1985-1992: francesco cossiga, francesco cossiga (born in 1928).
1992-1999: oscar luigi scalfaro oscar luigi scalfaro (born in 19 18).
1999 -2006: carlo azeglio ciampi, carlo azeglio ciampi (born in 1920)
B 1 1 (USP 45) USP (Selbstlade pistol for general use) is the first pistol specially designed for the American market by a Hong Kong company. Its design principle is based on the user needs of American civil, law enforcement agencies and military departments. USP was first shown to the public at 1993 SHOT Show in Houston. In the same year, USP started production. USP starts from 9mm and 40s&; W two caliber, although these two models are quite popular, but many Americans have always had a soft spot for .45 caliber. When the U.S. military chose to introduce the 9mm Bei Leita 92F pistol as the standard pistol, it also introduced the .45acp (automatic colt P.
B 12 (Glock G.M.B.H) Glock G.M.B.H was founded in 1963 by engineer Gaston Glock, located at A-2232 Hausfield Street, Vagram, Austria. Many people think that Glock 17, which was introduced by Glock Company in 1980s, is the earliest pistol in the world that used a lot of engineering plastics (the definition of "a lot" is that at least the sleeve seat is made of engineering plastics). In fact, the first pistol in the world that used a lot of engineering plastics should be the VP70 assault pistol designed by 1968 HK company. But the fact is that Glock series pistols have achieved incomparable success with VP70.
B 13 (Desert Eagle) mentioned the mighty semi-automatic pistol Desert Eagle. Many people know that it is a product of israel military industries Company, but in fact it was developed by Ma Genan Research Company in Ponis, Minnesota.
B 14Sig p228 Sig-SAUER pistol is a pistol developed by SIG company in Switzerland and produced by SAUER company in Germany. The earliest model of SIG-SAUER pistol series is P220 pistol. SIG-SAUER P220 pistol was developed in 1970s to replace P2 10. P220 is an improvement of P2 10, but its performance is more perfect, safer and cheaper than P2 10. A series of pistols developed by SIG company based on P220 are very popular in the military, police and private markets because of their excellent performance and simple operation.
B 15 has no introduction.
B 16 (May 7th) Seven-style pistol is a kind of semi-automatic pistol, with delayed recoil, non-rigid locking and translation needle firing. Expand the application of engineering plastics in pistols. In the past, pistols only used engineering plastics in the non-main stress parts such as sleeve seat and magazine, but the sleeve moved quickly and needed to bear fierce impact, so all of them were made of high-quality steel. Through careful design, the May 7th pistol successfully adopted the steel-plastic composite structure on the pistol sleeve for the first time. The bracket is stamped with steel plate, processed in needle chamber, fixed on the bracket with fixing pins, covered with high-strength engineering plastic, and then the surface is phosphatized. Therefore, the weight is reduced and the strength requirement is ensured.
B2 1 (M3 Super-90 Battle) The M 1 Super-90 series shotguns of Italy Bernali Company were developed for the military and police in the 1980s, firing 2.75-inch and 3-inch bullets with the caliber of 12, and the M65438 was also based on it. A variant gun of M 1 was used as a candidate gun provided by benelli /HK Company for 1997 Xia Bing Gun Campaign. The shell of M 1 series is made of high-strength aluminum alloy, and the rotating gun is driven by the frame and locked on the connecting sleeve of steel cylinder. Artillery works through inertial recoil system, which is actually a short recoil system with rapid cyclic action. M3super90 is an improved gun of this series.
B22 Due to the increasing emphasis on urban warfare weapons, various CQB weapons are flooding all military units in the United States. At the same time, the military threat in this area is also increasing. Therefore, the US military, which took the lead in using tactical shotguns in the military, decided to provide the Army with new military shotguns, and put forward the Joint Service Combat Shotgun Program (JSCS). The technical indicators proposed by JSCS include the sample gun XM 10 14 (trade name M4 Super 90) provided by a joint company composed of Bernelli Company and HK America Company after a comparative test by the U.S. Army Ordnance Research, Development and Engineering Center.
B31(MP5) In the early 1950s, NATO and Warsaw Pact began a cold war confrontation. 1954, the former west Germany made a new armament plan and conducted a test of standard submachine guns different from standard rifles, so as to promote the research and development of domestic submachine guns. Major gun companies in Germany participated in the experiment, and some imported guns from abroad also participated. In the same year, in order to participate in this experiment, Tilo M? Ler), Manfred Guhring, Georg Seidl and Helmut Baureuter started the design work named "Project 64". The finished product of this design is a submachine gun of a miniature G3 rifle.
