At the beginning of this century, motorcycles began mass production. In order to test the mechanical performance and handling of the vehicle, it is often necessary to drive the motorcycle to some places that you don't usually go. Like steep slopes, dirt roads, steps, sand roads, wooden bridges and so on. This trial run is called "trial run" in English, which means "try".
Later, in order to show the performance of their vehicles, various car factories produced test races, that is, motorcycle obstacle races. Until the 1970s, some motorcycle steeplechase athletes found that bicycles could be used to train children and cultivate a new generation of motorcycle sports. As a result, the prototype of the bicycle steeplechase came into being. Therefore, the cycling obstacle course is now called "cycling race". In our country, it is customarily called cycling, and the bicycles used are called climbing bicycles. According to the data, it was first in Germany, 1974, when people began to participate in this sport. 1980, Montesa, a famous Spanish climbing motorcycle manufacturing company, an executive and driver named Pedro Pi (Ot Pi's father), developed the first bicycle specially designed for climbing in history. Later, it developed into Monty, the largest rock climbing bicycle company in the world. Later, Fantic, Gasgas and other motorcycle climbing factories also launched their own climbing bicycles. Megamo, a world-famous brand, is Gas's bike. This sport became popular with the rise of mountain bikes and the improvement of bicycle performance in the 1980s. At present, Spain, Czech Republic, Japan and Slovakia have the highest level and the largest number of people. To be sure, with the development and performance improvement of mountain bikes, the proportion of mountain bikes in this sport will become larger and larger.
Roller skating: roller skating-gravity is the only enemy.
1. The idea of inline skating has been going on for about 300 years. At first, a Dutch man in the17th century tried to enjoy skating in summer. He nailed a wooden roller to sawdust and put it under his shoes.
2. The first pair of patented inline skates was registered by M.PETIBLED in Paris on 18 19. In addition to Petibled, there were many other inline skating models produced in Europe and America.
3. 1979, a young ice hockey player named SCOTT OLSEN found a pair of old inline skates in a sports equipment store. Recognizing the potential of this design, he hitchhiked to Chicago to buy a roller skating design that was discontinued by the roller skating company. He named his new company ROLLERBLADE, which is now synonymous with roller skating.
Since then, inline skating has become very popular all over the world. In the United States alone, the inline skating market has grown steadily by 22.6% in one year since its launch.
Today, inline skating ranks among the five most popular sports in the United States, and it is also the first place for men aged 6- 17 to participate in sports most often.
Roller skating has become more challenging.
1. The stunt challenge of inline skating must be attributed to skateboarding. The campaign started at 198 1. At that time, skateboarders used skateboards to start experiments on the same types of streets and green spaces, and the handrails jumping on the stairs fell from top to bottom.
2. With the understanding of this sport, roller skates are gradually designed to cope with stunt inline skating, which allows skaters to slide on the street and have more control over obstacles.
3. The United States held a series of inline skating competitions in the 1990s, and ESPN held the first Extreme Games in Rhode Island, USA from 65438 to 0995, which made inline skating a mainstream sport and gained the attention of the global media. At the same time, professional roller skaters gradually won the support of sponsors.
International roller skating organization.
1, Attack Skaters Association (ASA) was founded in 1995 by Mark Shays and a group of top professional players.
2.ASA is an internationally authorized roller skating organization, and established the ASA Professional Tour. Other projects authorized by ASA include NBC Gravity Games and ESPN X Games.
Inline roller skating equipment
Of course, the most important equipment is a pair of roller skates. From a distance, each pair of roller skates looks the same, but due to serious wear, athletes' roller skates are equipped with special designs.
Shell shell
1 is the hard part of roller skates, mostly durable plastic. It can not only resist the wear and tear in sports, but also withstand the scraping and landing impact brought by fancy skills.
2. In-line roller skating for competition is not equipped with ventilation design like ordinary leisure roller skating, because the ventilation system will reduce the thickness and durability of the shell.
3. The shoe-shaped part above the sole of the shell is tied with shoelaces or buckles, so that feet can put on roller skates smoothly.
4. The shell of most roller skates is equipped with hinges, which connect the boots and the lower half of the shell, allowing athletes to bend their legs or adjust the position and angle of their calves while maintaining rigidity.
