The main types of traditional paintings in China. From the perspective of art history, Chinese paintings before the Republic of China were collectively called ancient paintings. In ancient times, Chinese painting did not have a clear name, and it was generally called Danqing, which mainly refers to scroll painting painted on silk, rice paper and silk and mounted. Known as Chinese painting in modern times, it is different from foreign paintings such as oil paintings (also known as western paintings) imported from the west. It is a painting created by China's unique pen and ink and pigments according to the long-term expression and artistic law. Chinese painting can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light crimson, meticulous painting, freehand brushwork and line drawing according to its materials and expression methods. According to their themes, there are figure paintings, landscape paintings and flower-and-bird paintings. There are various forms of Chinese painting, such as long scrolls (also known as hand scrolls) and horizontal curtains, banners and nave, album pages and bucket squares, folding fans and round fans painted on fans. Chinese painting reflects the social consciousness and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation in ideological content and artistic creation, and embodies China people's understanding of nature, society and politics, philosophy, religion, morality, literature and art related to it. Classification of Chinese painting [Edit this paragraph] Chinese painting has its own system in the world art field. According to the performance object, it can be roughly divided into; Figures, landscapes, boundary paintings, flowers, fruits, feathers, animals, insects, fish, etc. According to the methods of expression, there are technical forms such as meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, hook, color setting and ink painting, and color setting can be divided into jade, turquoise, boneless, splash color, light color and light crimson. Mainly use the changes of lines and ink color to describe the image and business place with hook, dot, dye, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and empty; View layout, wide field of vision, not limited to focus perspective; According to the forms of expression, there are murals, screens, scrolls, picture books, fans and other frame forms, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques. Figure painting gradually matured from the late Zhou Dynasty to the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Mountains and rivers, flowers, paintings of birds and animals, etc. It was not until the Sui and Tang Dynasties that an independent painting discipline was formed. In the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, various schools of thought competed for each other, and ink painting became popular, and landscape painting became a major branch. Literati painting developed in the Song Dynasty, but reached its peak in the Yuan Dynasty, and the painting style tended to be freehand. Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times continued to develop, paying more and more attention to expressing ideas and smoothing the mind. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties were successively influenced by Buddhist art and western painting art.. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", requires "meaning to save the pen first, and draw as best as possible", and emphasizes the integration of things and the creation of artistic conception, so as to achieve the purpose of describing the spirit with form, having both form and spirit and vivid charm. Because calligraphy and painting are of the same origin, they are closely related to the operation of bone and line, so the seal cutting of calligraphy and painting affects each other and forms a remarkable artistic feature. The tool materials for painting are pens, ink, paper, inkstone and silk specially made in China. Modern Chinese painting has made a breakthrough and development in inheriting tradition and absorbing foreign techniques. ◆ Ink painting is a kind of Chinese painting. Refers to a painting made of pure ink and wash. There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and nature. Legend has it that it began in the Tang Dynasty, became in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times. Give full play to the function of ink painting with brushwork as the leading factor. "Ink is color" means that the shade change of ink is a hierarchical change of color, and "ink is color" means that multi-level ink chromaticity can be used instead of colorful colors. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "Tu Song" said: "The south of the Yangtze River spread to Ju Ran, and the light ink and light blue became one." Which is ink painting. People in the Tang and Song Dynasties painted landscapes with wet strokes, which had the effect of "water fainting ink printing". People in the Yuan Dynasty began to use dry pen, and the ink color changed a lot, which had the artistic effect of "giving color at the same time". In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei put forward that "ink painting is the best", and later generations followed suit. Ink painting has always occupied an important position in the history of China painting. ◆ Courtyard painting, referred to as "courtyard painting" or "courtyard painting", is a kind of Chinese painting. Generally speaking, it refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and its later court painters. There are also works specifically referring to the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, or generally referring to non-court painters who imitate the style of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. This kind of works mainly focus on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content to meet the needs of the court. They pay attention to statutes, have both form and spirit, and have a gorgeous and delicate style. Because different times and painters have different specialties, their painting styles are different and have their own characteristics. Mr. Lu Xun said: "It is advisable to give up the tender and gentle aspects of the courtyard paintings in Song Dynasty." Modern young and middle-aged painters represented by Zhang Quan, Jiang Hongwei, Jia Guangjian, Zhao Beixin and Hui Yu have made certain contributions to the development of modern college painting. ◆ Literati painting is also called "Literati painting". A Chinese painting. Generally refers to the paintings made by literati in China feudal society. Different from the paintings of folk painters and professional painters in the Palace Painting Academy, Su Shi put forward "literati painting" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dong Qichang advocated "literati painting" in the Ming Dynasty, with Wang Wei as the founder and the ancestor of Nanzong (see Nanbeizong). But in the old days, it was often used to raise the painting art of the literati class and despise folk painters and institutional painters. