1. Zhaoling in Shaanxi
National key cultural relics protection units. Located in Jiushan, Xia Yan Township, Liquan County, 40km northwest of Xianyang City. Li Shimin (597 ~ 649) Tomb of Emperor Taizong. The cemetery covers an area of 20,000 hectares with a circumference of 60 kilometers. It is the largest royal cemetery in China, with the largest number of buried tombs, and it is also a representative royal mausoleum in the Tang Dynasty. There are more than 0/80 tombs/kloc, mainly including the tombs of Wuji, Cheng, Wen Yanbo, Duan, Gao Shilian, Fang, Kong, Li Jing, Wei Chijingde, Princess Changle and Wei Guifei, as well as the tombs of ethnic minority generals 15.
Zhaoling built a mausoleum on the basis of nine dangerous peaks, which pioneered the feudal emperors in the Tang Dynasty to rely on mountains as their tombs. It is said that in the tenth year of Zhenguan, when Empress Wende died, she told Emperor Taizong to be frugal and thin, "Please be buried because of the mountain, and there is no need to build a grave". (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume V) Empress Wende was buried in Zhaoling after her death. Regarding the reason why the mountain is the mausoleum system, after the burial of Empress Wende in November of the same year, the stone tablet inscribed by Emperor Taizong said: "If you make the world your home, why are things in the mausoleum?" They are his own. Today, because Jiuzhang Mountain is a mausoleum, there are no treasures, horses and utensils, only civilian tools, which are easy to steal and keep. " More appropriately, because mountains are graves, you don't hide gold and jade, not so much for thrift, but for "stealing your heart"; When Yu Shinan wrote to Emperor Taizong, he said: "From ancient times to the present, ... there is no grave that will not be dug." Therefore, the purpose of taking mountains as tombs in the early Tang Dynasty was nothing more than using the majestic situation of mountains to prevent theft.
Zhaoling Project was carefully designed by famous artists Yan Lide and Yan in Tang Dynasty. Its plane layout is different from the seat from west to east since Qin and Han Dynasties, and it is not the "hidden burial" system in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but is designed according to the organizational system of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an is composed of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waikuo City. Miyagi is located in the northern center of the city, where the Emperor lived. The imperial city is located in the south of Miyagi, which is a yamen (that is, a political institution) in Guanbai. The outer contour city guards the imperial city and Miyagi from the east, south and north, and is a residential area. Zhaoling is located in the northernmost part of the cemetery, equivalent to Miyagi in Chang 'an and comparable to the Palace. Underground is the Xuan Palace. On the ground, it was built into a square town around the top of the mountain. There are four walls around the city, with a door on each side. According to historical records, Gong Xuan Palace in Zhaoling was built at the southern foot of the mountainside. When it was first built, a plank road was set up. The plank road is 400 meters long, which is 230 steps. Empress Wende was buried in the Xuan Palace first, and the plank road was not demolished. A house was built on the edge of the plank road for the palace to live in, and the queen was treated as a living person. After Emperor Taizong was buried, the plank road was demolished, which isolated the mausoleum from the outside world. The Xuan Palace is 75 feet deep, with five stone doors, a main bed in the middle, coffins parked here, and stone beds arranged in the east and west wings. There are many stone letters on the bed, and there are sacrifices in them. The passage from the tomb to the tomb gate consists of three dry stones, each weighing two tons, and the stones are riveted with each other. According to the "History of the Old Five Dynasties". "Biography of Tao Wen", "The palace is beautiful but not different from the world", and there are gorgeous palaces outside the mausoleum, such as pine and cypress, Juhuai and Longyang. Du Fu said in the poem "Re-narration of Zhaoling": "The spiritual bed is empty, Xiong Shouyu. Look at Baisong Road again and see Wu Yunfei. " On the Shan Zhinan side of the main peak underground palace, there is Zhuquemen, the main entrance of the main city. There is a memorial hall in Zhuquemen, which is a place for worship and sacrifice. It's close to quemen. The whole site is about 65,438+00 square meters, and the site is located about 20 square meters south of Damenque. It is still a narrow website. A shrew's tail was unearthed here. After repair, it is 1.5m high, 0.6m wide and 1 1m long. According to the height of this piece, it can be inferred that the height of the temple top should be above 10m, and it should be a nine-eave. It is about 5 meters between the gates, right in the middle of the altar. It can be inferred how high this hall is; How magnificent the whole building composed of these halls and pavilions is. The site 20 meters south of Xiandian is a horizontal deep ditch, which proves that there can be no other stone carvings and no other buildings here. Jiuzhang Mountain belongs to limestone, which has been eroded by high-altitude wind and rain for a long time and washed away by mountain torrents. Not only are there no buildings left on the mountain, but even the original mountain shape has changed a lot. However, the traces left by the mausoleum structure can still be distinguished: the mountain shape is like a saddle (commonly known as Bijia Mountain locally), and the rock formations on both sides of Nanshan are dustpan-shaped; There are holes, holes and other traces on the mountainside, which may be related to the construction of the plank road that year. According to documents, when Zhaoling was built, the underground palace was dug 75 feet deep at the waist of Nanshan Mountain, and there were five stone gates in front of and behind the tomb. There is an east-west hatchback in the tomb, which contains many stone letters and funerary objects. Wen Tao, a warlord of the Five Dynasties, recorded that "the palace system is magnificent and beautiful when viewed from the bottom of the road". It is conceivable that the inner bedroom of this "palace under the mountain" is deep and magnificent.