Power supply belt
1. Now some roller skates are equipped with strong straps, which extend from the back of the insole to the front of the sole to prevent the athlete's heel and sole from shifting.
The lining of a shoe lining.
1, used to cover feet, and its function is similar to that of feet. It is made of foam rubber with different densities. The higher the density, the harder the buffer protection and the stronger the roller skates' response.
base
1, the base is the structure connecting the shell and the wheel. In-line roller skating used in fancy competitions must be more able to withstand impact than ordinary leisure roller skating. The material is aluminum alloy or reinforced plastic, but most athletes use aluminum alloy base.
2. The design of the base close to the ground keeps the athlete's center of gravity low. At the same time, the closer the base is to the foot, the greater the friction that can be provided to the athletes.
3. The current trend is that the base is getting closer to the ground and keeping the distance less than 50-67 mm wheel size.
As for the connection between the base and the shoes, rivets are used to connect the two because of the great friction in the stunt performance. Some manufacturers have also begun to install hidden rivets to avoid premature wear.
Friction plate abrasive sheet
1. This rectangular thin sheet is recessed into the arc groove in the middle of the bottom, and is usually placed on the surface of the shoe between the second and third wheels to protect the shell from wear when the athlete performs friction movement.
2, the material is metal or plastic. The metal friction plate enables athletes to keep a better balance and avoid wearing when contacting with other metals. Street athletes, on the other hand, have more plastic friction plates to deal with general obstacles.
Friction nail grinding column
1, a plastic pin usually placed between the second wheel and the third wheel. The function is to provide greater shell protection for athletes when rubbing.
Wheel wheel
Most of them are made of polyurethane, which is similar to rubber and has strong scratch resistance.
1, size: different sizes, ranging from 44 mm to 82 mm, the bigger the wheel, the higher the speed, and the larger the impact absorption area.
Smaller wheels give athletes greater autonomy, faster acceleration and slower sliding speed. Because there is more space at the bottom of roller skates, it can be more handy when doing friction movements.
Acrobatic inline skaters generally use smaller wheels, and there is a tendency to install smaller wheels on the base.
Hardness coefficient: used to measure the hardness of wheels. The higher the coefficient, the more durable and the higher the speed, but the smaller the traction force, the smaller the earthquake resistance. Now it has been improved, and acrobatic roller skaters generally use wheels with high hardness coefficient.
2. Speed and durability.
3. Wheel arrangement: * * There are three ways to install wheels on the base.
Rocking chair type: The second and third wheels protrude from the first and fourth wheels. Viewed from the side, it looks like the bottom of a rocking chair or a wide parabola.
Flat type: four wheels are installed at the same height, all of which can land, and about one-third to half of the athletes use them.
Anti-rocking chair type: Just the opposite of rocking chair type. The second and third wheels are smaller or lower than the first and fourth wheels and look like rainbows on the side. This installation method limits the turn of athletes, but it is better to grasp obstacles such as railings.
protective gowns
1. All athletes wear helmet emergency protection pads, including wrist pads, giant knee pads and elbow pads. The knee pads and elbow pads worn by stunt roller skaters are bigger than those worn by ordinary leisure people. The shin guards can play a protective role when the hurdles fail.
2. In the official competition, amateur athletes must wear a full set of protective pads, including wristbands; Professional players only need to wear a helmet to cover their knees (knee pads or knee-length pants if they wear shorts)
Skateboard:
First, the origin of skateboarding:
Skateboarding is an extension of land surfing. The former is limited by geography and climate, while the latter has greater freedom.
In the middle and late 1950s, residents of the beach community in Southern California invented the world's first skateboard, and a 50X 10X50CM wooden block was fixed on the iron wheel of roller skating. However, such a simple piece of sports equipment has attracted people's attention because it can bring people the same feeling as surfing.
The second generation skateboard was born in 1962, which consists of a board made of oak multilayer boards, a roller-skating steering bridge and plastic wheels. Compared with the first generation skateboard, this kind of skateboard is undoubtedly a technological leap. However, the performance of the plastic wheel of this skateboard is still not ideal. Its too small adhesion friction makes the skateboard out of control when turning; However, its low elasticity makes the skateboard stop suddenly when it encounters even a small obstacle, and the skater will fall down. At the same time, its wear resistance is too poor. Nevertheless, this kind of skateboard is still popular with skaters. After all, skateboarding has evolved to a great extent compared with the previous generation, and the relatively wide board surface makes it easier for skaters to stand and control.
