Galla chinensis is a gall on the leaves of Rhus chinensis. Rhus chinensis Or stew sumac. Var。 China Academy of Sciences. Rhus chinensis aphids are mainly composed of gallnut aphids. Picking in autumn, boiling in boiling water or steaming until the surface is gray, killing aphids and taking them out to dry. According to different shapes, it can be divided into abdominal age and angular age. The abdomen is rectangular or spindle-shaped, with a length of 2.5 ~ 9 cm and a diameter of 1.5 ~ 4 cm. The surface is grayish brown or grayish brown, slightly pilose. Hard and brittle, easily broken, with horny and shiny cross section, wall thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.3 cm, smooth inner wall, dark brown dead aphids and gray powdery excrement. Qi is single-minded and tastes astringent. The horns are rhombic, with irregular angular branches, obvious hirsutism and thin walls. Identification: Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, ultrasonic for 65438 05min, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. In addition, 0.5g of Galla Chinensis was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take gallic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 65438±0mg per 65438±0ml as reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (Appendix ⅵ b), 2μl of each of the above three solutions was absorbed and spotted on the same silica gel GF 254 thin-layer plate, and chloroform-ethyl formate-formic acid (5:5: 1) was used as the developing agent, which was unfolded, taken out, dried and examined under the ultraviolet lamp (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color are displayed at the positions corresponding to the chromatograms of the reference medicinal materials and the reference substance, respectively. Content determination: Take about 2g of this product powder (pass through the No.3 sieve), and at the same time take another product powder for moisture determination (Appendix ⅸ h, the first method), accurately weigh it, and determine it according to the tannin content determination method (Appendix ⅹ b). In terms of dry products, this product contains no less than 50.0% tannin. Cracking is carried out during processing to remove impurities. Sexual taste and acid, astringency and cold in meridian tropism. Enter lung, large intestine and kidney meridian. Indications: astringing lung to reduce fire, astringing intestine to stop diarrhea, astringing sweat to stop bleeding, astringing dampness to heal sores. It can be used for chronic cough due to lung deficiency, phlegm cough due to lung heat, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, night sweats and thirst quenching, hematochezia and hemorrhoids, traumatic hemorrhage, carbuncle, swelling, sores and toxic substances, and wet skin. Usage and dosage: 3 ~ 6g, and appropriate amount for external use. Store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent pressure. Its source is the gall of Aleyrodidae orientalis on its host tree, such as Rhus chinensis. Populus davidiana Or stewed Populus euphratica. Var。 Other names: Meretrix meretrix, White Insect Cang, Aconitum. It is an irregular capsule or water chestnut with many tumor-like protrusions or angular branches. Its surface is yellowish brown to grayish brown with grayish white fluff. It is hard and brittle, and it is hollow. After being broken, you can see the heart, liver, white skin and powdery excrement of the dark brown aphid. It is best to have thick skin, gray brown and intact. Sexual taste and sour meridian tropism. Enter lung, stomach and large intestine meridian. Indications: astringing lung, astringing intestine, stopping bleeding and detoxicating, and treating chronic cough due to lung deficiency, dysentery, diarrhea, proctoptosis, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, nocturnal emission, bloody stool, epistaxis, metrorrhagia, traumatic bleeding, toxic swelling, furuncle and curly eyelashes. Oral administration and dosage: grinding; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: decoction, smoking, washing, grinding, sprinkling or applying. Cough caused by exogenous wind-cold or lung excess heat and diarrhea caused by stagnation should be avoided. Features and uses: dry gall of aphids parasitic on Rhus chinensis. Rhus chinensis is a small deciduous tree with alternate leaves, odd pinnate compound leaves, lobules 7 ~ 13 and lobules on the total petiole. There are irregular cystic central galls on the wings and young leaves of compound leaves. Different types of aphids produce different shapes of ploidy in different parts of plants. Produced in Hebei, Shandong, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan and other provinces. Galla Chinensis contains tannic acid, which has astringent effect and strong bactericidal ability, and can prevent and treat baldheaded mouth disease, leukoderma, erythroderma and furuncle. Usage: Calculate the dosage according to 2 ~ 4ppm, mash Galla Chinensis, soak it in boiling water, and sprinkle it all over the pool with the residue juice. Galla chinensis (Meretrix meretrix, Bombyx mori, Beizi) [Medicinal] is a parasitic