There were many wooden buildings outside the underground palace at that time, including houses and temples. Because of the steep and rugged mountains around the front of the underground palace, it is inconvenient to travel, and "the rocks on the side of the mountain are used as plank roads, hanging for a hundred times and circling the mountain for 230 steps before reaching the Yuan Palace Gate". Use the plank road to connect up, down, left and right, and you can reach the underground palace. However, the plank road building on the mountain can't go up and down vertically, but must revolve around it, which is proved by Du Fu's poems "Re-view Zhaoling" and "Tomb Empty". Although these records of predecessors may not be absolutely reliable, we can see that their scale is grand and the project is difficult. According to the Chronicle of Chang 'an in the Song Dynasty, the buildings around Zhaoling at that time were like this: "With the bedroom under Jiujun Mountain as the center, walls were built on all sides, pavilions were built at four corners, Xuanwu Gate was in the north, and Suzaku Gate was in the south, with a circumference of 12 Li".
To the north of the main peak, underground palace mountain is Xuanwu gate, the north gate of the inner city. Equipped with an altar, near the northern foot of Jiuzhang Mountain, high in the south and low in the north. It consists of five steps, which are wider and flatter to the north and slightly trapezoidal. The south third floor has a bedroom, an east bedroom, a west bedroom, a pavilion and a doorway, and the middle road leads to the bedroom, which is a unique building complex in Zhaoling. In Sima Gate, there are stone statues of princes of fourteen countries: Li Jie of Turkic, Tullier Khan, Ashinasher, Morris, Tubo Songzangambu, Gaochang, Yanqi, Yutian, leaders of Xue Yantuo and Tuguhun, Jingdezhen of Silla, Fantouli of Lin Yi and Yunadi of Brahman. These stone statues were carved in the early years of Emperor Gaozong, reflecting the great unity of all ethnic groups in the country, the development of the western regions in the Tang Dynasty and the grand occasion of relations with neighboring countries. These stone statues were destroyed years ago. Today, there are seven statues, several human remains and several broken heads here. The predecessors once said that these stone statues were "taller than normal people, with deep eyes and big nose, and mixed bows and knives." They are strong and different! " Judging from the relics found, the stone statue is only six feet high, and the seat is about nine feet high, which does not exceed the normal shape. It can be seen from the remains of the head that there are indeed those with deep eyes and high noses, those with curly hair, those with braided hair, those with split hair and pockets, but those without bows and knives. Clothes are divided into lapels and lapels, and the rest are uncertain. It can be seen from these situations that these stone carvings should also belong to realism.