B32 (Steyr TMP) Steyr Company introduced a new tactical machine Pistolru-TMP at 1993. TMP is the latest attempt of this company, and it is a fully automatic fire support weapon specially carried by law enforcement personnel. The company's idea is to distribute TMP directly to the front-line special police as standard equipment, which can suppress criminals and prevent them from escaping at the first crime scene. TMP is a new submachine gun developed in1990s, and its mechanical structure is also very unique. In the gun body with a total length of less than 30cm, the rotary locking structure of the bolt is adopted instead of the simple recoil bolt used in submachine guns. This new design can greatly reduce the weight of submachine guns.
The concept of B33 (FN P90) Personal Defence Weapon (PDW) was first put forward at the annual meeting of American War Readiness Association in 1986. Later, Fort Benning Infantry School formally put forward the idea of developing PDW in the master plan of American light weapons, with the aim of replacing pistols, submachine guns and short assault rifles. According to the requirements of this plan, the equipment objects of PDW are drivers, operators, headquarters personnel, armored personnel, engineers, radios, pilots, logistics personnel or maintenance personnel. Although these soldiers are not frontline infantry, they account for more than half of the total number of troops. They have little time to improve their individual shooting skills, and most of the self-defense weapons they are equipped with-pistols and submachine guns-fire 9 mm Parra pistols.
B34 (Mac 10) Ingram Mac 10 submachine gun was designed by Gordon B. Ingram of the United States in 1964 and produced by American Military Weapons and Equipment Corporation in 1969. In order to expand its sales market, each gun has a standard type and a civilian type, and the standard type is exclusively used by military and police. Mac 10 submachine gun is one of the modern famous guns. At present, it is equipped with police and special forces from the United States, Britain, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Portugal, Venezuela and other countries. Mac 10 standard submachine gun is compact, flexible and durable, and can be equipped with silencer for micro-acoustic weapons.
B35 (UMP45) Because the bullets used in American special forces pistols (for self-defense) are different from those used in MP5 submachine guns (for attack), the logistics supply is inconvenient. Therefore, I hope that submachine guns can also be replaced with 45 ACP bullets when performing special operations. However, HK Company not only does not have a.45 caliber submachine gun, but also does not have a.45 ACP caliber model suitable for special operations such as hostage rescue. Under this background, HK Company developed a brand-new ".45 caliber universal submachine gun (UMP45 for short)", and delivered it for trial at the end of 1998. The automatic mode of UMP45 is no longer the traditional semi-free gun type of MP5, but the free gun type. In order to ensure the shooting accuracy, the gun chamber is closed when shooting. In addition, in order to facilitate the operation of artillery and reduce the dispersion of bullets during continuous shooting.
B4 1 (AK47) K-47 assault rifle was once called submachine gun in China (the imitation 1956 assault rifle was also called Type 56 assault rifle for a long time). 1947 finalize the design, 1949 equip the troops. The action of AK-47 can be *, and the service is good; Sturdy and durable, low failure rate, good shooting performance under high or low temperature conditions, especially when used in sand and muddy water, the performance can reach *; Simple structure and easy decomposition. However, when shooting repeatedly, the muzzle jumps seriously, which affects the accuracy and is relatively heavy. AK-47 is a widely equipped rifle. In addition to the former Soviet Union, there are more than 30 countries' military equipment in the world, some of which are copied or authorized. It is said that AK-47 guns kill far more people than nuclear weapons.
B42 (SSG552 Commando) SG55 1- 1P of Swiss Industrial Corporation is an assault rifle, which provides expanded firepower for the armed forces of law enforcement agencies at a distance of 300 meters. Although 9mm caliber ammunition has better stopping effect than 5.56mm rifle ammunition, and is more suitable for security forces, 9mm pistol ammunition is not enough when special forces face some gangsters wearing bulletproof vests. SG55 1- 1P is specially equipped with a 6×42 sight, in order to crack down on gangsters mixed with civilians more easily. In fact, because the trigger force of SG550/55 1 is softer than that of most assault rifles, SG55 1- 1P is like close range. After the introduction of the improved SG55 1-SWAT, SG55 1- 1P was discontinued.
B43 (M4A 1) is a new type of M 16 carbine, which was commissioned by colt company in 1988 and developed with the joint participation of the War Department and the Marine Corps. Because the former car-15 (the former American main battle rifle) had a low effective range, its terminal ballistic performance was unstable. Colt engineers shortened the barrel to 14.5 inches (370mm), added a neck to hang M203 Grenade launcher, used telescopic stock, and used semi-automatic and three-shot shooting methods. A double-layer aluminum heat shield is used in the wooden protective device. The Colt product number of this new carbine is 720. 199 1 in March, the military officially finalized it and named it "American 5.56mm North Atlantic Treaty Organization M4 carbine".
