sugarcane

Alias potato cane, dry cane, intestinal grass, sugarcane, sweet branch, etc.

Gramineae in Gramineae, sugarcane in sugarcane.

Characteristics and characteristics Sugarcane is an annual perennial tropical and subtropical herb, belonging to C4 crop. The culm is erect, thick and juicy, the surface is often covered with white powder, the leaves are alternate, the edge has small sharp teeth, and the flower spike is a compound raceme. Sugarcane is a crop that likes temperature and light, with annual accumulated temperature of 5500 ~ 8500℃, frost-free period of over 330d, annual air humidity of 60%, annual precipitation of 800 ~ 1200mm, sunshine hours of over1195h. Sugarcane has a wide adaptability to soil, and clay loam, loam and sandy loam are better. Sugarcane can grow when the soil pH is 4.5 ~ 8.0, but the suitable soil pH is 6.5 ~ 7.5.

Sugarcane originated in India and is now widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions. The country with the largest sugarcane planting area is Brazil, followed by India, and China ranks third. Other countries with large sugarcane planting areas include Cuba, Thailand, Mexico, Australia and the United States. China sugarcane areas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei and other provinces (autonomous regions).

Use sugar. Can also be made into sucrose ester, fructose syrup, etc. Bagasse, waste honey and filter mud can be made into paper, fiberboard, particleboard, furfural, feed, food culture medium, alcohol, dry ice, yeast, citric acid, lysine, glacial acetic acid, monosodium glutamate, glycerol, cement and fertilizer. Sugarcane shoots, sugarcane leaves, bagasse bran, waste molasses or alcohol waste liquid can be used as feed for ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Granular feed can be made by mixing molasses and filter mud into grain feed; Waste residue and waste liquid discharged from sugar factories can also be used as fertilizer for sugarcane.

Sugarcane is the main raw material for sugar production in China. In the world total sugar production, sucrose accounts for about 65%, while China accounts for more than 80%. Sugar is one of the necessities of human beings, and it is also an important raw material for candy, beverage and other food industries. At the same time, sugarcane is an important raw material for light industry, chemical industry and energy. Therefore, the development of sugarcane production plays an important role in improving people's lives, promoting the development of agriculture and related industries, and even the development of the entire national economy.

Origin, distribution and production of sugarcane

First, the origin of sugarcane

There are three theories about the origin of sugarcane, one is Indian, the other is South Pacific New Guinea, and the third is China. China is one of the oldest sugarcane growing countries in the world. Sugarcane cultivation has a long history. As early as the 4th century BC, there was a historical record of planting sugarcane in China, and there was a record of making rock sugar in the Tang Dynasty. In recent years, many studies have shown that sugarcane has multiple origin centers, and China is one of them.

Second, the distribution of sugarcane.

At present, the distribution of sugarcane is mainly between 33 north latitude and 30 south latitude, and 25 south latitude, with relatively concentrated areas. If the temperature line is taken as the global sugarcane area distribution, the annual average temperature is above the 17 ~ 18℃ isotherm. The vertical distribution of sugarcane can reach 1500m near the equator. In the sugarcane area of southwest Yunnan, China, the altitude has reached 1500m ~ 1600m. China is located in the northern hemisphere, and sugarcane is distributed from Hainan Island in the south to Hanzhong in Shaanxi Province in the north, with latitude 15. East to the east of Taiwan Province Province, west to the Yarlung Zangbo River in southeastern Tibet, longitude 30, widely distributed, rare in other countries. The main sugarcane producing areas in China are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas south of latitude 24, including Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei, etc. 1 1 southern provinces. Since the mid-1980s, China's domestic sugar regions have rapidly moved to western regions such as Guangxi and Yunnan. By 1999, the sugar production in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces has accounted for 70.6% of the whole country (excluding Taiwan Province Province).

Three. General situation of sugarcane production in China

China is one of the major sugar producing countries in the world. From 1998 to 1999, the total output of raw sugar in the world is 654.38+287 million tons, of which the total output of sugar in China is 8.934 million tons, making it the third largest sugar producer in the world.

In the past 50 years, the sugar industry in China has made great progress. The sugarcane planting area increased from 1949 to1600,000 mu to 1998 to 20 million mu; The total output of sugarcane increased from 65,438+2,642,000 tons in 0949 to 83,438,000 tons in 1998. By 1999, the total output of sugar in China reached 77,065,438+10,000 tons, accounting for 86.2% of the total sugar in China.