In the east and west rooms of the altar, there are six carved horse reliefs, which are famous at home and abroad. There is a poem that says, "The king of Qin rides the world with iron, and six generals are good at painting." This is the theme of Li Shimin's own choice. After the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, in order to unify the separatist regime and consolidate the newly established regime in the Tang Dynasty, the six horses he rode contacted his war. It is said that at that time, it was Ambassador Yingshan, Minister of Industry, famous craftsman and artist Yan Lide, and the pattern was carved by a stonemason. These six stone carving horses carved patterns on the plane, carved half the shape and details of a horse, and made the tall meat protrude, which is called relief, also called "high meat carving". Three on each side, all standing against the back eaves wall. According to records, there is a Mazan poem written by Ou Yangxun Taizong in the upper corner of each piece of the original stone, and then an official script of Yin Zhongrong was carved on the seat. These are not seen today, and the original poems are included in All Tang Wen. Liu Jun's names are Teller's desire, Qing, Shifakai, Showing purple, Punctuality Arrogance and White Hoof. The existing museum of Ann, among which "Salouzi" and "All-wool Ma Zi" were stolen and transported to philadelphia university Museum in the United States on 19 14. The six horses in Zhaoling were carved in Zhenguan for ten years, each with a height of 2.5 meters and a width of 3 meters. All of them are bluestone reliefs, with different postures and expressions, simple and powerful lines and magnificent and realistic shapes, which show the achievements of carving art in the Tang Dynasty in China. In "Out of Purple", it shows the kind image of Emperor Taizong who was shot by a flowing arrow when he was fighting with the king. Qiu Hanggong drew an arrow for him before he stepped forward. These stone carvings in Zhaoling are unique in category, shape and subject matter. They do not take the form of observing before death, nor do they use good omen or exorcism. All stone carvings are realistic and extraordinary works with political significance.
The bedroom of Zhaoling is the place where the tomb owner eats, drinks and lives. At first, it was built on the hill next to the grave. Later, due to water supply difficulties, it was moved to the foot of the mountain and called "Xia Ling Palace". At the southwest foot of the mountain, it is roughly in line with Zhuquemen in the south. After that, it moved to Yaotai Temple in the southwest of the enclosure, which is within 18 of the mausoleum. According to the inscriptions and residual stones unearthed from Yaotai Temple site, they were sacrificed here with Jianling in the late Tang Dynasty. This is the residence of the ladies-in-waiting guarding the mausoleum. It is not only a place where emperors and officials pay homage to the mausoleum, but also a place where spring and autumn festivals, festivals, Japanese meals and morning and evening sacrifices are held, rather than a place where maids provide what they need as usual.
Today, the site of Xiagong in Zhaoling has not been cleaned up, and the scale is unknown.
Zhaoling also has 167 tombs of heroes and nobles, and 57 tombs have known names of their owners, forming a huge cemetery. This is a reference to the system of the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty began with offering sacrifices to tombs. At first, it was limited to burial, and later it was allowed to apply for burial, which was gradually extended to children and grandchildren. According to the records of Zhaoling's inscriptions and unearthed epitaphs, those buried with them may enjoy a state funeral, and all funeral needs shall be borne by the government. Or the official is a monument; Or give rice, millet, cloth and silk; Or give clothes; Or pass it on to Yu 'ebao. There is also a given land to build graves before death. There are also memorials to the meritorious military service, such as the tomb of Li Jing, such as Yinshan Mountain and Jishishan Mountain; The tombs in Li Ji (Xu Maogong) include Yinshan Mountain, Tieshan Mountain and Ude Mountain (the Jade Capital Jinshan). Ashna's tomb rises like a green mountain; Li Simo built a tomb similar to Baidao Mountain. Then there is the emperor's writing books and inscriptions: for example, Wei Zhi tablet wrote books for Emperor Taizong; Li Xunbei wrote a book for Emperor Gaozong, which was enough to show his love for them. The stone carvings in the buried tomb are also extremely exquisite. The stone statue in front of Wen Yanbo's tomb, the flat peach flower ornament on the head of Wei Zhi's tombstone, the Chinese zodiac pattern in Wei Chijingde's epitaph and the lady's line engraving in the sarcophagus were all fine works of art at that time. A large number of exquisite handicrafts have also been found from the tomb, such as the "Three Golden Brightening Deguan" unearthed in Li Ji's tomb, which is beautifully decorated. It is said that Emperor Taizong personally designed three and gave them to the most meritorious minister. Li Xun got one. Numerous burial tombs set off the grandeur of the cemetery. In addition, there are many stone figures, stone sheep, Shi Hu, stone pillars and stone tablets in front of each tomb, which can better decorate the bustling scene of the cemetery. At the same time, it also reflects the relationship between emperor Taizong and his subjects. There is a meaning of "honor and disgrace and * * *, never forget life and death". Emperor Taizong was able to "live alone" with the heroes, neither killing indiscriminately, but also making proper arrangements for them to be buried together after their death, which was really rare among emperors in previous dynasties.