gall on the leaves or petioles of Rhus chinensis Mill (R.potaninii Maxim, R. Punjabensis Stew. Var. Sinica Rehd). Plants of Rhus in Uraciaceae. Produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places. Harvesting in autumn, cooking the internal parasites of the gall, drying in the sun, and eating raw. [Medicinal] Contains gallnut tannin 50-80%, gallic acid 2-5%, acidic resin, etc. [Pharmacology] (1) Galla tannin can coagulate and destroy the prototannin of cancer cells, and has anti-tumor effect. The inhibition rates of S- 180 in mice and JTC-26 in human cervical cancer cells were both above 90%. (2) Acidic resin has obvious astringent effect on ulcer of mucosa, skin and other tissues; It can also accelerate the coagulation of blood stasis and stop bleeding. (3) It has obvious bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects on staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, typhoid Bacillus, dysentery Bacillus, diphtheria Bacillus, anthrax Bacillus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also has inhibitory effect on influenza A PR strain virus inoculated in chicken embryos. [Properties] Acid, salty and flat. Liver, spleen, kidney, lung and large intestine meridians. 【 Efficacy 】 Detoxification, anticancer, astringent, hemostatic, wound healing and detumescence. [Medicinal] (1) Detoxification and anticancer, used for cancer accumulation: 30g of gallnut of pancreatic cancer, 30g of Shā rotto Katakuri, 22g of spurge, 0g of epimedium15g, 6g of cinnabar, 3g of radix rehmanniae and 3g of musk, all of which are evenly ground to obtain yushudan. Take 6g and the lower part: artificial bezoar, 3g of indigo naturalis, 3g of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici 1 5g, grind, take 3g,1time, three times a day, and send it with warm water. After several months, the lump disappeared and the symptoms improved obviously. Liver cancer gallnut, nux vomica, centipede, scorpion, copperas150g, plumbum preparatium and indigo naturalis/90g, bletilla striata, frankincense and myrrh/75g, borneol/45g, alum and gypsum/240g, rhubarb and Lithospermum/350g * * respectively, and tung oil/650. Apply an appropriate amount to the mass. Consists of the following components: Galla Chinensis, Shā rotto Katakuri, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, Rabbit Kernel, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, Radix Codonopsis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Bupleuri Radix, Artemisia annua, Radix Astragali, Herba Hedyotidis Diffusae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and Flos Lonicerae. It can soften and shrink the lump, and the symptoms such as jaundice and damp-heat disappear. 15g Galla Chinensis and Sophora Flavescentis for cervical cancer, 6g Borneolum Syntheticum, 60g Egg White (appropriate amount of egg yolk, add a little hair, and cook for a long time to get oil) are ground evenly and blended into a black paste. In addition, Galla Chinensis 1.5g, Bletilla as arsenic, sal ammoniac 0.3g, notoginseng realgar 3g, toad 15g, alum 60g are mixed with Xiaoyan ointment 60g to make cancer ointment. First use pepper water, then apply black cream locally, and change the cancer cream every three days. This is used alternately until the tumor is necrotic and falls off, and the cancer cells turn negative. Gallnut of breast cancer, dried alum12g, sal ammoniac, Ferula Ferulae18g, dried alum, verdigris 9g each, pig bile 6g, borneol 3g, Venenum Bufonis1.2g, Garcinia Garcinia, Olibanum and Myrrha 30g each, which are ground and dispersed evenly. /kloc-0 ~ 20 days later, the cancer tissue died, and Shengji powder was used after falling off. It is also suitable for other body surface cancers. (2) astringe and stop bleeding, which is used for slippage bleeding: spontaneous sweating and hyperhidrosis gallnut is properly ground into powder, mixed with water, applied to umbilical fossa before going to bed, covered with gauze and fixed with adhesive tape. Usually 1~3 nights can stop. Put gallnut powder with intestinal wind and bloody stool into the viscera-removed crucian carp, plump, calcined and ground, 3g each time, and served with warm wine. (3) Treating sores and swelling, used for furuncle and inflammation: furuncle, abscess, gallnut, angelica dahurica, etc. It's externally mixed. Decoct 6 grams of Galla Chinensis and 6 grams of Vitex negundo with swollen eyes due to wind-heat and wash the decoctions twice while they are hot. Due to the continuous improvement of human living environment and living standards, the trend of returning to nature is getting stronger and stronger. The medical model of human beings has gradually changed from the original therapeutic type to the combination of prevention and treatment, and some Chinese herbal medicines with preventive and health care functions will gradually be favored. According to experts' analysis, the development of health food and natural green food will become important raw materials for gold health industry. Chinese herbal medicines which are defined as health care medicines and natural Chinese herbal medicines with the same origin of medicine and food announced by the Ministry of Health can be planted appropriately. Galla chinensis looks like a fruit on a tree, but it is not a product of flower fertilization, but a gall picked from a tree called Rhus chinensis. Ancient science was underdeveloped, and the ancients always mistakenly thought that gallnut was the fruit of the tree. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that Li Shizhen had a scientific understanding. "Compendium of Materia Medica" said: "Gallnut, Kaibao Materia Medica entered the Ministry of Grass in the Song Dynasty, and Jiayou Materia Medica moved into the Ministry of Wood. Although he knew he was born on bark wood, he didn't know it was made by insects, so he moved it to the insect department of materia medica. Galla chinensis is a gall caused by Bell or parasitism of Populus deltoides, which is parasitic on trees of Physaceae, Rhus sumac, Populus deltoides and Populus deltoides. This kind of Rhus chinensis was called double tree in ancient times. There are five main kinds of trees, so the gall that grows on trees is called gallnut. Medicinal use began with Notes on Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty. Galla Chinensis is a specialty of China and an important traditional export commodity. China is the main producer of gallnut in the world, accounting for 90% of its output. No matter the output, variety or quality, it ranks first in the world and enjoys a long-standing reputation in the international market. Known as "China Galla Chinensis" and "Oriental Galla Chinensis". Southern Shaanxi is located in the center of Qinba Mountain area, belonging to the tropical climate of North Asia, which is most suitable for the growth and reproduction of gallnut. Gallnut, gallnut aphid and intermediate host bryophyte are rich in resources, and have been the main producing areas of gallnut in China since ancient times. Mainly concentrated in Ankang and Hanzhong Ankang, Xunyang, Pingli, Baihe, Chenggu, Xixiang, Yangxian and other counties and cities. Followed by Shangluo area. Its variety, output and quality are among the best in the country. It has been included in the book "Famous Native Products in Qinba Mountain Area". Galla chinensis is divided into two categories: commercial belly fold and horn fold; According to economic value, it can be divided into four categories: abdominal fold, corner fold, flower fold and medicine fold, with abdominal fold being the best. The gallnut produced in southern Shaanxi is mainly belly ploidy, which is the distribution center of belly ploidy in China, and the belly ploidy yield accounts for more than 80% of the total ploidy. This product has the characteristics of large volume, thick skin, firm quality, integrity, unbreakable, good color and high tannin content, and enjoys a good reputation in the international market. According to the records of Xixiang, Yangxian, Ningqiang, Ankang, Pingli, Hanyin and other counties, as early as the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the tree was cultivated artificially. The gallnut produced here is exported to Europe, America, Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries through Hankou and Xi 'an. Since ancient times, it has been known as "the hometown of lacquer, hemp, ear and double", and it is listed as the four traditional export native products together with "lacquer, hemp and ear". According to the Qing "Ankang Local Records", "Beizi is produced in the Beishan area of Ankang, which can be used to make color and has a large export volume". After the founding of New China, the production of gallnut in southern Shaanxi rose and developed again after a period of decline, with a forest area of more than 500,000 mu and an annual output of more than 2 million kilograms. Due to the popularization and application of scientific proliferation, stable and high yield have been achieved, creating a high yield record of 100 kg per mu and a world high yield record of 222.5 kg per mu (dry plover). Galla chinensis has many uses. Since ancient times, Chinese medicine has been recorded in many medical books and books. Such as Notes on Materia Medica, Kaibao Materia Medica, Concise Prescription by the Lake, Rihuazi Materia Medica and Yi Yan Materia Medica. , especially the compendium of flying materia medica, used a lot of space to describe the medicinal value of gallnut in detail. Galla chinensis tastes sour and salty, and its sex is flat. It has the effects of astringing lung, astringing intestine, stopping bleeding, stopping sweating and fixing essence. Indications: chronic cough, diarrhea, dysentery, bloody stool, proctoptosis, metrorrhagia, edema, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, hemorrhoids, nocturnal emission, scabies, furuncle, etc. Local treatment of traumatic bleeding, ulcer and other diseases. At present, there are more than 50 kinds of prescriptions and precious drugs made from gallnut, such as bismuth yellow, methyl sesquicarbonate and vitamin P. The main components of gallnut are tannic acid (i.e. tannic acid 50% ~ 80%), gallic acid (2% ~ 5%), water (12%), gallic acid, pyrogen and other chemicals. In