1. The total reserves of primary energy resources in China are estimated to be 4 trillion tons of standard coal. However, per capita energy ownership and consumption are far below the world average. 1990, China's per capita proven coal reserves were 147 tons, accounting for 41.4% of the world average; The per capita proven oil reserves are 2.9 tons, accounting for11%of the world average; The per capita proven natural gas is 4% of the world average; The proven exploitable hydropower resources are also lower than the world average level. In terms of per capita energy consumption, the world average level of1433kg oil equivalent is 1994, which is about 5066kg oil equivalent in developed countries and 670kg oil equivalent in China. 1997, China's per capita installed capacity was 0.2 1 kW, and per capita electricity consumption was 900kWh, which was only equivalent to the world average 1/3. China's energy development and utilization has the following main characteristics.
First, coal is the main energy source, and the degree of development and utilization of renewable resources is very low. The proven coal resources in China account for more than 90% of the total primary energy such as coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy, and coal plays a leading role in energy production and consumption in China. Before the 1960s, the production and consumption of coal in China accounted for more than 90% of the total energy, and in the 1970s it accounted for more than 80%. Since 1980s, the proportion of coal in energy production and consumption has been around 75%, and other types of energy are also growing rapidly, but they are still in a subsidiary position. 1995 The total global energy production reached12.3 billion tons of standard coal, and the proportions of solid, liquid, gas, hydropower and nuclear power were 28.3%, 38.4%, 23.5% and 9.8% respectively (Liu Hong, 199,10. During the structural transformation from coal-based energy to oil-gas-based energy in the world, China is still one of the few countries with coal-based energy in the world.
Second, the total energy consumption is increasing, and the energy utilization efficiency is low. With the continuous expansion of economic scale, China's energy consumption is on the rise. 1957? From 65438 to 0989, the total energy consumption in China increased from 96.44 million tons of standard coal to 969.34 million tons, an increase of nine times. 1989? 1999, China's energy consumption increased from 963.94 million tons of standard coal to12.2 million tons, an increase of 26%. Affected by capital, technology, energy prices and other factors, China's energy efficiency is far lower than that of developed countries. The comprehensive utilization efficiency of energy is 32%, and the total efficiency of energy system is 9.3%, which is only about 50% of that of developed countries. Compared with 1994, the energy consumption per unit GNP (tons of standard coal/thousand dollars) in China is 14.4 times,1.3 times, 10.6 times and 8.8 times respectively.
Third, energy consumption is dominated by domestic supply, environmental pollution is aggravated, and the supply of high-quality energy is insufficient. China's economic development mainly depends on domestic energy production and supply, and energy technology and equipment mainly depend on domestic supply. Before the mid-1990s, the self-sufficiency rate of energy supply in China was above 98%. With the continuous increase of energy consumption, the energy structure dominated by coal causes urban air pollution, and excessive consumption of biomass energy causes ecological damage, and the pressure on the ecological environment is increasing. According to the statistics of the World Bank, the economic losses caused by air and water pollution in China account for about 3% of GDP? 8%。 Some scholars in China even think that the economic losses caused by environmental damage in China account for 10% of the gross national product.