Although the ground buildings in Zhaoling have been destroyed and repeatedly destroyed by wars, there are rich historical sites and cultural relics in the cemetery, and there are still a lot of ancient arts and crafts to be discovered. Zhaoling Museum displays many tombstones and epitaphs, and preserves a large number of historical materials about politics and economy in the Tang Dynasty, showing us the height of calligraphy art in the early Tang Dynasty.
2. Zhaoling in the Ming Tombs in Beijing
Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty is the tomb of Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses. It is the first large-scale restoration cemetery in the Ming Tombs at present, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the cemetery.
On June 15th, the 6th year of Qin Long (1572), Ming Shenzong built a mausoleum in Dayu Mountain and started a large-scale ground construction project. Zhu Heng, minister of the Ministry of Industry, was appointed as the governor of Shanling affairs, Zhao Jin, assistant minister of the left Ministry of Industry, was responsible for supervising the construction of wood and stone, Xiong Ruda, assistant minister of the right Ministry of Industry, and Zhou Xuan, eunuch of Neigong, were responsible for the construction of the project. In addition, Zhu, the left commander of the Royal Guards, and the secretary of the Royal Guards were also on the scene to supervise the work.
The project progressed very rapidly, and in just one year, the Zhaoling project was all over. To this end, God gave Zhu Heng, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and others a number of silver coins, and also allowed the son of Lang Xiongru to study in imperial academy.
However, many things happen, because the construction is not careful, only one year later, the cemetery building has the problem of foundation settlement. In July of the second year of Wanli (1574), Tao Jin, the supervisor of Jingu Palace in Zhaoling, said, "Since June, it has rained for two days, and the masonry inside and outside the gate of this tomb has subsided." Wang Shuling, director of the Ministry of Industry, ordered the inspection and came back in line with Tao Jin. He also said that the temple, Ming Lou and Baocheng were not damaged. As a result, the Ministry of Industry also reported that the mausoleum is an important place, and the accident occurred less than one year after the completion of Dingling, so both domestic and foreign management officials should investigate and deal with it. Zhang, assistant minister, also cited the example of water leakage in Hubei Xianling Temple Pavilion, punished the management officials and demanded an investigation. Therefore, Zongshen criticized Wang Shuling's echo, saying that the mausoleum is an important place. How can it be said that subsidence is not important? He also decided to question Zhou Xuan, the eunuch of the prefect project, Guo Quangen, the left supervisor, Yi, the foreman, the foreign minister and Wang Xuan, the official craftsman.
Before the matter was over, Wu, an engineering teacher, said, "There are a lot of depressions in the gates and temples of Lungen, and the collapse and damage of masonry in Baocheng are even more worrying." So he immediately ordered Chen, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Hu Ruqin, who was in charge of the matter, to go again. When I came back, I reported that the cemetery was seriously sunken, and the square walls of Singpen and Lungen Temple had different degrees of subsidence and flash, which was far from what Tao Jin and Wang Shuling played. Zongshen Lanzuo was very angry and immediately ordered Douchayuan to join the Ministry of Industry to participate in the accident. This time, the punishment was more severe than last time. Zhou Xuan, each demoted by three levels, was relieved of the post of steward. Xiong Ruda became an official, had a crown, lived a leisurely life, and went out of business gracefully; Easy, each drop three levels, transferred from work; Wait for the legal department to ask again; Zhu Heng took Shangshu as an official; Four supervisors, including Yang Junqing, were downgraded, and Guo Yuanxiang's salary was reduced for half a year; Ma Lu and other legal departments asked questions.
Tao Jin was exempted from false reporting because the reporting time was one month different from that of Chen and Hu, during which the heavy rain continued and the subsidence increased one after another.
Due to the serious subsidence of Ling 'en Gate, Ling 'en Hall and Zhaoling City Wall, in the first month of the third year of Wanli (1575), we had to appoint Zuo Shilang Chen and other magistrates to rebuild Zhaoling. In July, the palace bell ended.
