Sun Wu (about 545 BC-470 BC), whose real name was Changqing, was born in Le 'an (now Guangrao, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period of China, and was a general of the State of Wu. A famous strategist and politician. He once led Wu Jun to defeat the Chu army, occupied the capital of Chu, and almost destroyed Chu. His masterpiece, The Art of War, has 13 articles, which is highly praised by later military strategists. Known as the "sacred book of military science", it ranks first among the seven military classics, and has been translated into English, French, German, Japanese and other languages, making it the most famous military science book in the world. Today, in Shandong, Suzhou, Jiangsu and other places, there are temples dedicated to Sun Wu, also known as soldier temples. ? Sun Wu, revered by later generations as a grandson, Sun Wuzi, a soldier saint, a teacher of a hundred soldiers and the originator of eastern military science. (about 535 BC-? ) [1-2], I once saw the prince of Wu He Lu in Thirteen Articles on the Art of War, and was appointed as a general. Led the troops to fight, invincible, Wu Zixu led Wu Jun to break Chu, winning five out of five, and led 30,000 troops to defeat 600,000 troops of Chu and enter the capital of Chu. Qi Jin in the north, Yue people in the south, famous soldiers. ? On the night when Sun Wu was born, Sun Wu's grandfather Sun Shu and his father Sun Ping were both officials in North Korea and hurried home. The whole family, from master to servant, is immersed in a great atmosphere of joy. Sun Shu looked at his infant grandson and hoped that he would grow up quickly, inherit and carry forward martial arts and serve the country. Sun Shu decided to name his grandson "Wu" and totally agreed. The shape of Wu is composed of two characters: "stop" and "case", and it is Wu that can stop the case. According to the ancient art of war, "seven virtues of martial arts" means that military power can be used to ban rape, eliminate wars, safeguard the country, consolidate achievements, stabilize people's hearts, reconcile the masses and enrich property. Sun Shu also gave his grandson a word called "evergreen". "Qing" was a big official in North Korea at that time, juxtaposed with doctors. Sun Shu is Qi Dafu, and Sun Ping is Qi Qing. They hope that their grandchildren will become officials in North Korea and become the pillars of the country like them in the future. Things turned out as they hoped. With the growth of Sun Wu, he gradually showed his hobby and unique talent for military affairs. Maybe he was influenced by his family since he was a child. Sun Wu is clever, alert, studious, thoughtful, original and especially martial. Whenever Sun Shu and Sun Ping came home from North Korea, Sun Wu always pestered them to tell him stories. He likes listening to war stories very much and never tires of it. After a long time, the servants and servants who waited on Sun Wu knew. So, when grandpa and dad were not at home, Sun Wu pestered them to tell him. Besides listening to stories, Sun Wu also has one of his greatest hobbies, reading books, especially art books. The Sun family is an aristocratic family that has been proficient in military affairs for generations, and there are many military books in the family. Military history of Huangdi, Taigong, after the classic chess game, I ching and deploying troops, military records, military affairs, military ceremonies, spiritual codes, military records of Zhou Shu and Laozi, military history of Shangshu, military history of Guanzi and Shang Dynasty. Sun Wu likes to climb into the attic and take down bamboo slips full of words to read. If you have any questions you don't understand, you can ask the teacher you hired, or even ask your grandparents directly. Once, Sun Wu read that "the great event of a country lies in respect for peace and honor", so he ran to ask the teacher, "Sir, what is respect? What is Rong? " The teacher thought that Sun Wu's question today was very simple, so he casually said, "Sacrifice is sacrifice, and military service is military service." Sun Wu then asked, "Sacrifice is a spiritual sustenance. How can it be compared with the military as a national event? " The teacher was surprised and couldn't answer at the moment. Sun Wu went on to say, "Being a soldier is a major event of the country, which can not be ignored by the monarch and the minister." When Sun Wuchang was 8 years old, he was sent to Xu Yao (a regular school run by the government) to receive systematic basic knowledge education. At that time, "Five Teaching" and "Six Learning" were the main courses of "Guo Xu". "Five religions" refers to the education of five kinds of ethics, namely, father's