On the positive side, the modern history of China is indeed the best evidence. When the feudal castle was built very firmly, it was difficult to subvert the country built by the Millennium consciousness by relying on internal forces. However, although the invasion of foreign enemies has added a painful stroke to the history of this country, in a sense, it has also caused some doomed cultures to completely collapse. I think this argument is not only applicable to the narrow sense of architecture.
On the other hand, the inheritance of history is the unshirkable responsibility of any nation, which is the inheritance of human beings as a special species. We can use advanced technology and adopt new ideas, but at the same time, properly protecting these heritages, rather than deliberately destroying them, is also a sign that human beings are moving towards real maturity. Obviously, this
Dong Zhongshu: An Advocate of Confucianism
The second thing: respect Confucianism alone.
Due to the rapid collapse of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty, which replaced it, learned the lessons of the Qin dynasty and sought a different path from the Qin dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to get rid of the influence of the former ministers and the Empress Dowager and find a way to govern the country that can integrate morality, politics, law and thought, it is necessary to seek a philosophical system to support it.
Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited talented people everywhere and sought the way to govern the country. The Six Books of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty recorded that the Prime Minister said, "Those who raise sages or treat Shen, Shang, Han Fei, Su Qin and Zhang Yi will be in chaos." You can play. "The Prime Minister's name is Wei Wan, and he is the teacher of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He said that people who use Han Fei's and Shang's theories just messed up the country and cannot use it. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty no longer used the theory of legalists. In fact, as early as the early Han Dynasty, the grass followed the learning of Huang Lao. Legalism is inevitable for governing the country. Later, China's dynasty was praised for governing the country according to law.
However, what happened next made the concept of a country ruled by law no longer the theme of China people's thoughts. Nowadays, in society, we complain that the law is imperfect, and people constantly use power to cover up the law. The idea of official standard is the root of this matter.
This passage in the biography of Han Dong Zhongshu: "The strategy of the Chinese book, the prosperity of Confucius, the suppression of hundreds of schools, the establishment of school officials, and the filial piety of the county and county are all from the Chinese book." In other words, only carry forward Confucius' theory and abolish other theories. The name Dong Zhongshu should be remembered forever, that is, this man completely murdered all other great theories with his own wisdom, so that when modern people comment on China's philosophical thoughts, the first thing that comes to mind is Confucianism, or even only Confucianism. In this way, later intellectuals can only learn Confucianism, and the academic freedom that hundred schools of thought contended for in the pre-Qin period is naturally a delusion, and even the opportunity to learn other academic thoughts is gone, because only Confucianism is the correct way to learn and can be admitted to the country.
This is no different from the only formal way to acquire knowledge in medieval Europe. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took this measure, it was beneficial to the rule of the Han Dynasty, but it paid a painful price for the future development of China's civilization. Especially in the late feudal period, after Confucianism became a factor restricting the development of civilization, the Confucianism caused by Dong Zhongshu's exclusive respect for Confucianism also created a particularly heavy yoke in China, which made China advance to modern science with difficulty.
So thousands of years of civilization in China have been summarized as Confucian civilization by many scholars, which sounds very touching.
However, because the Chinese civilization at this time was still in the rising period of feudal society, it still created a civilization climax like the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Mongolian cavalry
The third thing is Jin Yuan's invasion.
With the arrival of the wheel of history in the Song Dynasty, the feudal civilization with China characteristics reached its peak, the tax revenue in the Song Dynasty was also the highest in the ancient history of China, and the people's living standards were also quite high, which made Sima Guang sigh: soldiers dressed like soldiers, farmers treaded like shoes. Some western scholars say that the living standard of a European monarch at that time was not as good as that of a soldier watching the city gate in the capital Tokyo. The scientific culture of the Song Dynasty also reached a climax. The philosopher Cheng Yi's thought of "learning from others" has already embodied the thought of scientific research, and the achievements of scientists such as Shen Kuo reached the most advanced level in the world at that time. At that time, even the seeds of capitalism such as factory production appeared. That was the best period of development. Due to the invasion of nomadic people in the north, this opportunity was missed. Otherwise, China may be the first country to realize the industrial revolution, and the missed opportunity led to China never meeting such a good development opportunity in feudal society.
The constant invasion of the Northern Jin and Yuan Dynasties led to the complete retrogression of the production level in northern China.