1973, a skateboarder named Frank installed polyurethane wheels on his skateboard for the first time, and achieved unexpected results. This kind of flexible wheel is not only wear-resistant, but also enables the skateboard to turn sharply safely and smoothly and easily run over small obstacles on the ground. This is the third generation skateboard. In the mid-1970s, skateboarding developed rapidly, and the potential of polyurethane was fully exerted. Pedals and steering axles of various materials have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. And skateboarding companies scattered all over the United States have also revealed the arrival of a new sport.
Because skateboarding is a derivative of surfing, skateboarding culture in the 1970s bears the imprint of surfing, and skateboarding parks built by skateboarders are all simulating surfing terrain. It was not until the "West Wind" skateboarding team in San monique, California, USA abandoned surfing props and used keyhole swimming pool as a venue for practicing vertical water skateboarding for the first time, which set off a "swimming pool skateboarding craze" in the United States. At this point, skateboarding began to be completely separated from surfing, not only from equipment, venues, but also from people, forming their own language, skills, clothing style and music hobbies.
At the end of 1980s, due to the development of skateboarding itself and the improvement of skaters' technical requirements for skateboarding, and in order to meet the needs of two-way skating in the U-shaped pool, a skateboard with inclined ends and symmetrical shape appeared, which is the fourth generation skateboard. The skateboard is made of hard rock maple, which is lighter and more elastic. Skateboard wheel has high hardness and good elasticity, which is more suitable for high-speed sliding. Due to the balance of weight, the fourth-generation skateboard is more suitable for all kinds of overturning actions.
In the early 1990s, skateboarding was changed from one end to two ends, resulting in many actions that the previous generation skateboarding could not complete. This period is the era of skateboarding skills. The skater invented many new moves. At the same time, in order to make the skateboard turn over more easily, the skateboard surface becomes very narrow and the wheels become very small. During this period, the typical skateboard was only 7 inches wide, and the wheel diameter was only about 39 mm. Although such a skateboard was easier to make complex movements, the smaller wheels hindered its sliding performance.
At present, skateboards commonly used in international extreme sports competitions belong to the fourth generation skateboards. The board surface is generally made of five, seven or nine layers of maple boards by microwave cold pressing, and there are also materials such as aluminum alloy and carbon fiber. There is an anti-skid layer (commonly known as "sand" Griptape) on the board surface, and the wheels are generally made of polyurethane, and the skateboard bracket made of alloy (also known as "steering axle" truck) is connected with the board surface.
Second, the skateboard structure name:
1, wheelbase
I. e. that distance between the front wheel and the rear wheel. This parameter affects the overall feeling of an allegro: the longer the wheelbase, the more stable the feeling, but the slower the speed; Conversely, the wheelbase from Dallas to the auditorium is usually about 50CM-the wheelbase of freestyle board is only about 40CM; The old school is 55-60 cm.
2. Wood surface
Usually a usable skateboard is made of 7 layers of sugar maple. There is a smooth layer of special chemicals at the bottom of the smooth board.
3. Foot socket
This refers to the curved and concave parts of the fingerboard. In addition to freestyle boards, all popular boards now have foot sockets, which is also for skateboarders to better control skateboarding.
4. Plate head and plate tail
Because most of the current boards are double-tilted (the boss and son are easy to separate), the two look similar. Generally speaking, the head of the board is longer than the tail of the board, and sometimes the angle is larger.
5. wheels
In the past, the most popular size was 60-70 mm, while the freestyle wheel was usually 57 mm. Generally speaking, a big wheel is good for maintaining speed and passing through small obstacles, but the acceleration is not as fast as a small wheel, and it is too heavy. Small wheels are suitable for playing skillful movements.
6. Difficulties
This index is usually measured by Shore A coefficient of Shore Company, and the greater the value, the greater the hardness. Generally speaking, the wheel hardness is inversely proportional to the rebound, and the hard wheel is faster, but the road surface is too bad. 95A wheels can also perform well on slightly poor ground.