addition, it also contains a small amount of fat, resin, starch, wax, protein, plant fiber and inorganic salts. It is an important raw material for medicine, chemical industry, national defense, metallurgy, petroleum, textile, tanning, navigation, papermaking, printing, food, light industry, synthetic fiber and other industries because of its functions of precipitation, floating inhibition, color fixation, rust prevention, scale prevention, retarding, desulfurization, stability, convergence and efficiency improvement. Tannic acid can be used to make color picture tubes in electronics industry, and it is a synergist in medicine industry, which can enhance the drug effect by dozens of times. Used in textile, it is a fixing agent for synthetic fibers, and the dyeing is bright and firm. It is also a clarifying foaming agent for brewing beer. Used as a diluent for drilling mud in petroleum industry and as a degreasing agent in leather industry. The analysis and refining of rare metals, as well as cutting-edge industries, are inseparable from acid. It can be seen that gallnut is an important raw material for modern industry. How is gallnut formed? Galla chinensis is the product of economic insects. Only when Rhus chinensis, Galla chinensis aphid and red tooth moss exist at the same time can Galla chinensis be produced. Rhus chinensis is the summer host of aphids, and bryophytes tenuifolia is the intermediate winter host. Rhus chinensis is a deciduous shrub or small tree, belonging to Ursodaceae, with a height of 2 ~ 10 m and a grayish brown bark. Odd pinnate compound leaves, alternate, with 7 ~ 13 leaflets. The total petiole and leaf axis have obvious wings. Leaflets sessile, ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, 6 ~ 12 cm long and 4 ~ 6 cm wide, with sharp apex, rounded to wedge-shaped base and rounded coarse serrations at the edge. The leaves are green, and the back of the leaves is brown and furry. Panicle terminal, with yellow and white flowers in autumn. Drupe is oblate and orange-red. The flowering period is from August to September, and the fruit maturity is 65438+ 10. Populus deltoides is a deciduous tree. It is 5 ~ 20m high and its bark is gray. Odd pinnate compound leaves, alternate, with 7-9 leaflets, each with a very short and obvious stalk. Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5- 10 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. Apex acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, entire, abaxial surface slightly hairy or subglabrous along veins. Leaf axis is cylindrical, sometimes there is a narrow between upper leaflets. Panicle terminal, slightly hairy, small, heterozygous, whitish, with drooping fruit sequence. Drupe is nearly spherical and dark red, containing 1 seed. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruit ripens in August. I like to be born in the bushes on sunny slopes, forest margins or valleys. Populus davidiana is a deciduous tree. Height 7 ~ 12 meters. Branchlets are pubescent, with odd pinnate compound leaves, with 5 ~ 1 1 leaflets, and at most 17 leaflets. When young, the upper part of leaf axis or the whole wing has narrow wings. Leaflets sessile, oval, 7 ~ 12 cm long, tapering at the top, round or nearly heart-shaped at the base, entire, and pubescent at the dorsal veins of leaves. Born in the bushes on the hillside. Gallnut aphid, belonging to Insecta, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Aphidae, is divided into winged and wingless: winged adult is female, gray-black, about 1.5 ~ 2 mm long, with 5 antennae, 2 pairs of wings and 3 pairs of feet on her head; Wingless adults are green in males and brown in females. It is about 1. 1 mm long, can reproduce for 6 generations a year, has no dormancy period, and lives by absorbing water and nutrients from salt bark juice and red tooth moss. The suitable temperature range for aphid growth is 5 ~ 40℃. The process of making gallnut is as follows: Every spring in mid-April, gallnut aphids migrate with wings in winter in order to "have children", from red-toothed moss to new buds of salt-skinned trees, producing sexual male and female wingless aphids. A female insect that produces wingless parthenogenesis after mating is called a godmother. About 7 days later, the foster mother climbed the tender leaves of Rhus chinensis and began to feed on juice. After the leaves are stimulated, the cells rapidly proliferate and expand to form galls, which is its "delivery room". In the sealed "delivery room", the godmother vigorously parthenogenesis, while sucking the juice of tender branches and leaves to support herself, while "having children" inside. Under normal circumstances, 1 godmother forms 1 embryo ploidy. The godmother carried out three consecutive times of parthenogenesis from May to July, forming three generations of godmothers. Each dry female can breed more than 20 offspring. According to statistics, the number of mature ploidy aphids can reach about 5000. With the proliferation of young aphids, larvae grow into adults, and this "delivery room" is also expanding. In September, winged adults gradually formed, which