Because Zhaoling started construction many times, it took a lot of manpower and material resources. When construction started for the first time (referring to the ground building), the Ministry of Industry counted the money and grain used in the construction in October of the first year of Wanli, counting 390,932 taels of treasury silver, not including the silver used for planting trees in Shenmu and other three factories, the silver used for brick in Baicheng of Datong Bridge Factory, the silver used for depreciation stone in Dashiwo and other factories, and the silver used for military grain hired by household soldiers. In December of the first year of Wanli, the factory inspection library of the Engineering Department presented beams and so on. The amount of money and food used to build Zhaoling. In addition to the above-mentioned practical silver from the Ministry of Industry, there is also the silver from Hubing No.2 Department1119, totaling 50 105O. Among them; The company uses silver 204422, Yuheng 13 145, Dushui1kloc-0/8854, and wasteland 164628.
The amount of silver used in the second repair is not clearly recorded in the literature. However, according to the records of Xi in the Ming Dynasty, the silver used to build * * * was 654.38+500,000 yuan. This is not to mention the cost of building Gong Xuan during Jiajing period. If you count the expenses of Ling camp during Jiajing period, the total cost is at least 2 million taels, which is almost equivalent to the total fiscal revenue of Qin Long (Qin Long's annual income is about 2.3 million taels). Because the construction of Zhaoling needs huge funds and food, the Ministry of Industry is extremely short of treasury. In August of the second year of Wanli, Zhuozhou Bridge was repaired, but the Ministry of Industry could not afford the money and the Ministry of War could not send military craftsmen. Therefore, assistant minister Zhang had to ask Emperor Wanli to let his mother donate money to hire someone to build it.
Characteristics and restoration of cemetery buildings
(1) The system of "dumb houses" began in the Ming Tombs.
The mausoleum system of Zhaoling is of medium scale among the Ming Tombs. Its Shinto is about 2 kilometers long, separated from the north to the west by the seven-hole bridge of Changling Shinto. There are five empty stone bridges and one empty stone bridge on the way. There is a stele pavilion near the mausoleum, and there are three empty stone bridges behind the pavilion. The mausoleum building faces 38 degrees east of south and covers an area of about 34,600 square meters. Its overall layout is also round in front. There are two courtyards in front of Baocheng, and the underground passage of Fangcheng is a straight way forward and backward. The regulations of five halls with three halls are similar to those of Thailand and Kangzhuling.
The biggest feature of Zhaoling is that it took the lead in forming a complete "dumb courtyard" system. The Ming tombs extend from the fairy to the Six Mausoleums around Kangling. The soil sealing of Baocheng started from the circular drainage ditch of Baocheng, and its shape naturally swelled. "Changping Landscape" is recorded as "the tunnel is flat, the treasure city is small, and the burial is half filled". Zhaoling is different. The surrounding soil of Baocheng is particularly full, almost as high as Baocheng Wall. There is a cylindrical rammed earth tomb in the middle. The front of the enclosure is blocked by curved brick walls, which are connected with the inner walls of Baocheng Wall on both sides of Fangcheng to form a closed crescent-shaped courtyard, commonly known as "dumb courtyard", and the crescent-shaped wall outside the courtyard is called "Crescent City".
The drainage system of Baocheng sealing soil is also very particular. Baocheng is in the form of low before and high after, and the surrounding soil in the city is high outside. Inside Baocheng, there is a concave brick washbasin, and two square wells on the left and right sides are slightly in front. The well is covered with a water grate with leaking holes, and the underground drainage ditch leads to the drainage channels on both sides of the dumb house. Whenever heavy rain falls, the rainwater in the city can be discharged smoothly from the drainage ditches on both sides of the dumb courtyard, effectively ensuring the dryness of the sealed soil above the Xuan Palace.
The glazed screen wall behind Fangcheng has also changed from the way that the tombs of Tai and Kang were built against the wall to the way that they were half embedded in the wall.