righteousness, mother's kindness, brother's friendship, brother's respect and son's filial piety. "Six Learning" refers to the study of six basic subjects: etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics. The little boy Sun Wu is talented. He can recite the complicated "five teachings" and the prescribed basic cultural lessons after reading them three or two times. Often other students are still working hard, and he has finished reciting and ran outside to play. Once, the teacher thought he was naughty and called him back to prepare a punishment. There must be a reason for the punishment, so the teacher asked him a question about a text he had just learned, and Sun Wu answered it like a stream. The teacher couldn't find a reason to punish him, so he had to give up. Over time, the teacher felt that the child was gifted and would succeed in the future. Therefore, educating Sun Wu will be more diligent. Among all the courses, Sun Wu is most interested in "shooting" and "imperial" in the "six studies". In the first class of "shooting" and "prevention", the teacher first explained the basic contents of "shooting" and "prevention" and the significance of learning "shooting" and "prevention". "Shooting" and "defending" are the basic skills of battlefield operations, and they are also the main items of social competitive activities in Qi State. In the state of Qi, a nationwide "shooting" and "imperial" competition is held every September, which is an important form for the country to select talents and an excellent opportunity for people with lofty ideals to show themselves and enter the official career. Then the teacher also focused on the "martial arts" style that Qi has had since ancient times. About the Xia and Shang Dynasties, or earlier, the Yi people in Qi were famous for their good shooting. The word "Yi" of Yi people is a hieroglyphic of "Da" (like a human figure with an arm outstretched in front) with a bow on it. In myths and legends, the hero of Dongyi is Yi. He tamed ten suns with a bow and arrow and shot the Yellow River (Hebo) blind at the same time. He also shot and killed the seal snake, and shot and killed the raptor "Gale" in Qingqiu (around the ancient giant temple lake) and killed the people. People respectfully call him "Hou Yi". In Shang Dynasty, the hero of Qi was famous for his talent (Historical Records, Qin Benji). He defeated the enemy without fighting all his life and finally died at the seaside (the tomb is in the east of Guangrao County today). Later, Jiang Ziya helped Zhou Wenwang destroy the business, was sealed in the State of Qi, and established the State of Qi, and the custom of martial arts was inherited and carried forward. There are two main reasons for this: First, Taigong was granted the privilege of conquering by the Zhou royal family on the day when he was sealed, and he could conquer other countries on behalf of the Zhou royal family, so it became inevitable for Qi to admire martial arts. According to historical records, the State of Qi has repeatedly used troops against small countries such as Lai, Qi, Xuan, Yang and Tan. Secondly, Qi has a superior geographical environment to develop animal husbandry, especially horse industry, which is the first among the vassal countries, providing the possibility for the development of military equipment. Since the Duke of Huan, Qi has the largest number of horses among the vassal states. When Huan Gong was in Qi Huangong, he gave Wei 300 horses at a time. The Qingqiu area where Sun is located is the horse breeding base of Qi State. Influenced by the martial spirit, Qi, from monarch to soldier, is proud of its bravery. "Shooting" and "Imperial" were the earliest martial arts practiced by Qi people. They are mainly used for long-range attacks and are an important means of military activities. Qi people have always regarded the skills of "shooting" and "bending" as honor and disgrace, which has become a social fashion. If you want to be an official and reuse for your country, you must first practice these two subjects well. In the following study and training, Sun Wu invested several times more efforts in "shooting" and "defending" than other students. Sun Wu practiced hard, even to the point of forgetting to eat and sleep. Soon, Sun Wu became a leader among his peers who mastered these two skills. Sun Wu was not satisfied, and he didn't stop there. He still practices for three seasons in winter and three days in summer. At this time, Sun Wu has an ideal in his heart, that is, when he grows up, like his grandfather Sun Shu and uncle Tian Rangcha, he will become a general on the battlefield. When Sun Wu arrived in the State of Wu, he was introduced by Wu Zixu to He Lv, the king of