless women's robe and embroidered robe. Shirts are divided into men's and women's high-necked shirts and women's lapel shirts. The sleeves of women's shirts are about 40 cm longer than other sleeves. Put down your sleeves when you dance, and your sleeves are flying in the air, which is very beautiful.

Bangdian, that is, apron, is a unique costume of Tibetans and an essential ornament for married women. The state code is colorful and strong, or elegant and demure.

Tibetan hats have many styles and different textures. There are ten or twenty kinds of golden flower hats, kicking hats and so on. Tibetan boots are one of the important features of Tibetan costumes. The common ones are "Songbalamu" flower boots with cotton leather soles.

Headdress accessories occupy an important position in Tibetan costumes, vest is the most distinctive accessory, and most of the accessories are related to ancient production. The exquisite headdress is also inlaid with gold and silver jewelry. The headdress is made of copper, silver, gold carvings and jade, coral, pearls and other treasures.

Present Hada

Offering Hada is the highest etiquette for Tibetan guests, expressing warm welcome and sincere respect to the guests. Hada is Tibetan, that is, scarf or silk scarf. Mainly white, but also light blue or light yellow, generally about 1.5 meters to 2 meters long and about 20 centimeters wide. The best is the colorful Hada in blue, yellow, white, green and red. Multicolored hada is used for the highest and most solemn ceremonies, such as Buddhism.

National etiquette

When greeting guests, Tibetans should not only dip their hands in wine three times, but also grab some highland barley in the grain barrel and throw it into the air three times. At the banquet, the host takes a sip first, and then drinks it all at once. After the host finishes the first glass of wine, everyone can drink at will. When drinking tea, guests must wait for the host to bring the tea to them before reaching for it, otherwise it will be considered impolite. Pay attention to eating when you are full, don't chew aloud, don't drink aloud, and don't be picky about food. When entertaining guests with mutton, a piece of meat with a tail at the lower part of the sheep's spine is the most expensive, so it should be given to the most respected guests. When making, leave a lock of white hair on the tail meat to show good luck.

To travel to Tibetan areas, we should not only understand Tibetan customs and habits, but also understand Tibetan traditional festivals to increase the interest of the trip; Traditional Tibetan festivals include: Tibetan calendar year, Flower Festival, Magic Festival, Liangbao Festival, Qufu Festival, World Wheel King Kong Festival, Sagadawa Festival, Snowdon Festival, Bathing Festival, Fruit Watching Festival, Goddess Festival, Fairy Festival, Lantern Festival and Ghost Exorcism Festival.

For more information about ethnic minorities, please check Sichuan Tourism Network and contact us by telephone.

Warm reminder: the etiquette and customs taboos of ethnic minorities represent the national religious culture and civilized habits. When tourists arrive in ethnic areas, if they know a little about ethnic customs and taboos, they can avoid troubles, reduce misunderstandings and make your journey smoother.

Local festivals:

The determination of Tibetan calendar year is closely related to the use of Tibetan calendar year. The official use of the Tibetan calendar began more than 950 years ago, that is, the year of Ding Mao in the lunar calendar (AD 1027). Since then, the usage of Tibetan calendar has been inherited.

Tibetan New Year is a traditional Tibetan festival. Every year, the Tibetan calendar begins on the first day of the first month, ranging from three to five days. /kloc-in early February, people began to prepare new year's goods, and every household soaked highland barley seeds in pots to cultivate young crops. 1In mid-February, every household used ghee and white flour to stir-fry frozen oil (Gexi). There are many kinds of jelly, such as ear-shaped "bone pot", long "Xia Na", round and blue. Near the end of the year, every household should prepare a cuboid Ma Qi grain barrel with colorful pictures painted on it. The barrel is filled with mixed ghee of Ciba, fried wheat, ginseng fruit and other foods, and painted with green ears, cockscomb flowers and colorful flower plates made of ghee. Prepare a sheep's head shaped with colored butter. All this has a festive harvest. I wish the good weather and prosperity for people and animals in the coming year. Two days before New Year's Eve, the house was cleaned inside and outside, with new card mats and New Year pictures. Before dinner, sprinkle dry flour on the middle wall of the kitchen. Draw the symbol ""on the gate with lime powder, symbolizing eternal auspiciousness, indicating that life is rich, food is abundant, and the year is safe. On New Year's Eve, all kinds of food are placed in front of the Buddha statue. In order to have enough food during the festival, the whole family is still busy until late at night. For dinner this evening, everyone should eat instant noodles (ancient instant noodles). In the dough technology, the dough with different fillings such as stone, pepper, charcoal and wool was specially made. Every kind of stuffing has a saying: stone means hard heart, charcoal means black heart, pepper means knife mouth, and wool means soft heart. Those who ate these sandwiches threw up impromptu and caused laughter to help New Year's Eve. This is a kind of food and entertainment activity. No matter who eats anything, they have to spit it out impromptu, which often causes laughter and adds festive atmosphere to the festival.