The treasure city of Zhaoling is more exquisite and spectacular than Tai and Kang. Then, why did Zhaoling adopt this form of "dumb courtyard"? This should also start with the matter of raising soil in Zhaoling Baocheng. According to Ming Shenzong, on May 15th, the 9th year of Wanli (158 1), the Ministry of Industry wrote a letter to the throne. He said, "It has been forty-two years since the eighteenth year of Jiajing. Not too long, but still lost eight. " He also put forward six suggestions for Zongshen's approval. After watching the play, Zong Shen wrote: "Why hasn't the reclamation of the Royal Zubao City been completed for more than 40 years?" Because this project is very important, if we use Ling Jun and Ban Jun, it will be delayed for several months, and we will not finish the game in the end. We will recruit according to the proposed paragraphs and report on time. "He added," When we went to pay a visit to the mausoleum, we saw that Baocheng in Zhaoling was also short of height and thickness, and we are improving it as a whole, so we are not allowed to muddle through. "In this way, the loess in the treasure city of Yong and Zhao Erling was cultivated at the same time, and ministers were afraid of being charged with' success', so they naturally cultivated according to the same regulations. This is the reason why Baoding in Zhaoling is the same as Yongling, but different from Chang, Xian, Jing and Taiwan. The relationship between the retaining wall, drainage system and wall form in front of the tomb and Baocheng and Fangcheng should be reconsidered because of the high cultivation of the surrounding soil, thus forming the first "dumb courtyard" in the mausoleum area. Because the retaining wall in front of the tomb is greatly increased, this shape can not only meet the needs of loess filling in Baocheng under the mode of Yongling, but also make the tunnel under Fangcheng and the left and right arch from Baocheng to Minglou continue to be used without being buried by soil seal. This way of crescent city dumb courtyard was adopted by later Qing Dynasty and German tombs.
Some people may ask, is the Crescent City and the Dumb House in Zhaoling an original design or an original innovation?
Judging from the historical background of the construction of Zhaoling, it will not be like this. Because from the perspective of the regulation of the whole mausoleum building, Zhaoling was built according to the tombs in Hekang, Thailand. In addition, when Zhaoling was completed, it was the reign of the famous politician Zhang in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Entrusted by the filial queen Li, Zhang assisted the young emperor and was determined to change this malpractice with a pragmatic spirit. Although he was very serious about the construction of the first emperor's mausoleum, he would never spend his energy on the innovation of the mausoleum system. Because this kind of innovation will only increase the amount of work and increase the cost. At that time, Zhang was doing everything possible to consider how to increase revenue and reduce expenditure and save all aspects of the country's financial expenditure. This can also be seen from the contents of Zhu Heng, a senior minister of the Ministry of Industry who served in Qin Long for six years in July. According to Zongshen's Oracle, the construction of Zhaoling "should not be simple because of its ugliness, should not be frugal with its relatives, and should not waste money. It can be seen that the "dumb courtyard" in Zhaoling was formed under the influence of an accidental factor.
(2) Damaged cemeteries and their restoration and opening.
After the demise of Ming Dynasty, Zhaoling was destroyed twice. 1644, the Ming building was burned by the war; In the thirty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1695), it rained cats and dogs, and the Lingen Hall and Lingen Hall were struck by lightning and caught fire. Mausoleum soldiers did their best to save only two Lingen halls, which were completely burned down. With the passage of time, during the Qianlong period, two temples and Lingen Gate were destroyed one after another.
During the fifty to fifty-two years of Qianlong (1785- 1787), the Qing government renovated the Ming Tombs to ease ethnic conflicts. Zhaoling is also under repair. From the analysis of the site, only three projects were built at that time: Ming Lou, Lingen Gate and Lingen Hall. This reconstruction made the cemetery system more complete, but changed the original building regulations.
According to the system of Ming dynasty, the archways of Ming-style buildings are all upturned, with seven arches on the upper eaves and five arches on the lower eaves. However, after renovation, Zhaoling has become a five-step bucket arch with upturned, single upturned and upper and lower eaves. A stone coupon roof was added to the Ming-style building.
Although the reconstruction time of Enmen and Lengen Temple has not changed much, they have all been scaled down. Ling 'en Temple, originally five (30.38m) wide and four (16.77m) deep; After the reconstruction in Qing dynasty, the area and width remained unchanged, but the scale was reduced to 23.3 meters. The depth was changed to three rooms, and the scale was reduced to11.92m.. Lungen Gate, the original three-room width (18.44m) and two-room depth (8.04 m); After the reconstruction in Qing Dynasty, the width was reduced to12.52m and the depth to 6.77m.. Although the two temples in the mausoleum and the Shengde Pavilion in front of the mausoleum have not been rebuilt, the ruins have also been demolished. Only one Yu Zhou wall was built on the old pavilion base around the stone tablet. Since then, it has not been repaired for 200 years. In the past, the magnificent cemetery buildings were desolate, leaving only broken Ming buildings and mausoleum walls.