Wu, and was appreciated by the king of Wu through beheading training. Under the rule of Wu Zixu and Sun Wu, Wu's internal affairs and military affairs have been greatly improved. The king of Wu is very dependent on them and regards them as his right-hand man. Wu Wang has read Sun Tzu's Art of War and wants to discuss it in depth. One day, the King of Wu and Sun Wu discussed the politics of the State of Jin. The King of Wu asked, "The power of the State of Jin is in the hands of Fan, BOC, Zhi, Han, Wei and Zhao. Which family does the general think can be strong? " Sun Wu said, "Fan family dies first, expert dies first." "Why?" "According to their mu system, rent collection and the number of foot soldiers, officials judge whether they are greedy or not. Take Fan's and Bank of China's as examples. They take 160 square step as an acre. Among the six ministers, these two have the smallest land system and the heaviest rent tax, which is as high as one fifth. Excessive public wealth, people turn to ravines; There are many officials who are arrogant and extravagant, have a huge army and often raise soldiers. If this continues, it will inevitably lead to betrayal and disintegration! " Seeing that Sun Wu's analysis hit the nail on the head of the two families, the king of Wu then asked, "After Fan and BOC were defeated, whose turn was it?" Sun Wu replied, "By the same token, after Fan and BOC perished, it was the turn of the wise men. Zhijia's mu system is only slightly larger than Fann's and BOC's, taking 180 square step, but the rent and tax are as heavy as one-fifth. The roots of Nazhi are almost exactly the same as those of Fan and Chinese experts: small acres, heavy taxes, rich people and poor people, more officials and more soldiers, arrogance and extravagance, and eagerness for success. The result can only be to repeat the mistakes of Fan and BOC. " The king of Wu continued to ask, "After the death of the Zhi family, whose turn is it?" Sun Wu said, "Then it's the turn of the Han and Wei Dynasties. Han and Wei families take 200 square steps as an acre, and the tax rate is still one fifth. Their two families are still small, with heavy taxes, public wealth, poor people and many officers and men, and they are eager to fight a few wars. It is precisely because its mu system is slightly larger and the burden on the people is relatively light, so it can live for a few more days and die after three families. " Without waiting for the prince of Wu to ask questions, Sun Wu went on to say, "As for the Zhao family, it is very different from the five above. In the Six Dynasties of Qing Dynasty, the mu system of Zhao was the largest, with 240 square steps as one mu. Not only that, Zhao's rent has always been very light. Large acres, light taxes, moderate officials and people, and few officers and men. The upper class is not too arrogant and extravagant, and the lower class is still well-fed. Abuse of government loses people, leniency gains people. Zhao is bound to prosper, and the Jin regime will eventually fall into Zhao's hands. " Sun Wu's talk about the rise and fall of the six dynasties in the Qing Dynasty in the State of Jin is like offering the prince of Wu a good plan to govern the country and protect the people. The king of Wu was deeply inspired and said happily, "The general's theory is very good. I understand that the right way for a king to govern the country is to cherish the people's strength and not lose the hearts of the people. Sun Wu and Wu Zixu * * * assisted He Lv in governing the country, and formulated a hegemonic strategy with the first task of breaking Chu, then serving the country in the south and then entering the Central Plains; Implement the operational policy of dividing troops to disturb Chu, so that Wu Can can actively compete with Chu. In 5 12 BC (the third year of He Lv, the king of Wu), Wu Jun conquered Zhong You (now the northeast of Suqian, Jiangsu) and Shu (now the west of Lujiang County, Anhui). The king of Wu was ready to attack Chu, and Sun Wu thought that "people can't work. "Please wait a moment. Wu Zixu, on the other hand, put forward the strategy of exhausting Chu, suggesting that the troops should be divided into three armies, each with one army to attack the Chu border. " One will come back if he goes out, and he will go out if he goes back. "With this tactic of" exhausted and making mistakes in many ways ",the Chu army will be exhausted and the power of Chu will be exhausted. He and Lu adopted this idea and repeatedly harassed Chu for six years, which made the Chu army exhausted and created conditions for a large-scale attack on Chu. Sun Wu and Wu Zixu also joined forces with Tang and Cai to attack Chu according to the fact that the