7. Bridge
The standard is: the distance between two wheels on the same bridge after installation should not be greater than the width of the board (at least the same), otherwise it will affect the turning and action of the board.
8. Foundations
Refers to the part where the bridge is in contact with the board. After numerous tests, aluminum alloy has been proved to be the best substrate.
9. Main screw
Screws used to combine the axle shaft with the base (PU pad is arranged at the joint).
10, main frame
The main part of the bridge is used for sliding when doing actions such as 5050.
1 1, pivot
That is, the joint between the front end of the main frame and the base, there is a plastic PU pad inside.
12, bridge pad
That is, a cushion made of plastic or other substances is placed between the base and the layout.
13, sand
That is, sand is placed on the page to increase friction. Usually black, but there are also patterned sand.
14 bearing
That is, things placed in wheels to support sliding. There are two kinds of double seal and full seal, and double seal should be a better choice for skaters.
Third, skateboarding shoes
Basically, any sports shoes can skateboard, but there are some differences between skateboarding shoes and ordinary sports shoes. Functionally, skateboarding shoes put special emphasis on foot protection, providing wear resistance, shock absorption and excellent grip. The design of the air cushion visible at the heel gives the foot the necessary shock absorption protection, and the stabilizing piece placed in the middle of the shoe also provides the necessary support and torsion resistance, so that boarders can move at will without worrying about sprains. The back of the shoe is particularly thick to protect the feet of skateboarders.
Four, skateboarding competition mode:
1, street wind-
The driveway is the most basic way of skateboarding, and sidewalks, steps and guardrails are the best venues. The road style is characterized by its randomness and appreciation, which can make full use of the terrain, smooth all the way, barrier-free crossing, the skater intoxicated with unrestrained self-expression, and the viewer immersed in huge sensory stimulation, each in his place.
2. Downhill-
Activities similar to alpine skiing can be carried out on Panshan Highway or other slopes.
3. Semi-tubular-semi-pipeline-
Also known as the U-shaped pool, its name comes from the fact that the website looks like a semi-huge pipeline. Because of the high energy in sports and the low resistance of skateboard, skaters can get enough height to do somersaults, turns and handstands.
Five: skateboarding culture
Skateboarding originated in the United States in the early 1960s, and evolved from surfing at sea, which is an extension of water skateboarding to land. There was a boom in the 1970s, and there were more than 300 public or private skateboarding parks in California alone. At present, there are more than 5,000 extreme parks (skateboarding, extreme inline skating and acrobatic cycling) in the United States.
With the development of skateboarding, skateboarding technology is catching up with its ancestors surfing. Allen Gelfand invented Ollie, which made skateboarding pay more attention to high-tech performance and produced many skateboarding stars. Touring brand promotion activities organized by skateboarders and famous companies have brought great benefits to businesses and have become a common method of industrial marketing. Skaters' earth clothes and nostalgic sneakers once became the world trend, and the related music (new wave music, punk, hipop) also reached its peak. Its language, skills, costumes and music constitute a unique skateboarding culture. There are as many as 4.5 million skateboarders in America! Skateboarding is too exciting In the 1960s, skateboarding was strictly prohibited by the government and once became an "underground project". It was not until the mid-1980s that the skateboarding project was publicly lifted by the government, which made this urban magic sport make a comeback. Skateboarding superstars Tony Hawk and Andy McDonald are undoubtedly the same super idols as Jordan and Sampras in the eyes of many young people.
Skateboarding is characterized by gliding, advocating free movement, experiencing and creating the feeling of super gravity, which brings the skater the joy of success and creation. Skateboarding is different from traditional sports, and it does not stick to a fixed pattern. It requires skaters to use their imagination freely, create in the process of sports, exercise with creativity, emphasize the freedom of body and mind, and advocate the integration with nature. Skateboarding is full of self-challenge, ornamental stimulation and high-tech penetration beyond physical and mental limits. People improve human nature in sports, and the essence of returning to nature is fully emphasized again. In the bustling city, there is a clean extreme movement characteristic of returning to nature, melting into nature, challenging oneself and reaching the ideological realm of harmony between man and nature. In Europe, America and developing countries, participating in extreme sports has become the most popular and lasting fashion for urban youth, and it has become the dream of urban youth!
