There are three ways to purify water: filtration, boiling and distillation, which require three things: fire, container and filter. In addition, some water must be disinfected before drinking. Take lighters, waterproof matches, aluminum lunch boxes, filter paper, water purification tablets, potassium permanganate, iodine and other necessities with you, and look for substitutes to prevent accidents.
6.5438+0 temporary container
There are three kinds of temporary water containers: kettle (which can directly boil water), pot (which can heat the water in the pot with hot stones) and reservoir (which is only used to store and transport clean water).
(1) kettle
The kettle can be made of combustible materials, such as bamboo and birch bark, because it is filled with water to prevent the container from spontaneous combustion. The trick is that the flame under the pot should not be higher than the water surface in the pot.
1) bamboo. In bamboo producing areas, some bamboos are thick enough to be made into kettles. Bamboo can be made into many other containers. Sometimes you can find clean water to drink in bamboo tubes.
2) Birch bark or cherry bark. Find a good trunk and peel off the bark carefully. Bark can be soaked in water or baked with fire to make it easy to bend. Then, fold the bark into a round or rectangular container. The container is best fixed with hemp rope.
(2) pot
1) country. It's easy to dig a hole in the ground as a pot. It's just that this kind of "pot" for holding water can't be heated directly by fire, but you can throw hot stones into the water to heat them. The earth is suitable for a pot to hold water. Dig a pot-shaped pit in the ground, smooth the inner wall of the pot, and then build a circle at the top to prevent impurities from falling into the water. In addition, the pot can be lined with T-shirts or non-toxic leaves to prevent impurities from sinking into the water. The water in the mud pit is always turbid. Wait for it to settle for a while before scooping out the clear water on the surface.
2) natural pot. A natural pot refers to a stone or animal skin with grooves. If you are lucky enough to kill an animal the size of a rabbit, you can not only use its skin as a "pot", but also use this "pot" to cook game. Build a tripod with long branches and hang the pot on it. It should be noted that don't add water to the "pot" too quickly, or you will lose a lot of water. You have to hold a little water in your hand first, and the leather pot will slowly expand after absorbing water. Don't fill the water too full, because you have to add red-hot stones to it.
3) wooden bowl. Carving a wooden bowl with wood is more time-consuming than the previous method, but it is not impossible. Moreover, the wooden bowl is durable and easy to carry. Find a rectangular piece of wood, then take out a piece of red-hot charcoal from the fire, put it in the middle of the wood, and find a blowpipe to blow against the charcoal. At this time, a bowl-shaped pit is formed in the center of the wood. Scrape the burr off the wood with a sharp stone and a bowl will be made.
(3) Reservoir
The water reservoir is mainly used for long-term use and can be made of various materials mentioned above. Of course, it would be better if you brought a water storage container with you.
Methods of purifying water in 4.2.3.2
(1) boiling method
Boiling method is a good water disinfection method, which is simple and practical.
(2) precipitation method
Put a small amount of alum (which can be replaced by toothpaste) into the collected water and stir it thoroughly. Clear drinking water can be obtained after sedimentation 1 hour.
(3) adsorption method
Activated carbon (or charcoal) can adsorb suspended solids and heavy metals in water.
(4) infiltration method
Dig a pit 2 ~ 3 meters away from the water source, so that water can seep into the pit.
(5) Drug Law
Commodity "water tablets" 1 tablet can disinfect 2 liters of water, and iodine, iodine, bleaching powder and bleach can also be disinfected.
(6) Filtering method
Filters can filter out impurities in water and play a role in purifying water. If you don't have filter paper or potassium permanganate on you, you can take the following alternatives.
1) temporary filter. The easiest way is to make it with pants. Turn your trousers upside down, then put one leg into the other and tighten the trousers. Soak your pants, hang them on a tripod, put charcoal on them and filter them with water. A water container is placed below to receive the filtered water (Figure 4. 14).
Fig. 4. 14 temporary filter
2) charcoal filtration. Putting a few pieces of charcoal in the water can filter out many suspended substances such as dust and minerals. You can also use a small piece of cloth wrapped in charcoal to filter, and the effect will be better.
3) Stone boils water. Boiling water with stones is a simple and effective way to purify water. Stones should be of suitable size and quality and must be dry. The bottom of the river bed or wet stones will expand and even cause explosion when heated. Flint and other minerals cannot be used. Heat the stone on the fire, and then put the hot stone into the water. Don't forget to blow the dust off the stone before putting it into the water.
4) Filter the pepper grass. Residents of the northwest desert often add some pepper and grass to bitter salt water and cook them together. Although it can't remove bitterness and salty taste, it can prevent abdominal pain, abdominal distension and diarrhea.
The methods described above can often be used alternately, and the effect is better.
Generally speaking, spring water, well water, groundwater, rainwater and raw river water can be directly drunk. Reservoir water, lake water, stream water, pool water and snow water should be treated. Cooking, reservoir water, stream water, snow water and river water with fish can all be eaten directly.
No matter what method you use to purify drinking water, you should pay attention to your body's reaction within a few hours after drinking. If abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea and other phenomena occur, on the one hand, we should start treatment, on the other hand, we should correct our own methods of purifying water or find water again.