King of Chu made Yin Zi greedy and detained Cai Hetang for failing to ask for bribes. Cai and Tang were extremely dissatisfied with the King of Chu. Although Cai and Tang were small countries, they lived on the flank of Chu, which provided favorable conditions for Wu Jun to avoid the front of Chu army and make a far-reaching strategic detour from its flank. In 506 BC, the conditions for Wu to attack Chu were ripe. Sun Wu and Wu Zixu assisted He Lv in attacking Chu on a large scale, and took the capital Ying (now northwest of Jiangling, Hubei). Wu Jun will enter the vicinity of Jiangling from Suzhou today, and carry out a far-reaching strategic attack more than a thousand miles away. Sun Wu and others helped He Lv make a March route that Chu did not expect, that is, from the upper reaches of Huaihe River to the west, and then landed in Huailing (now northwest of Huangchuan, Henan Province), and then used the weak gap in the northern border of Chu Army to head for Hanshui River from the famous Yiyang Pass, namely Wuyang Pass, Jiuliguan Pass and Pingjingguan Pass. According to this marching route, Wu Jun successfully reached Hanshui and reached the hinterland of Chu. Chu Jun organized defense along the Hanshui River and confronted Wu Jun across the water. Because Commander-in-Chief of Chu Army made Yin Zi change the battle plan of attacking Wu Jun without authorization, in order to win credit, he led the army to cross the Hanshui River to attack Wu Jun alone, and the result was a crushing defeat in Baiju (now Hanchuan North, Hubei Province). After 56 times of 56-point thrashing and 5 wins in 5 wars, Wu Jun occupied Yong City, the capital of Chu State, and nearly destroyed Chu State. ? From then on, Wu became powerful and began a war against Yue. In a war with Vietnam, He Lu was injured and died soon. Prince Fu Cha succeeded to the throne, and Sun Wu and Wu Zixu reared their arms to help Fu Cha accomplish the great cause of revenge. In the spring of 494 BC, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, mobilized troops to March to Wu by water, and Fu Cha led 654.38+ 10,000 soldiers to meet Yu Fujiao (now Mashan, Wuxi, Jiangsu). Under the planning of Sun Wu and Wu Zixu, Wu Jun arranged many swindlers at night, divided into two wings and held high torches. In the dark, Wu Jun took advantage of the general attack and defeated the Vietnamese army. Gou Jian, pursued by Wu Jun, led 5,000 troops down, and after dominating the south, he advanced to the Central Plains in the north. In 485 BC, Fu Cha joined forces with Lu and defeated the Qi army. In 482 BC, Fu Cha led tens of thousands of soldiers to Huangchi (now south of fengqiu county, Henan Province) by sea, together with Jin, Lu and other congressional divisions. Fu Cha, the king of Wu, won the hegemony with the powerful military force as the backing. With the prosperity of Wu hegemony, Fu Cha gradually became self-righteous, no longer made great efforts as before, and paid less attention to heroes such as Sun Wu and Wu Zixu. Instead, he reused treacherous court official Ai Bo. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, in order to dampen the fighting spirit of the King of Wu, confuse Fu Cha and achieve the goal of destroying Wu, on the one hand, he personally served the King of Wu and paid the price for his bravery; On the one hand, choose beauty Dan to enter Wu. After Xi's family entered Wu, Fu Cha built a large-scale construction project, built Gusutai, drank alcohol every day, and went on strike every night to indulge in debauchery. Sun Wu and Wu Zixu believed that if Gou Jian was forced to make peace, he would try his best to retaliate in the future, so he must completely destroy Yue State, and he must never tolerate the traitors and leave behind future troubles. But Fu Cha listened to the treacherous court official's criticism and ignored Sun Wu and Wu Zixu's bitter remonstrance. Because of Wu Zixu's repeated persuasion, Fu Cha was furious, so he made excuses and forced him to commit suicide. He even ordered that Wu Zixu's body be thrown into the river in a leather bag and not buried. Wu Zixu's death dealt a heavy blow to Sun Wu. His heart is completely cold. He realized that Wu was hopeless. Sun Wu knows that "birds are exhausted, and good bows are hidden; A wily rabbit dies and a running dog cooks, "so he quietly retired and lived in seclusion in the mountains." According to his own experience in training soldiers and commanding operations, he revised Sun Tzu's Art of War 13 to make it more perfect. The descendants of Sun Wu were named Fuchun Hou by King Wu Ming, which was the beginning of Fuchun Sun Shi. The mainstream view of Sun Wu's tomb is that it is located in the northern part of Suzhou.