The History and Present Situation of Sugarcane Breeding

1887, Soltwedel in Java, J.B.Harrison and J.R.Bovell in Barbados saw that the seeds produced by sugarcane could germinate into seedlings. This discovery opened the prelude to the history of sugarcane sexual hybridization breeding. Since then, all sugarcane producing countries have taken sexual hybridization as the main method to improve sugarcane varieties, especially interspecific hybridization, which has created many excellent varieties and laid the foundation for sugarcane breeding in the world. Java has cultivated a series of excellent varieties with large stalks, high sugar content, high yield and disease resistance after three aristocratic times, among which POJ2878 is the most famous and known as the first sugarcane king in the world. India has bred excellent varieties such as Co2 13, Co28 1 by crossing tropical species, hand-planted species and Indian species. Five species of tropical species, Indian species, wild species with big stems and China species crossed in Hawaii, USA, and bred excellent varieties such as H32-8560 and H49-5. Countries all over the world have spared no expense in sugarcane hybridization and new variety breeding, and cultivated a number of new sugarcane varieties with high yield, high quality and strong stress resistance, which has promoted the development of sugarcane industry in various countries.

Since 1953 established the hybrid breeding farm in Hainan, Chinese mainland sugarcane research institutes have successively carried out the breeding and research of new sugarcane varieties, and so far more than 100 sugarcane varieties have been bred for production, which has promoted the development of sugarcane industry in China. Such as Guangdong sugar 57-423 and 86-368, Guangxi sugar 1 1 and Guangxi sugar 15, Fujian sugar 70-6 1 1, Yunnan sugar 7 1-388 and 89-. The five largest varieties from 1998 to 1999 in China are Guitang1,Xintai Sugar 10, San Xuan, Yuetang 63-237 and Xintai Sugar 16, accounting for 20% respectively.

Sugarcane breeding needs sexual hybridization, while reproduction is asexual reproduction. Every sugarcane in the variety is the same genotype, and it is very consistent unless there is unexpected mutation. At present, most of the varieties bred in the world are the hybrid offspring of 3-5 sugarcane original seeds, and then bred by interspecific hybridization and backcross, which is basically the reorganization of homogeneous genetic varieties. Therefore, sugarcane varieties are all inbreeding, with narrow genetic basis and similar blood ties, which makes it difficult to make a big breakthrough in sugarcane breeding in the past 30 years in terms of yield, sugar content and resistance. Therefore, the world sugarcane breeding community attaches great importance to the collection, research and utilization of sugarcane germplasm resources in order to expand the blood relationship, enrich the genetic basis and create breakthrough parent materials and excellent varieties. Sugarcane, remember to distinguish between two kinds of sugarcane. Black purple sugar cane, commonly known as black sugar cane, is mild and nourishing, and is not suitable for people with sore throat and fever. Green-peel cane, commonly known as bamboo cane, is sweet, cool and has the effect of clearing heat. It can relieve cough caused by lung heat, stomach heat and lung heat. People with excessive phlegm and yellow and thick phlegm can use bamboo cane juice with pear juice to enhance the effect of moistening dryness and clearing lung. Bamboo cane and raw lotus root juice have the same effect. As for lung heat cough, people who cough until they vomit blood can be relieved by drinking it. In addition, it is said that this prescription is also effective for urinary system infection, commonly known as hematuria.

Sugarcane juice itself is cold, and people with deficiency and cold constitution should not drink more. If people who have a cold and cough (white and thin phlegm) drink it by mistake, the condition may get worse in real time. It is said that steaming sugarcane before juicing can avoid this drawback, but the exact effect needs to be verified. On the contrary, bamboo cane with cogongrass rhizome and carrot boiled water does have the function of clearing heat, which is most suitable for children with watery eyes and bad temper. If you add water chestnut, you can often drink it when your child has chickenpox or measles, which can not only help the virus penetrate, but also speed up recovery. As the main source of sugar, there is no doubt about the rich nutritional value of sugarcane. If sugarcane juice is too monotonous, you can cook with sugarcane juice, which can be harmonious with your stomach and make your appetite open.

Medicinal material name sugarcane

English name sugarcane

Latin name is sugar cane.

Textual research on the names of potato cane, dried cane, grafted grass, sugarcane and sugar stalk

Subject source Gramineae

Sugarcane stems with medicinal value. The stem bark (sugarcane bark) and shoots (sugarcane chicken) of this plant are also used as medicine.

Sweet, cold and non-toxic. ① Don't record: "Sweet in taste, flat in nature and nontoxic." 2 Japanese Herbs: "Cold." (3) A Picture of Herbs in Southern Yunnan: "Sweet in taste, slightly cold in nature and non-toxic." 4 Outline: "Sweet in taste, flat in nature and non-toxic."

Enter the lung, spleen and stomach meridians. (1) Classic of Materia Medica: "It begins with Taiyin and Yangming Classics." ② New edition of Materia Medica: "Entering Spleen, Lung and Large Intestine Meridian" 3 "Herbal rejuvenation": "Into the liver and spleen."

Functional classification of nourishing drugs

Efficacy is mainly indicated for clearing away heat, promoting fluid production, lowering qi and moistening dryness. Treat fever, body fluid injury, vexation and thirst, nausea and vomiting, lung dryness and cough, and dry stool. And hangover.