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan once said in Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Those who have been good at painting since ancient times are better than others without elegant clothes." This sentence has far-reaching influence. Modern Chen Hengke believes that "literati painting has four elements: personality, knowledge, talent and thought, and with these four elements, it can be perfected." Usually, "literati painting" takes landscape, flowers and birds, plum blossoms, bamboo, chrysanthemum, wood and stone as the theme. To express "spiritual spirit" or personal ambition, sometimes it also contains feelings of oppression to the nation or resentment against decadent politics. They admire "morale" and "one product", advocate algae interest, stress pen and ink interest, get rid of similarities, emphasize verve, and attach great importance to the cultivation of literature and calligraphy and the creation of artistic conception of painting. Mang Fu Yao's Preface to Scholars' Painting in China once had a high evaluation: "King Youcheng of the Tang Dynasty (Wei) helped poems to enter the painting, and then the pen became interesting, and the method changed at will. Needless to say, the palace merchants, the mountains and mountains are all rhyme, and the righteousness does not have to be more prosperous. " Literati paintings in past dynasties have a great influence on the aesthetic thought of Chinese painting and the development of ink painting, freehand brushwork and other techniques. ◆ Painting is divided into ten Chinese painting terms. Chinese painting is divided into six branches, namely, figures, houses, landscapes, pommel horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc. Xuanhe Garden in the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into ten gates, namely, Taoist Gate, Zimen Gate, Gongmen Gate, Gate, Arowana Gate, Shanshui Gate, Animal Gate, Flower and Bird Gate, Zhu Mo Gate and Vegetable Gate. Deng Chun's Painting with the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories (doors), namely, immortals, buddhas, ghosts and gods, biographies of people, landscapes, forests and stones, flowers, bamboo feathers, animals, insects and fish, houses, trees, boats and cars, melons and fruits, vegetables and grasses, and small miscellaneous paintings. See Thirteen Schools. Thirteen Chinese painting terms. Chinese painting is divided into six branches: Zhang Yanyuan's Record of Famous Paintings in Tang Dynasty; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xuanhe Huapu was divided into ten branches. Deng Chun's painting in the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories. Dong Tang's Painting Guide in Yuan Dynasty said: "There are thirteen secular painters, starting with mountains and rivers and based on boundary painting." Thirteen subjects of painters in Tao's Record of Descending Agriculture in the Ming Dynasty are: Buddha and Bodhisattva, Taoist temple of the Jade Emperor, King Kong and ghosts, Lohan holy monks, Fengyun Dragon and Tiger, ancient people, the whole mountain forest, flowers and bamboo feathers, wild mules and animals, people's use, boundary painting terraces, exclusive respect for all things, agricultural weaving and carving inlaid with green. Comic Ink Comic, that is, it has the characteristics of comic in conception, and has a wide range of themes, or satirizes or praises, but it uses the traditional ink painting techniques in China and is elegant. Compared with ordinary comics, ink and wash comics have more ornamental value. Its appearance has expanded the forms of expression, viewing fields and varieties of comics. There are also many excellent authors in China ink cartoons, such as Feng Zikai, Hua, Han Yu, Fang Cheng, Bi Ke Guan, Jiang Wenbing, He Wei, Chang Tiejun, and Baishancheng. At the same time, there are also many excellent works divided into [edit this paragraph] ◆ Figure painting. The general term for paintings with figures as the main body. China's figure painting, referred to as "figure" for short, is a major branch of Chinese painting, which appeared before landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. Generally, it can be divided into Taoist painting, lady painting, portrait painting, genre painting and historical story painting. Figure painting strives to portray the character's personality vividly, with vivid charm and both form and spirit. His vivid techniques are often reflected in the environment, atmosphere, characters, and the performance of characters in dynamic rendering. Therefore, Chinese painting is also called "vivid" in theory. The famous figure paintings in the past dynasties include Gu Kaizhi's The Goddess of Luo in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wen Yuan in the Tang Dynasty, Han Xizai's Banquet in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Wei Mo by Li in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wei Tu by Li Baixing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yin Tu by Li Baixing and Yang Zhuxi by Liang Kai in the Yuan Dynasty. In modern times, it emphasized "imitating the law" and absorbed western techniques, and developed in modeling and color distribution. ◆ Landscape painting is referred to as "landscape". A Chinese painting. Painting with natural scenery as the main body. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties gradually developed, but it was still attached to figure painting, which was mostly used as a background. Independence began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Zhan Ziqian's colorful landscape, Li Sixun's Jinbi landscape, Wang Wei's ink landscape and Wang Qia's splash-ink landscape. During the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, many authors appeared in landscape painting, such as Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Shen, Mi Fei, Mi Youren, etc., and green landscape painting reached a peak. Since then, it has become a major painting theme of Chinese painting; Landscape painting in Yuan Dynasty tends to be freehand brushwork, taking virtual as reality, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, and creating a new style; Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times, continuous development, a new look. Pay attention to the professional position and artistic conception in the performance. The traditional methods are ink painting, turquoise, resplendent, boneless, light red, light color and so on. Composition of landscape painting: the composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, houses, terraces, boats, cars, bridges, wind, rain, rain, snow, sun, clouds, fog and the climatic characteristics of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Landscape painting with mineral azurite and stone green as the main colors. There are big turquoise and small turquoise. The former has more hooks, fewer strokes, strong coloring and strong decoration; The latter is dominated by the light color of ink and wash. Zhang Geng in Qing Dynasty said: "Painting and painting have always been colorful." Dong Tang said in the Yuan Dynasty: "Li Sixun painted landscapes, reflecting them with golden jade, which is the family law." During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two Zhao dynasties (Boju and Bojun), which were famous for their green landscapes. China's landscape painting is color painting first, followed by ink painting. In color-coded painting, there are heavy colors first, then light colors. ◆ A pale crimson landscape painting. On the basis of ink painting, a light-colored landscape painting with ochre as the main tone was laid. "Biography of Mustard Seed Garden" said: "Yellow is like a jade surface, and ochre is the best color. It is shallow and sometimes outlined with ochre pen. Wang Mengfu painted landscapes with ochre and gamboge, and his mountains were like pine grass paintings, and then he painted them with ochre, sometimes without coloring. He only used ochre to paint faces and pine skins in the landscape. " This coloring feature began in the Eastern Yuan Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Yellow Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty, also known as "Wuzhuang" landscape. ◆ Mud gold, azurite and azurite in resplendent Chinese painting pigments. All landscape paintings with these three pigments as the main colors are called "golden blue landscape", which is more clay and gold than "green landscape". Clay gold is generally used to cross-dye mountain contours, stone patterns, slopes, sand mouths, rosy clouds, palaces, pavilions and other buildings. However, The Brief Discussion on Painting in the Ming Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty holds another view: "Those who cover gold and jade: the stone is green, that is, the green landscape is also green. Later generations don't pay attention to it, but mud gold is called golden pen landscape. It's ridiculous that the husband is in the name of gold and silver! " ◆ Bluestone and turquoise in the pigments of turquoise Chinese painting. It also refers to the coloring method with these two pigments as the main colors. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Yi said: "The color is green, the body should be serious, the gas should be light and clear, and the strength should be strong." It took you more than 30 years to realize the blue color method and it began to be wonderful. " The cloud also said: "turquoise is a heavy color, thick and easy, shallow and difficult, shallow and not deep, especially difficult to see thick." ..... Luck is empty, elegant and elegant, slim, and aura is faint. The lighter, the thicker. The so-called gorgeous or natural, one of the paintings has changed. "(Postscript of Ou Xiang Pavilion Painting) expounds the gist of cyan coloring. See "Green Landscape". ◆ Flower-and-bird painting is a kind of Chinese painting. Xuan He Hua Pu in the Northern Song Dynasty. "On Flowers and Birds" said: "Poets have six meanings, and they know the names of birds, animals and herbs, and also remember the ups and downs of the four seasons, so the beauty of painting is more interesting here, which is different from poets. "There are many flower and bird painters in the past dynasties, such as the crane in Snow Ji in the Tang Dynasty, the peacock in Bian Luan, and the flower bamboo in Diaoguangyin. The eagle of Guo in the Five Dynasties, the flower and bird in the grave; Flowers in Zhao Chang, birds in cypress and flowers and birds in Wu in the Northern Song Dynasty; Branches of Wu Bing in Southern Song Dynasty, flowers and fruits of Lin Chun, birds of Li Di; In Yuan Dynasty, Li Li's Bamboo, Zhang Shouzhong's Yuanyang and Wang Mian's Mei; Birds in Lin Liang in Ming Dynasty, ink flowers of Chen Chun and Xu Wei; Fish in Qing dynasty, lotus in clouds, birds in Hua Nie; Modern Wu Changshuo, Huadu and so on are all famous flowers of a generation. See "Four Gentlemen". ◆ New literati paintings in New literati paintings, or "New literati paintings in China", refers to a cultural phenomenon that appeared in China art circles in the late 1980s and early 1990s. From 65438 to 0996, Beijing painter Bian Pingshan often met and chatted with Fuzhou painter Wang Heping and Hebei painter Bei Yu in Mr. Bian Pingshan's Pingshan Bookstore. Because there are many similarities in artistic opinions and pursuits, the idea of developing a joint exhibition of Chinese paintings has sprouted. Later, it was agreed with Nanjing painters Wang Mengqi and Jun Fang that Tianjin painter Huo Chunyang would hold this exhibition in the exhibition hall of Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts, which was the beginning of "New literati paintings". Later, painters from all over the country, such as Zhu Xinjian, Liu Ergang, Wang Yong, Xu Lele, Zhu Daoping, Chen Ping, Tian Liming and Jiang Hongwei, responded and joined in, becoming a very influential cultural phenomenon in the country. " "New literati paintings", "85 New Trends" and "Star Art Exhibition" became a brilliant page in the art history of China in 1980s and 1990s.