On the first day of the first year, young crops, oil gizzards, sheep heads and grain barrels are placed on the coffee table of the Buddhist shrine, wishing a prosperous life in the new year. On New Year's Day, housewives carry "auspicious water" from the river, then wake up the whole family and sit down according to their generation. When the elders bring grain barrels, each person first grabs a few grains and throws them into the sky as a symbol of offering sacrifices to the gods, and then grabs some in turn and sends them to the mouth. Afterwards, the elders wished "Tashdedele" (good luck) in turn, and the younger generation congratulated "Tashdedele Pengsongcuo" (good luck, good thing). After the ceremony, they will eat large grain and ginseng fruit cooked in ghee, and then toast highland barley wine. It is generally forbidden to sweep the floor, not to say unlucky words and not to visit each other on the first day of junior high school.

The next day, friends and relatives exchanged New Year greetings and presented Hada. Men, women and children all put on the costumes of the program and say "Tashildler" and "Happy Holidays" to each other when they meet. This activity lasted for three to five days. During the Tibetan New Year, in the square or open lawn, everyone dances in a circle, hand in hand with the accompaniment of lyre, cymbals, gongs and other musical instruments. People step on the ground to celebrate festivals and sing songs, and children set off firecrackers. The whole area is immersed in a festive, festive and peaceful atmosphere. Singing Tibetan opera, jumping in pots and villages, and skewering in urban and rural areas. In pastoral areas, herders light bonfires and sing and dance all night. People also engage in wrestling, throwing, tug-of-war, horse racing, archery and other activities.

2. Bath Festival

Bathing Festival, known in Tibetan as "Gama Riji" (bathing), is a unique festival of Tibetan people, with a history of at least 700 to 800 years in Tibet. The Tibetan calendar was held from July 6th to12nd, lasting 7 days. Buddhism believes that the water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has eight advantages, namely, sweet, cool, soft, light, clear and tasteless. Seven drinks don't hurt the throat, and eight drinks don't hurt the abdomen. Therefore, July is called the best time to take a bath. It was late summer and early autumn. The sun is shining in Wan Li, and the sky is clear. Whether in cities, rural areas or pastoral areas, men, women and children go to the river to celebrate the annual bathing festival. At that time, Tibetan people, with tents, butter tea, highland barley wine, Ciba and other foods, will come to Lhasa River and Yarlung Zangbo River one after another, and come to thousands of rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to compete for water and enjoy playing in the water. They set up a tent in the shade of the beach lawn, surrounded the tent and laid a card mat. Old people wash their hair and brush their bodies by the river, young people bathe and swim in the river, and children play in the water. At this time, women have no scruples about taking a bath, washing their bodies and washing the clothes of the whole family. During the break, the family sat around the tent and tasted the fragrant highland barley wine and fragrant butter tea. There were bursts of laughter and laughter from time to time in the tent. During the seven-day bathing festival, people not only come to the river to bathe every day, but also clean all the bedding at home. Therefore, the Bathing Festival is not only a traditional festival loved by Tibetan people, but also the most thorough and mass health activity every year.

3. Fruit Festival

Guowang Festival has a history of 1500 years, and it is a traditional festival in people in Xizang that longs for a bumper harvest. "Guo Wang" is a transliteration in Tibetan, which means field and land, and "Guo" means turning around, which means "going around the field". In the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the rural areas along the Lhasa River, the "fruit watching" festival is very popular, and there are festivals in other places, but the names of the festivals are different. Lahu and Dingri are called "Ji Ya", that is, comfortable summer days; Bubala Snow Mountain is surrounded by semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, known as "Bangsang", that is, auspicious grassland. It's about the same time, before the crops turn yellow and prepare for the sickle. Before liberation, Tibetans celebrated the Fruit Festival before the arrival of the "bird king"-the season when geese flew south. Guowang Festival is an important cultural phenomenon of Tibetan people, and its origin, ceremony, region or gender characteristics are rich and colorful. ?