B44 (Steyraug) Steyraug (German abbreviation for Armee Universal Gewehr) is an air-guided, magazine-fed and shooting mode-selectable unsupported rifle. It was developed in the late 1960s to replace the Stg.58(FN FAL) combat rifle adopted by the Austrian military at that time. The development of new weapons is under the responsibility of Steyr-Manlicher Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Steyr-Daimler-Butcher in Austria. There are three main designers-Horst Wesp (also the designer of Glock pistol) and Carl Will.
B46 (Arctic War against Ma Genan. P) Changing the No.4 single-shot rifle from Li En Field to L4A 1 sniper rifle is "old" and can no longer meet the requirements of modern warfare. In the Falklands War, guns were "insufficient". So the British turned their attention to the new type of sniper rifle with NATO caliber of 7.62x5 1 mm, and its basic requirement was that the rifle should be hit first, regardless of whether the barrel was clean or not. Since then, the British army has carried out comparative tests on several models, and finally selected the PM sniper rifle (meaning precision competition gun) of the British International Precision Instruments Company. The gun, also known as AW (Arctic War), was developed by Malcolm Cooper, the world champion and gold medal winner of "optional rifle shooting". There are three kinds of guns: infantry, police and stealth PM.
M82A 1 sniper rifle
1, structure
The gun adopts the working principle of short recoil barrel. After firing, gunpowder gas pushes the projectile to move forward along the barrel, and at the same time, it acts on the bottom of the shell, transmitting the thrust to the bolt, which is locked and transmitted to the barrel connecting sleeve, and finally transmitted to the rear of the bolt frame through the bolt body. The unique structure of the gun is that the thrust is finally transferred to the gun frame, which can disperse the shooting vibration and avoid damaging the locking mechanism.
After the projectile flies out of the muzzle, the recoil of the barrel is13 mm. The barrel, bolt and gun frame continue to recoil, and during the recoil process, the firing rod retracts the return needle to make it in the state of waiting to be struck. When the barrel is about 25 mm backward, the handle of the quick release machine hits the locking support surface in the housing and swings it forward, forcing the gun frame to separate from the barrel socket. At the same time, rotate the bolt from the barrel socket and transfer energy from the barrel to the bolt holder. When the wedge iron locked in the lock groove of the barrel hits the barrel, the barrel stops and recoils. Recoil stroke * * * 53mm. Under the action of its impulse, the gun rack continued to move and began to break away from the barrel. The locking guide post in the bolt bracket is matched with the bolt helicoid, so that when the bolt bracket is separated from the barrel, the bolt can be rotated 30 degrees to unlock. At this time, the bolt completely extends out of the bolt frame, and the lock groove on the machine body has also rotated, so that the bolt lock pin in the bolt frame is stuck and the bolt is locked in the front position.
Barrett M90 12.7mm sniper rifle frame drives the bolt to recoil. When it passes through the barrel socket, the shell thrower throws shells. Once the bolt is separated from the barrel base, the barrel return spring returns the barrel to the forward position. The gun frame, which has been compressing the main recoil spring in the stock, reaches the bottom of the bumper and hits the rear end of the bumper sleeve. Then, the recoil spring pushes the gun frame forward, pushing the bullet out of the magazine and loading it into the gun chamber. When the frame moves forward, the bolt lock pin rotates under the push of the frame and is separated from the gun body. When the bolt is pressed against the end face of the cylinder, it retracts and rotates, so that the locking bamboo shoots are clamped into the socket of the cylinder.
The barrel is equipped with an efficient muzzle brake, which can reduce the recoil by 65%. Adjustable bipod, located under protective wood, can also be equipped with M82 tripod or M60 machine gun rack. The handle is installed on the protective wood and located in front of the sight.
2. Sight
M82A 1 sniper rifle is equipped with M3 super sight of Roy Polder-Stevens company, with magnification of 10 and range of 500 ~ 1800 m, but it is also equipped with mechanical sight for emergency use. M82A2 and M90 sniper rifles have no mechanical sight and can be equipped with any optical sight.
3. Ammunition
M82A 1 Sniper rifle can fire any 12.7mm Browning machine bullet. But armor-piercing projectiles, high-energy incendiary bombs, and M8 armor-piercing projectiles can also be used.
operating characteristic
M82A 1 M82A2 M90
Caliber12.7mm12.7mm12.7mm.
The initial velocity (M33 ordinary projectile) is 853m/s853m/s.
Automatic mode barrel short recoil barrel short recoil non-automatic
Locking mode bolt rotary bolt rotary
Launch mode single shot single shot single shot
Ammunition supply mode magazine magazine magazine magazine magazine
Ammunition capacity 10 rounds 1 1 5 rounds.
Total gun length1448mm1409mm TD > 1143mm/tr >
The barrel length is 737mm 736mm 736mm.