BMX;
First, the background information of stunt riding
Man and machine
1.In the early 1980s, bicycle performance or stunt riding developed from BMX (Bike and Motorcycle Cross Country Race). After about 1970, because BMX was the first precedent, bicycle race replaced the traditional race in 1973. Throughout the1970s, cycling developed rapidly and was welcomed by the public until it became an independent sport.
2. 1982, BMX was very popular, because its appearance in the movie "E.T." made it a representative of popular culture.
In 1980s, some fans began to try to practice some skills in aerial jumping competition. At the same time, players like Bob ·HARO (the founder of Hello Bicycle and now the director of BMX Company) found that skateboarding park became an arena for stunt riding after skateboarding lost its craze. And thus developed the competitive skills of U-tube and park.
However, many BMX enthusiasts don't like to watch cycling performances, and even think it is a "circus trick". But this did not delay the popularity of cycling performances.
5. The first fancy stunt bike was put into production on 1983. 1984, some bicycle exhibition competitions were held in the skateboarding park. 1986, sponsors began to sponsor stunt riding performances.
6. Next, the number of stunt cyclists only increased slightly, as did the bonuses. Dennis McCaughey, from 1986 to 1996, ranked first in the bicycle exhibition, and 10 had a full reputation. He won a van the first time he won. In the early 1968+0990' s, he might give a belt as a reward, just like the WWF professional wrestling competition.
Second, the bicycle exhibition project
1, Asian media define acrobatic cycling race as three races: U-tube race, flat race and park race. In America, there are also mud jumping competitions.
2. In these four competitions, it is a continuation of street competition. These competitions have brought acrobatic cycling to the public, but the core of this sport is still in the street.
Trick cycling park race
1, formerly known as Street Race. Although the game hasn't changed, it's from park competition to street competition. What is the reason? Some players feel that the venue of X GAMES is not a real model in the eyes of street players in the city. The venue of X GAMES is more like the venue they have seen in the skateboarding park competition, so it was renamed as the park competition.
2. In the late 1970s, whether it was a park race or a street race, it was probably BMX players who started jumping performances by the driveway or park benches.
3. In the early 1980s, the stunt cycling team of BMX began to ride around, looking for obstacles to cross, such as high walls and empty backyard pools. In the early 1990s, street competitions attracted the attention of the contestants. 1987 at the beginning of the first competition, excellent players were reported by magazine media. Players usually perform stunts on a field composed of fixed boxes, cones, walls and old cars.
Acrobatic bicycle u-tube competition
In 1970s, hundreds of skateboarding parks were built in America, including large backyard swimming pools and brick walls. In the early 1980s, these parks began to close. During this period, some skateboarding parks began to be allowed.
1, stunt riders are allowed to use it, and stunt riders are forbidden to use it in other parks.
2. With the invention of more athletes' stunts, such as tail whip and footless cans, stunt riding is welcomed by more people.
3. 1992, World Cup champion Matt Hoffman opened the curtain of stunt riding. Three years later, the first extreme sports meeting of ESPN made acrobatic cycling more popular.
4. The U-tube race is different from the street race, because the street race is always flat, while the U-tube race slope is not, which is more expensive. This is also the reason why the proportion of people playing U-tube competition is low.
5. In fact, the U-tube is also very difficult to learn and master. When players try the new U-tube technology, there will be a 50% chance of falling and being injured.
Acrobatic cycling flat race
1.In the early 1980s, acrobatic cycling flat race was widely known for its legends Harlow and RL OSBORN.
2. 1997, the acrobatic cycling flat race became an X GAMES event.
3. It is difficult to master the description and performance of the stunt cycling flat race, and it is best described as the external expression of the internal creativity of the stunt cycling race. It is also described as dancing ballet on a bicycle, but players don't like this description very much. This is about a series of fancy performances that a person can do on the flat ground by connecting acrobatic bicycles.
4. The aerobatic cycling flat race can be played on any flat ground, so many cyclists become aerobatic cycling flat racers. Although acrobatic cycling flat race is not as eye-catching as U-tube race or park race, it is still highly respected by athletes. In the same sense, acrobatic cycling flat race means a kind of prestige.