According to legend, as early as the end of the 5th century, King Bud Gong Jian of Tibet asked religious leaders for advice to ensure a bumper harvest. The leader ordered the farmers to circle around the fields, with incense burners and banners as the leaders, while our leader held sticks wrapped around Hada and the sheep's right leg as the guide. After leading the villagers with highland barley ears or wheat ears around the fields several times, they planted all kinds of ears of grain in granaries and shrines, praying for good weather and abundant crops.

The fruit festival lasts for one to three days and is held on auspicious days before the autumn harvest. On this day every year, Tibetan people wear festive costumes, some carry colorful flags, some carry harvest towers made of highland barley and wheat ears, and the harvest towers are tied with white "Hada", holding slogans, some beat gongs and drums, sing songs and sing Tibetan operas, and some carry portraits of Chairman Mao around the field for a week. After the circle, people carry tents and highland barley wine, while talking about the past and present, and some indulge in drinking. The commercial department also organizes material exchanges, supplies commodities with ethnic characteristics and daily necessities, and purchases local products. After the fruit festival, the intense autumn harvest sowing began.

4. Mountain Transfer Conference

Traditional Tibetan festivals, also known as the Wooden Buddha Festival, offer sacrifices to mountain gods. Popular in Ganzi and Aba Tibetan areas. Every year on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, Shui Ye, Kowloon bathes it, so it is also called Mufo Festival. On this day every year, people from far and near in Ganzi Tibetan areas wear national costumes and gather on Happy Valley Mountain and Zheduo River. People first go to the temple to burn incense and pray, and burn paper money. Then turn to the mountain to worship the gods and pray for their blessing. After climbing the mountain, we set up a tent for a picnic and watched Tibetan opera. Singing folk songs, dancing pot and string dances, and riders also have horse racing and archery competitions. During this period, people will also hold material exchange activities and other cultural and sports activities.

5. Flower-picking Festival is a traditional festival for Tibetans in Apollo, Nanping County. It is held on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year for two days. Legend has it that long ago, Apollo was a remote valley. People gather and hunt for a living, and make clothes out of leaves and skins. One day, a girl named Lian Zhi came from far away. She is beautiful, kind and intelligent. She taught the local people to farm, weave, sew clothes, and collect lilies to treat others. One year, on the fifth day of May, Lianzhi went up the mountain to collect flowers and was swept down the cliff by the nickel wind and died. People are very sad, so they go up the mountain to pick flowers on this day to commemorate her. Over time, the flower picking festival was formed.

6. Huanglong Temple Fair

Huanglong Temple Fair is a traditional festival of Tibetan, Qiang, Hui and Han nationalities in Aba Prefecture. The annual summer calendar was held in Huanglong Temple in Songpan County on June 15. Huanglong Temple, located in the mountains at the southern foot of Minshan Mountain in Songpan County, Aba Prefecture, is backed by Snow Leopard, the main peak of Minshan Mountain at an altitude of more than 5,700 meters. Because the clear spring on the top of the mountain contains calcium, it is covered with a milky yellow natural wonder like Huanglong, inlaid with more than 3,400 colorful places, which are interconnected and colorful. Later generations built temples to attract believers from neighboring provinces, prefectures and counties to worship, and gradually formed folk festivals.

Every year from the tenth day of the sixth lunar month, tourists from all over the world come here by horse, car or foot, bringing cooking utensils and tents. At the rally, people will not only watch the scenery of Huanglong Temple, but also hold Tibetan opera performances and folk song duets. Young brave people will also have wrestling, archery and other activities. June 15 is the climax of the festival. Huanglong Temple and the surrounding hillside forest are lined with various local products, forming a grand material exchange meeting. The old people went into the temple to burn incense and pray for life safety. Young people are singing and dancing all night.

7. Shepherd's Day

Traditional festivals of Tibetan herdsmen in Aba Prefecture. It is held at the beginning of the next month of the lunar calendar every year, and the holiday period is generally one week. Before the festival, every household cleaned up the garbage and dumped it to the west when the sun was about to set, in order to let the flame of the sun melt all the ominous things. Then, families prepare holiday foods, such as highland barley wine and yogurt. On the first morning of the festival, father and daughter competed for auspicious water. Then, wash your face and hands with auspicious water with milk, burn cypress with your washed hands, and pray for abundant water plants and prosperous cattle and sheep. Then, the family sat around and had a big meal. Three days before the festival, the villagers danced, sang, wrestled, participated in various recreational activities and stayed in the village. Three days later, people began to go door-to-door to congratulate the happy holiday. Every night, people gather outside the village, light bonfires, sing and dance.