is the autumn migration aphid. At this time, the ploidy base began to rupture naturally, and winged adults flew out of the "delivery room" one after another and moved to another host, the red tooth moss, for asexual reproduction, producing young aphids, which were fixed on the host stem to secrete wax to surround the insect body. Spherical cocoons overwinter in summer. The next spring, it moved to Rhus chinensis to breed. When the fresh rice is yellowish white, bright red or reddish in the sun, and the larvae in the rice have grown into adults, they will break the nest but not yet. Boiling in a boiling water pot for 2-3 minutes, killing insects in the rice, taking out and drying in the sun, drying in the shade or drying to obtain commercial rice. If the harvest is too early, first, it is tender and small, which affects the output of the year; Second, the source of aphids is reduced or extinct in the following year, which affects the annual output in the coming year; Third, the ploidy quality is poor. According to the determination, the tannin content of mature gallnut is above 56%, and that of tender gallnut is only about 42%. The harvest is too late, a lot of ploidy is broken, the total chromaticity is deepened, and the quality is reduced. So harvest in time. Aphids only live for more than three months, and their children and grandchildren are full. A female aphid can breed thousands of offspring, and aphids and grandchildren gather together to make gallnut invisible to the naked eye and grow into a water chestnut or even the size of a fist. Because gallnut is a commodity, it needs to be complete and beautiful, and it should be harvested before gallnut is broken. As a result, the gallnut aphid is immature, the offspring naturally die, and the yield is extremely unstable. Coupled with the pollution of pesticides to the environment, even if there are secondary trees, there are few secondary trees on the leaves. Therefore, in order to achieve stable and high yield, it is more appropriate to harvest when the ploidy of the tree naturally breaks 5% ~ 10%, or to keep a certain amount of ploidy on the tree. Only in this way can we ensure stable and high yield in that year and next year. Galla chinensis has high economic value, which is not only an important medicinal material, but also an indispensable modern industrial raw material and a hot commodity in the international market. It is reported that the annual output of gallnut in the world is about 7 million kilograms, of which about 6 million kilograms are made in China, while the annual demand in the world is about 20 million kilograms, which is a big gap. China is the main producer of gallnut. The produced gallnut not only needs a certain export volume (quota), but also needs to be processed by dozens of domestic enterprises. The domestic market is also in short supply, and the price per kilogram is as high as 30 yuan, about 40,000 yuan per ton. Developing gallnut production has the advantages of small investment, quick effect, easy planting and wide use. As long as scientific management, the benefits are considerable. They don't compete with agriculture for land, fertilizer or labor. It is not only beneficial to ecological balance and soil and water conservation, but also can increase exports and support national construction, killing two birds with one stone. It is a promising production project in rural commodity production. From the perspective of ecology and economic geography, Qinba Mountain area in southern Shaanxi has unique natural conditions and abundant wintering host resources-Erythrina tenuifolia. It belongs to the humid monsoon climate with the transition from north subtropical zone to warm temperate zone. The annual average temperature is about 15℃, the annual rainfall is about 900 mm, the rainy days ≥ 0. 1 mm are about 120 days, the relative humidity is about 73%, the annual sunshine hours are about 1700 hours, and the sunshine percentage is about 39%, which is just suitable for belly time. When shellfish naturally decompose and aphids migrate to winter hosts in summer, it is the weather with high temperature, high humidity and cloudy days that is conducive to the transformation of shellfish into main parasites. The number of rupture is 1 ~ 2 days, and the flight can be completed. The number of aphids parasitized by moss can reach 2,500 per square meter, exceeding 1 10,000. When migratory aphids fly in spring, there are more sunny days, the survival rate of migratory aphids is higher, and the number of female aphids left in the cracks of trees is more. Aphids with slow development and no emergence can continue to reproduce when parasitic on moss. Even if some trees were harvested in the same year, some trees will die the next year. In mid-April, the weather is cool, which is very conducive to godmother camping. Suitable for gallnut production in hilly areas below the altitude of 1000 meters in southern Shaanxi. Especially abdominal folds, should be developed vigorously. It is entirely possible and possible for southern Shaanxi to build a high-yield area of gallnut in China and even in the world.