The stunt cyclist spends 6 to 8 hours practicing every day (it depends on his life, of course). Compared with other athletes, aerobatics levelers can only get less support from sponsors and even have to pay their own expenses. Some players just take the walkman and immerse themselves in sports.
Four, stunt bike international organization
1, Hoffman can be said to be synonymous with stunt riding. But Hoffman, nicknamed "Vulture", thinks he is not just a temple-level stunt cyclist. The Hoffman Promotion Company he founded is also responsible for organizing some international competitions.
2. The competitions held by 2.HOFFMAN PROMOTIONS include bike stunt and crazy Biker series and BMX's Vans Triple Crown, which is also the planning of ESPN X GAMES stunt bike project. Other authorized events include the World Championships, the King's Dirt and the American Flat League.
Five, stunt riding equipment
Bicycle is the only equipment in acrobatic cycling. Of course, the bicycles used by athletes are different from ordinary ones.
bicycle; cycling
The bicycle used in the 1.U-tube project has four hooks, two on each side. The handlebars are bigger than ordinary ones, and the car seats are higher than those used in street/park competitions. This design is mainly to make the U-tube bicycle more stable when flying in the air or driving at high speed. Bicycles used in park competitions have two or four pins, while handlebars and seats are lower and shorter. The handlebar will twist even more.
2. Driver. Most of them only have rear wheel braking or even no braking. Drivers like cars with high sensitivity because they often jump.
Brake brake
1. There can be front wheel or rear wheel braking. According to the driver's preference, most park racing cars only have rear wheel brakes or even no brakes. On the contrary, U-tube racing cars will be equipped with two brakes, while flat races will vary from person to person. Some people will even be equipped with a third (roller coaster brake) or a free roller coaster brake, so that the wheels can turn backwards without pedal control.
2. The special feature of stunt bikes is that they will have a long braking line to prevent the car from being entangled when the fancy is finished, or they will be equipped with a device called DATANGLER. The derailleur is installed under the wheel and connected with the frame and handlebar. It has two freely rotating sheets to separate the rear wheel brake line, but it can also be tightened when braking is needed. The front wheel brake extends to the space between the trunk and the frame, which allows the brake to rotate freely, so that the driver does not have to step on the brake line repeatedly after completing a fancy.
Frame frame
1, with different sizes, can be divided into three categories according to the length of the upper tube from the seat tube to the lower half of the trunk.
2. Bicycles used in flat events are generally 4-5cm longer than those used in U-tubes, park events and street events.
3. Compared with bicycles used in general road races and mountain races, the strength and durability of automobiles are more important than the weight. The stunt bike has to deal with the impact force after each jump, so a steel alloy called Cr-Mo steel is usually used instead of aluminum.
4. Generally, bicycles used in road races weigh about 8-9 kg, and mountain bikes weigh about 10 kg. On the other hand, the weight of stunt cyclists in professional parks/street races is about 13- 15 kg. On the other hand, in the flat race, because drivers don't often land, they need to bear the weight of different parts of the driver, so the car is generally heavy, about 15- 18 kg.
clothespin
1. In order to make the car stand on the side of the U-shaped tube and slide on the railings and obstacles in the park race, so that the flat racers can often make fancy designs on the car, stunt bicycles usually install steel or aluminum cylindrical plugs on the axle, with one side and two sides protruding by about 12 cm.
2. Generally speaking, the diameter of a flat racing car is larger and the brake bolts are stronger.
Protective clothing protection
1. Except for flat events, all stunt cyclists must wear helmets. Some only wear skateboarders' light helmets, but due to the increasing difficulty of fancy, more and more drivers wear helmets to protect the whole head of motorcyclists.
Most drivers wear knee pads, leg pads and elbow pads. The driver of the U-tube project will wear a chest protector for motorcyclists.
Seat seat
1, the stunt bike seat is hard plastic. Because the driver is not in the car most of the time, the design of car seats is mainly to balance weight and control rather than comfort.
Wheel wheel
1. The wheels of the stunt bike are very small, with a uniform diameter of 50 cm. Unlike mountain bikes, its wheels are 60 to 65 centimeters in diameter.