8. Russian Happy Festival

As a traditional Tibetan festival, it is popular in Muli County. This festival falls on the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month every year. It is said that the ancient Muli area was very rich, and eight Tibetan branches in Tibet and Yunnan migrated and lived all the way. The day of settlement is the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month, and people get together to sing and dance and have fun. In the future, commemorative activities will be held on this day every year, which will be passed down from generation to generation and become a fixed festival. On the day before the festival, families are busy preparing rich food. On the festival day, the whole family sat together and drank a toast. According to custom, cats and dogs should have a full meal. If they eat meat first, it indicates good weather and a bumper harvest in agriculture and animal husbandry in the coming year. At night. People gathered around piles of bonfires. Yes, singing folk songs and dancing.

9. Water-splashing Festival

Popular in Mianning County. It is held every year on the sixth day of the third lunar month. Its main contents are praying for rain and praying for children. On that day, the Lama brought the frogs, snakes and toads made by Bazin, and one or two people from each family went together. When he came to the ditch, the Lama recited the scriptures and put the animals made of Ciba into the water. When they came back, everyone was wearing rain gear and shouting, indicating that it had begun to rain. Then people went to worship a round tower. There are knives and gongs in the tower, which represent fertility. A woman who has been married for a long time and has no children makes a wish to the tower god and prays for her children. Nong, who gave birth to a child after worshipping the tower, will go to worship the tower that day to fulfill his promise.

10, section 9

Popular in Baoxing County. It is held on the ninth day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year. On that day, people gathered at the foot of the mountain, holding lanterns, performing lion dances and singing and dancing heartily. A unique wrestling match between men and women is held at night, and the result is often that men lose and women win, which causes bursts of laughter and pushes the festival activities to a climax.

1 1, Huajie

Also known as Flower Festival, it is very popular in Marcand. It is held in June of the lunar calendar every year, generally lasting for 3-5 days, and in some places it is as long as 10. People take food, set up tents, ride horses, and go to the wild to enjoy the mountain flowers in droves. They set up tents, boiled butter tea, poured green pear wine, ate, drank, enjoyed flowers and prayed. Light a bonfire, sing and dance at night. During the festival, there will be activities such as wrestling and horse racing. It is also an opportunity for young men and women to fall in love.

12, Flower Festival

Tibetan is called "Ruomu Bird", which means to view the mountain. It is held every year on June 18th of the lunar calendar. Usually in the village, playing together in tents. Each activity ranges from three or four days to more than ten days. During the flower viewing festival, people presented Hada to the guests who came to visit, and warmly welcomed them into the cashier's office to entertain guests. In the evening, men and women, old and young, hand in hand, accompanied by a string of bells in the hands of the dance captain, sang folk songs and danced around the bonfire all night.

13, Jockey Club

Popular in Hongyuan County and other places. It is held on the first day of the seventh lunar month every year for one day. Horse racing is a favorite activity of Tibetan people. It is not only a place for farmers and herdsmen to gather and exchange production experience in their leisure time, but also a display of people in Xizang spirit. Horse racing is almost indispensable in all Tibetan festivals circulated among the people. Horse racing not only appears in festivals in the form of motif, but more importantly, Tibetan people have formed such a national traditional "horse racing festival" based on their strong belief in horses, which has a long history. By then, the Tibetan people in the county and nearby areas will wear traditional national costumes and go to the racecourse from all directions to carry out various forms of horse racing activities. There are fast team races, relay races, horse racing archery performances and horse racing skills, which are very lively. After the horse race, people exchange local products with each other.

14, planting roof flags

It is a Tibetan holiday custom to plant a roof flag. Every new year, every household will hang a red, yellow and white tricolor cloth flag engraved with Tibetan scriptures on the roof. Pray for disaster. Flags vary in height and color. Some have white background and red edges, and some have red, yellow and black stripes. Flags are mostly rectangular, but there are also squares and triangles. Some people tie flags to flagpoles, while others tie flags to tree poles. Some planted a flag, and some planted several flags.