Administration and dosage: 2 ~ 4 taels of sugarcane juice. External use: tamping.

People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should use drugs with caution. ① "Materia Medica Jing Shu": "Stomach-cold vomiting, overflowing and leaking should be avoided." ② "Herbal Yan Hui": "Long-term eating is more beneficial to wet fire, which is a disease of phlegm, distension, vomiting and cough."

Medicinal diet combined with sugarcane pulp decoction: eating with fish and bamboo shoots is not conducive to the compendium of materia medica. With radish: clearing away heat and relieving hangover. Ginger: warming the middle and descending the reverse. Use millet: strengthen the spleen and moisten the lungs.

[Edit this paragraph] Apple

"An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids, and are called "all-round healthy fruits" by scientists. So, what health care function makes it win such a good reputation?

Hypolipidemic: The human experiment of Japan Fruit Research Institute showed that after eating two apples a day, the triglyceride level in subjects' blood decreased by 265,438+0% after three weeks, and the high triglyceride level was the chief culprit of arteriosclerosis. After apple pectin enters the human body, it can combine with bile acids, absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, and then excrete it. At the same time, the acetic acid decomposed by apple is beneficial to the catabolism of these two substances. In addition, vitamins, fructose and magnesium in apples can also reduce their content.

Lowering blood pressure: Excessive sodium is an important factor causing hypertension and stroke. Apples contain enough potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium in the body and excreted, thus lowering blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ion can effectively protect blood vessels and reduce the incidence of hypertension and stroke. Dr Susan Arlich, a famous British pharmacologist, found that polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples can effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Prevention of cancer: A study by Hirosaki University in Japan confirmed that polyphenols in apples can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. A study in Finland is even more exciting: flavonoids contained in apples are an efficient antioxidant, not only the best vascular cleaner, but also the bane of cancer. If people eat more apples, the risk of lung cancer can be reduced by 46%, and the risk of other cancers can also be reduced by 20%. The latest research by the French National Institute of Health Medicine also tells us that proanthocyanidins in apples can prevent colon cancer.

Antioxidant effect: The research team of Cornell University in the United States soaked the brain cells of mice in a liquid containing quercetin and vitamin C, and found that the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, quercetin in apples is the best, and red apples are better than yellow apples and green apples. Therefore, apples are the best food for patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Strengthening bones: apples contain mineral elements boron and manganese that can strengthen bones. A study in the United States found that boron can greatly increase the concentration of estrogen and other compounds in the blood, which can effectively prevent calcium loss. Medical experts believe that if menopausal women can consume 3 grams of boron every day, their calcium loss rate can be reduced by 46%, and menopausal women eat more apples, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of calcium and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Maintain acid-base balance: 70% of diseases occur in people with acidic constitution, and apples are alkaline foods. Eating apples can quickly neutralize excessive acidic substances in the body (including acid produced by exercise and acidic metabolites produced by acidic foods such as fish, meat and eggs), and enhance physical strength and disease resistance.

"An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Among many fruits, apple is the most common and peaceful one, but its nutritional value should not be underestimated. Chinese medicine believes that it can nourish the lungs, strengthen the spleen and stimulate appetite. Nutritional analysis shows that apple contains the most fructose, and contains a variety of organic acids, pectin and trace elements.

Apple pectin belongs to soluble fiber, which can not only promote cholesterol metabolism, effectively reduce cholesterol level, but also promote fat excretion. The French did an experiment in which a group of healthy middle-aged men and women ate two or three apples a day. A month later, their cholesterol levels were measured, and it was found that 80% of people's low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, also called bad cholesterol) decreased. At the same time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL is good cholesterol) has increased. Apple's help to the cardiovascular system can be seen.

Potassium, a trace element contained in apples, can dilate blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension. Zinc is also necessary for human body. When lacking, it will lead to disorder of blood sugar metabolism and decline of sexual function.

Eating apples raw can not only get the above benefits, but also regulate the stomach, because it is rich in fiber and helps to excrete. On the other hand, it is good for people with diarrhea to eat it, because malic acid has a astringent effect, but it should be noted that if it is chronic diarrhea with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold, apples must be wrapped in tin foil, cooked or simmered before eating.

Apples are rich in nutrition and low in calories, so they are very popular with dieters. In dietotherapy, boiling water with apple peel and ginger slices can stop vomiting. Using apples with pears can reduce the coldness of pears and have the effect of strengthening the lungs and moistening the stomach. In autumn syrup, some apples and pears are used, and lily 1 (30g), Dendrobium 5 (15g) and apricot 3 (9g) are added to moisten the lungs and relieve cough.

Lose weight: apples will increase satiety, and eating before meals can reduce food intake and achieve the purpose of losing weight.