As the Jin and Yuan Dynasties belonged to nomadic people, they all plundered according to nomadic customs after entering the Central Plains, which greatly reduced the population in the north and partly migrated to the south (the only advantage is that the civilization in the south, especially in Guangdong and Guangxi, has been greatly developed). Jin and Yuan rulers also practiced primitive slavery, grazing in agricultural areas and ethnic discrimination policies in the Central Plains, which led to the retrogression of local civilization. Sadly, when the Jin descendants of Manchu ruled the Central Plains again, they also made the same mistakes, such as discriminating against Han people. Manchu did not engage in production or study, and even turned Hangzhou West Lake into a racecourse. However, because the economy and culture of the Ming Dynasty were not prominent, the cultural retrogression was not as obvious as that of the Song Dynasty.
As a result, China's feudal civilization began to decline slowly.
When nomadic people in Jin and Yuan Dynasties were gradually assimilated by the advanced civilization of the local Han nationality, hundreds of years passed and there was no chance to reach the good period of the Northern Song Dynasty. This, of course, is because the Ming Dynasty, the only Han Dynasty regime after that, was really the dynasty with the worst development of scientific and technological civilization.
It can be said that almost all failed and regressed.
Therefore, among the major events that hinder the development of China culture, the Ming Dynasty is the most relevant.
But not limited to one.
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When Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier who invaded the ancient city of Syracuse in 2 12 BC, the soldier did not know that he had personally killed the splendid ancient Greek civilization. Since then, due to religious superstition, Europe has entered a dark and ignorant Middle Ages. It was not until more than a thousand years later that scientific civilization returned to the European continent because of Copernicus and Galileo. If this accidental factor is excluded, it will develop steadily with the civilization level of ancient Greece. In the next few years, Europe may completely become the center of civilization in the feudal era, instead of China standing alone at the peak of world civilization for thousands of years.
Coincidentally, China's ancient civilization also suffered seven similar major blows. If it weren't for these huge blows, China's splendid ancient civilization might even have broken through to modern civilization at its own acceleration. At that time, European priests recorded on papyrus and sheepskin just like ancient Egyptian pharaohs thousands of years ago.
There are no ifs in history, but we can still look at how these eight events stopped the wheel of Chinese civilization and even reversed the development of civilization. Only seven times, because these times have great influence and far-reaching significance. Things like Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising, although important, are only peasant uprisings for China's overall civilization, especially for scientific civilization, and do not play a decisive role, so we will not discuss them.
Confucius Temple is the place where Qin Shihuang suppressed dissidents. It is located in Hong Qing Fort, Hangu Township, Linzhang District, Xi City.
The first book burning incident of Qin Shihuang
Qin Shihuang swept away Liuhe and unified China, and made measures conducive to the development of civilization, such as abolishing enfeoffment, keeping cars on the same track, having the same characters and unified measurement. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "When a stone is weighed, the car stays on track and the text remains the same." However, it didn't take long for the "book burning" incident to set civilization back. In history, Qin Shihuang said that burning books always led to cheating Confucianism. However, from a modern point of view, from the perspective of the development of civilization, it is only a common way for kings to brutally suppress political opponents in feudal society. It is said that only 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists were killed, which is far from the literary inquisition of later generations. However, the book burning incident had a great reaction to the development of ancient civilization in China.
It is said that in 2 13 AD, a Confucian scholar criticized Qin Shihuang's practice of setting up a county at a banquet, and some Confucian scholars kept talking about their dissatisfaction with Qin Shihuang's policies. Prime Minister Reese was afraid that those who opposed him would endanger the rule of the country or his position, and put forward the suggestion of burning books:
History books Except Ji Qin, the history books of the six countries were burned; Poems, Books and Hundred Words are all collected in the county except those collected by doctors and burned under the supervision of county magistrate and commandant. Books such as medicine, divination and tree planting are not prohibited;
As a result, the burning of books and slips raged all over the country, and the achievements of hundreds of theories accumulated gradually in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were destroyed, and many of them were lost.
What needs to be pointed out here is not only the loss of these academic achievements. The situation of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Warring States Period was very beneficial to the development of various theories, which was the golden age of China's ancient academic development and the premise of the emergence of modern western science in China. If it weren't for the book burning incident, a hundred schools of thought would continue to contend. It is very likely that in the near future, someone will shout out the grandiloquence that "knowledge is power" in China, leading to the emergence of philosophers like Bacon and modern experimental science in China.
Unfortunately, there has never been such a good academic research atmosphere for thousands of years. Therefore, since then, China's academic research has only been developed and consolidated on the basis of the sages, and there are few new academic ideas.
Therefore, China's science and civilization have embarked on a unique road with China characteristics.
Something tangible.