15, White Horse Song Club

Holiday customs of Baima Tibetans. Popular in Pingwu County, it is held around Tomb-Sweeping Day every year. Baima Tibetans can sing and dance well, and traditional cultural activities will be held during the Spring Festival in Han areas. With the development of economy and the introduction of new culture, they have the desire to create their own festivals. The relevant departments took advantage of the trend and held the first shanzhai song concert at 1982. Since then, it has become a practice to hold it once a year.

16, Karin Festival

Tibetan is called "Zimulin Sangji", which means "Happy World Day". Some people call it a "suburban banquet". This is a traditional entertainment day for Tibetan people in Lhasa, Shigatse and Qamdo, Xizang Autonomous Region. The Tibetan calendar is held around May 1 every year, and the holiday period is uncertain, and in some places it lasts for more than ten days. At that time, Tibetan people will bring food, highland barley wine, buttered tea, mats, tents, and various entertainment tools and musical instruments to the elegant and quiet Karin (Tibetan transliteration means garden, garden with willows, so people call it "playing willow"). Set up a white tent on the lawn and under the old tree, wrap some sheets or plastic sheets, lay a card mat, play the lyre while drinking butter tea or highland barley wine, and have a picnic together. Some play poker, some play chess, croquet or chat and laugh, and some sing and dance on the green grass. In addition, some religious ceremonies, horse riding, archery and other cultural and sports activities will be held during the festival.

Local catering institutions:

Tibetan food is dominated by Ciba, meat and dairy products, with a slight difference between pastoral and agricultural areas.

Ciba is a common staple food in agricultural and pastoral areas. It is to process the fried highland barley into flour with a stone mill, which is also called "fried noodles". Butter is cream extracted from milk. Meat, including beef and mutton, occasionally eats wild animal meat. Cooked beef and mutton, also known as "hand-grabbed meat". Holding a knife in one hand and grasping the meat in the other is called "grasping the meat in one hand". Tibetans often like to eat sausages, including blood sausages, meat sausages, dried sausages and noodles sausages.

Tea: It is an indispensable drink in Tibetan people's life and one of the main drinks for hospitality. Tea mainly includes: Ciba tea, milk tea and butter tea.

Ciba tea: named after taking Ciba as the main raw material. When drinking, first put a teaspoon of Ciba at the bottom of the bowl and press it slightly to avoid pouring the tea all over the bottom of the bowl, then put a little milk residue and ghee, sprinkle some sugar if there is any, and then pour the tea into the bowl. In Tibetan, Ciba tea is called "Kadou" or "Douma".

Milk tea: it is a daily drink for Tibetans in pastoral areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas. Tibetan is called "Russian". The method of making milk tea is to put Fu tea in a teapot or tea pot, and let the water boil until it turns brown. This is Ma tea, also called Fu tea, and then put fresh milk into the boiled tea, and then boil it to make milk tea. Milk tea can quench thirst, promote digestion and relieve fatigue.

Buttered tea: it is a favorite drink of Tibetans and the best drink for hospitality. When making ordinary butter tea, the tea leaves are boiled into red soup, after boiling, the tea residue is filtered off, the hot tea soup is poured into the barrel filled with butter and salt in advance, and then the fresh milk is poured in, and the fresh milk can be replaced by milk powder. At the same time, pour a few eggs into the bucket, stir the bucket constantly with a tea-beating tool, so that the ghee and other foods are fully and evenly dissolved in the black tea, and then put into the casserole. To make the best butter tea, you should also add walnuts, peanuts, sesame seeds and so on. , are ground in advance, to the above condiments, are generally used to drink the system, to be hot. Buttered tea contains high protein and fat, and has high nutritional value.

Yogurt: mainly in autumn and summer. The method is: boil the fresh milk and pour it into a container. When the milk is not hot, add yogurt starter and stir well, and put it at a suitable temperature. After a few hours, the milk will solidify into tender tofu, which is yogurt. Add sugar when drinking. Yogurt has the functions of sedation, hypnosis, appetizing and invigorating qi.

The grain in agricultural and pastoral areas, mainly highland barley, is used to make Ciba. Corn, wheat, etc. And made into flour, noodles, steamed bread, oil cakes, steamed bread, etc. Vegetables in agricultural areas are more abundant and convenient than those in pastoral areas. Tibetans in agricultural and pastoral areas like to eat sauerkraut made of cabbage and round leaves; I like mixed wine brewed with highland barley and corn.