In order to strengthen the protection and utilization of cultural relics, open up new tourist attractions and enrich tourism contents, with the approval of relevant departments, the Ming Tombs Special Zone began preparations for the restoration project of Zhaoling in June 1985, and officially started construction in April 1987. The main renovation works include: replacing the wooden frame structure and tile decoration of Ming buildings, and repairing and building Lingen Hall, Lingen Gate, two temples, Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion, Sacrifice Pavilion, Divine Chef and Divine Library. 1August, 990, all the works except the sacrificial pavilion, the god kitchen and the god library were completed. 1 September, it was officially opened to the public as a tourist attraction. 1992, the sacrificial pavilion, the god kitchen and the god library were also completed. According to "Scenery of Changping": "There are buting pavilions, five halls, three compartments, a pavilion and a blood pool on the left and right sides of the En Gate of the Ming Tombs. There are yellow tiles around the walls, but Changling has only one pavilion and no hall. "The situation of site cleaning shows that the regulations of Zhaoling sacrifice pavilion, kitchen and library are consistent with the literature records. Among them, the fifth hall is the main kitchen room and the compartment is the library. " Ming Hui Dian records that there were "two or left" tombs before Zhaoling, while Zhaoling had two. The rebuilt Zhaoling building is magnificent and has the characteristics of a complete mausoleum system. There is also a "Ming Zhaoling Autumn Restoration Exhibition" in Lingentang.
The Zhaoling Stone Bridge and the newly rebuilt Shengde Monument Pavilion reproduce the grand occasion of rich offerings and complete musical instruments in the temple during the autumn festival in Ming Dynasty. There are "Historical Exhibitions of Empress Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty" and "Historical Exhibitions of Imperial Tombs in Ming Dynasty" in the left and right halls, respectively. This paper introduces the burial of Emperor Qin Long and three Empresses Xiaoyi, Xiao 'an and Ding Xiao in Zhaoling, as well as the burial regulations of nobles and concubines in Ming Dynasty.
3. Zhaoling in Shenyang
Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong and Empress Bolejiji, the second founding monarch of the Qing Dynasty, covering an area of10.6 million square meters. It is the largest and most magnificent of the "Three Tombs outside the Commissioner" in the early Qing Dynasty. Located about ten miles north of the ancient city of Shenyang (Shengjing), also known as the "Beiling", it is a tourist attraction integrating the royal tombs of the Qing Dynasty and modern gardens. The Gu Song in the park is majestic, with lush vegetation, rippling lakes, majestic halls and dazzling golden tiles, which fully shows the grandeur of the royal cemetery and the elegance and beauty of modern gardens. Besides the Empress, Zhaoling also buried many concubines and beauties related to Chen Fei of Sui Palace, Imperial concubine of Linzhi Palace and Shu Fei of Zhenqing Palace. It is the most representative mausoleum in the early Qing Dynasty and one of the most complete ancient imperial tombs in China.
Zhaoling was built in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643) and basically completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1). After many renovations and expansions, it has reached its present scale. The layout of the mausoleum building follows the principle of "facing the front and sleeping behind" and is divided into three parts from south to north. The main buildings are all built on the central axis and symmetrically arranged on both sides, which are similar to the tombs of Ming emperors and have the characteristics of Manchu tombs.
Zhaoling covers an area of 6.5438+0.8 million square meters and is divided into three parts. From south to north, it is: the front, from dismounted north to Zhenghongmen, including Huabiao, Stone Chamber, Stone Archway, Dressing Hall and Slaughtering Hall; In the middle, from Zhenghongmen to Fangcheng, including Huabiao, Shi Xiangsheng, Monument Building and Sacrificial Room; Behind it are Fangcheng, Crescent City and Baocheng, which are the main bodies of the mausoleum.
The main entrance of Fangcheng is called Longen Gate, and there is a gatehouse on it. There are turrets in the four corners of Fangcheng. Fangcheng has Long 'en Hall, East-West Attached Hall, East-West Fruit Baking Room and Silk Burning Pavilion. There are two pillars behind the Long En Temple, one stone and five sacrificial doors, and one coupon cave door, with Daming Building at the top of the coupon cave. After Fangcheng, there are Crescent City and Treasure City. In the center of Baocheng, Baoding is on the top and the underground palace is on the bottom. Behind Baocheng is Long Ye Mountain. Overlooking this mountain, you can have a panoramic view of the cemetery.