Total mass of gun12.9 kg12.24 kg9.98.
Sight M3 optical sight optical sight optical sight optical sight optical sight
Equipped with 2.7×99 mm Browning machine bullets.
American M 19 1 1 "colt" automatic pistol
U.S.M19111pistol is a military pistol with a caliber of 0.45ACP The original designer of this pistol is John Bai Langning, and the initial product is m19/kloc. 1922 to 23 years, some improvements were made, and the model was m1911a1pistol. Due to the single-row magazine design, the loading capacity is only 7+ 1 round.
It was not until 1985 that the US military adopted M92F (now M92FS) as the standard pistol M9, replacing the original M1911. M1911a1can be said to be the last product of the traditional 0.45 caliber pistol used by the US Army since the American Civil War. M1911a11is characterized by its super large aperture. This gun uses 0.45ACP (automatic colt pistol) bullets as ammunition. The caliber of this kind of bullet is 1 1.43MM, which is easy to throw. Hey? 5g is a big and heavy bullet. Because the bullet is too big, the initial velocity of the bullet is not high, only 246m/ s, but it is very binding on the human body. The key point of bullet design is not to pursue penetration and long-range ability, but to stop unexpected enemies and achieve deterrent effect.
material
Use a bullet (45 ACP) .45-inch colt pistol.
Automatic mode barrel short recoil type
Lock mode hinge bucket offset lock
Launch mode single action launch
The total mass of the gun is 1. 13 KG (including an empty magazine).
The total length of the gun is 2 16mm.
Barrel length 127mm, 6 rifles, right-handed.
The winding distance is 406 mm.
The load of seven bullets
The initial speed is 253m/s.
Muzzle kinetic energy 477 J
The rate of fire is 35 rounds per minute.
M92F
Bei Leita M92F pistol is a representative product of modern semi-automatic pistol. The steel chute and barrel, together with the gun body made of light alloy (aluminum alloy), greatly reduce the overall weight of the pistol. The magazine in the handle also adopts the design of double-row magazine, which increases the number of bullets filled. In addition, in order to improve the firing rate of the first bullet, the M92F is also equipped with a double-acting trigger system. In addition, the design of this type of pistol also pays full attention to the safety requirements. Even if the barrel is full of ammunition, the safety device on the pistol can make the soldiers move with peace of mind.
M9 Highway in USA (USA)
Caliber -9mmx 19
Full length-217mm
Barrel length-125mm
Total weight-975g
Magazine capacity-15+ 1
Initial speed -390 m/s
M92F originally designed this type of pistol on behalf of Bei Leita Company at the request of Italian public security authorities to cope with the worsening urban guerrilla warfare. As for the prototype of M92F pistol, it is Bei Leita M95 1 pistol with 9mmxI9 caliber used by Italian army. M92F is based on this M95 1 pistol, which adds a double-acting trigger with excellent rapid-fire performance and a double-row magazine that can increase the number of bullets. 1975, M92 with manual safety device on the gun side began to be sold abroad. Later, in 1976, the Italian police required the sliding sleeve to be equipped with a hammer-controlled tenon, so Bei Leita M92S pistol began to enter mass production in 1977. 1978, the M92S pistol was put forward in the United States government's Joint Service Light Weapons Program (JSSAP), so in 1979, after some minor improvements, the key magazine control tenon was installed behind the trigger protector, and the M92S 1 pistol used in JSSAP was completed. Based on M92S 1 pistol, it began to enter mass production on 198 1, which was later M92SB pistol.
Due to the rebound of domestic manufacturers and political pressure, the JSSAP plan of the U.S. government has not been able to reach a specific conclusion, which led to the delay of the plan to 1984. However, in 1985, the American government decided to adopt the M92SBF pistol (M92SB- final version) as the next generation American official pistol XM9, hence the name M9 pistol. Bei Leita Company thought the name M92SB-F was a bit too long, so it decided to change its name to M92F. M92F pistol (M92SB-F), as the official pistol of the United States, has been purchased by the American government as 3 15930. However, when using M92F pistol (M9 pistol), several of them had accidents of sliding sleeves breaking off after loading, so emergency improvement measures were taken, which is also the reason for the birth of M92FS pistol.
In the design of M92FS pistol, in order to prevent the sliding sleeve from flying out from the rear, the head of the hammer pin was enlarged and embedded in the groove of the sliding sleeve. As for the S& derivative models of Beretta M92F pistol, they include M99F with 7.65mmx23 caliber, M98F series with 9mx21caliber (IMI), and S & ampW M96 series with 0.40 caliber recently. In addition, small pocket pistols, single-row M pistols, stainless steel M92F pistols and double-acting trigger pistols have also been developed.
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