The front of Zhaoling is outside the dazzling wall, and there are watches, stone rooms and dressing booths on both sides of the road, and the archway is in the middle. The archway is the main building in front, made of bluestone, with four columns and three floors. It is exquisitely carved and unique, and it is a rare artistic treasure. After visiting the archway, you can reach Zhenghongmen, which is the beginning of the tour center. Zheng Hongmen is the south gate of the dazzling wall, with towering and solemn floors, and the colorful glazed dragon wall decorated with wings is more eye-catching because of its vivid shape. On both sides of ginseng road in Zhenghongmen, there are Chinese watches, stone beasts and watchtowers, which are far from each other. Orderly and solemn. Among the stone beasts, the most worthy of appreciation are "Dabai" and "Xiaobai". These two stone horses are lifelike, lifelike. It is said that they were carved by two horses that the tomb owner loved to ride before his death. Enjoy the stone horse, you can go to the pavilion. There is a pavilion opposite Zhenghongmen to commemorate the tomb owner, and there is a "Zhaoling Shen Gong Shengde Monument" in the pavilion.
Out of the monument pavilion, you can go to Long En Gate. Long 'enmen is the south gate of Fangcheng, opposite to the Monument Pavilion. Fangcheng is the rear, built like a city, and located on the dazzling wall, as if it were a city within a city. To visit Fangcheng, you must first visit Long En Hall. Long 'en Temple is located in the center of Fangcheng, with the Long 'en Gate in front, the Ming building in the back, the attached halls on the left and right, and the corner buildings on the four corners. It is very majestic. The Long 'en Hall, with beautifully carved granite steps as its base, glittering yellow glazed tiles as its roof, and gold plaques as its painted beams and red walls, is extremely gorgeous. After the Long 'en Temple, you can go to Baocheng after the Ming building. Baocheng is crescent-shaped at the northern end of Fangcheng. Baocheng, also known as Baoding, is located in the underground palace where the couple's coffins and funerary objects are placed. Climbing to the top of the treasure, looking around, surrounded by green trees, the scenery is quiet, just like being in an urban forest, and a sense of tranquility arises spontaneously.
In May of the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), the mausoleum was changed to "Beiling Park", which now covers an area of 3.32 million square meters. Its overall planning is centered on the mausoleum, which is divided into three parts: the mausoleum, the front of the mausoleum and the back of the mausoleum. The natural landscape in the park is rich and colorful. Among them, Fangxiu Garden is a garden in Beiling Park, with a total area of 40,000 square meters and nearly 200 kinds of plants, which are presented in four seasons and have their own characteristics. Cherry blossoms are in full bloom in early spring and the garden is full of fragrance; In midsummer, lotus flowers compete, and willow waves smell warblers; In late autumn, the mountains are full of red leaves, and the layers of forests are all dyed; In the cold winter, the silver is wrapped in white, and the pine trees are tall and straight. Throughout the garden, there are flowers in spring, cloudy in summer, fruit in autumn, green in winter, strange flowers and rocks, small bridges and flowing water, which is quite a scene in the south of the Yangtze River. The architecture and landscape in the park are ingeniously combined, and the natural beauty and artificial beauty are integrated with the traditional garden architecture art in China, forming a natural picture, which attracts a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists to visit here. Beiling Park has an artificial lake surface of 300,000 square meters. In summer, the blue waves are rippling and the willow banks are shaded. It is very interesting to go sightseeing and boating on the lake by pedal boat and speedboat. Now Beiling Park is a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Visit the Long 'en Hall, pass the Ming Building, and you can reach Baocheng. Baocheng is crescent-shaped at the northern end of Fangcheng. Baocheng, also known as Baoding, is located in the underground palace where the couple's coffins and funerary objects are placed. Climbing to the top of the treasure, looking around, surrounded by green trees, the scenery is quiet, just like being in an urban forest, and a sense of tranquility arises spontaneously. Now Zhaoling has become Beiling Park.
Another feature of Zhaoling is the ancient pine group in the distance. There are more than 2,000 trees in Gu Song, which have been loose for more than 300 years, swaying tall and straight and towering into the sky. These verdant pine trees constitute another magnificent landscape of Jin Wa Red Wall Zhaoling, among which "Shenshu", "Indus", "Couple Tree", "Sister Tree" and "Turtle Tree" have their own characteristics.
The ancient history of Zhaoling, the mysterious imperial tomb and various natural landscapes in Shenyang have become a tourist attraction for tens of thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists and a window for people all over the world to know about China and Shenyang.