The biggest feature of the Ming Tombs is that it changed the layout of the entrance, platform, square wall and off-road vehicle of the Tang and Song Tombs system, created the basic pattern of the main building plane of the Tombs, and adopted a Shinto in the Tombs, which deeply influenced the building regulations of the Ming and Qing Tombs for more than 500 years. The main form of traditional funeral in China is burial, that is, putting the dead in a coffin and then burying them in a cave. The place where it is buried is called a tomb or a tomb, that is, a grave without a grave is buried; On the other hand, the place where the coffin is buried is made of earth, which is called a grave or grave, that is, the highest soil is called a grave. From this point of view, the tomb of the cemetery should be flat, but the grave is high. There is a certain difference between the two. Relatively speaking, the periphery of the tomb is called trillion domain. In fact, these for ordinary people, for the emperor, have special attention. Qin Xiahou _ and Han Mausoleum, so it is called Shan Mausoleum. In other words, the emperor's mausoleum was called Mountain in Qin Dynasty and Mausoleum in Han Dynasty, so Mountain Mausoleum later became the proper name of the emperor's mausoleum. There is a so-called landslide, that is, the emperor died. The emperor died, the vassal died, the doctor died, the scholar died, and Shu Ren died. It is not difficult to see that the absolutism with China characteristics is really at home. Not only is there great inequality when people are alive, but even when people are dead, they should pay attention to 369 and so on. With the gradual strengthening of absolute monarchy in China, this hierarchy and its emphasis have become more and more solid in traditional society. Ordinary people, namely Shu Ren, are villains in the eyes of rulers. When the villain dies, he will be buried with him. In the worst case, they will build a small mound, which is often called a grave. The emperor is different. He is the largest adult in the world. There are generally two kinds of burial methods. One is to replace the grave with the mountain, that is, dig the grave at the southern foot of the mountainside, and then solemnly bury the dead emperor; Second, raising soil is a grave, that is, digging a grave on the flat ground and then burying the emperor. According to the understanding of most modern people, when people die, everything is empty. It is a great event that it pays tribute to the dead at some time every year. Rich people burn more paper money, even some gold and silver and ladies. After the burning, the sacrificial activities are almost over. However, in recent years, some civil servants and wealthy businessmen in the south often spend a lot of money to build private houses while paying homage to the dead, and the more they build, the more luxurious they are, probably telling the world that their status is different and special, just like the ancient emperors. In fact, the funeral and sacrifice of the emperor, the largest person in the world in history, still has many special features, or it has extremely strict regulations and is in an escalating trend. The mausoleum system of ancient emperors in China was not established until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Cai Yong, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, once wrote: The ancient ancestral temple system believed that people lived in the monarch's house, with the imperial court in front and a room in the back, and the last ancestral temple in front was just like the imperial court and bedroom in the back.

The temple is dominated by Tibet, and Zhao Mu is among them. There are clothes, sticks and things like elephants in the bedroom. It is always called a palace. The tomb was sacrificed after bedtime, starting from the side of the tomb, so don't change it in the Han Dynasty. So this tomb is called a bedroom, which contains daily necessities, clothes and elephant-like objects, symbolizing the ancient bedroom. The official history of the Han Dynasty also said: There were no tombs for sacrifice in ancient times. All tombs in the Han Dynasty had gardens, and so did Qin. It is said that the ancient ancestral temple built the temple first, then the bedroom, so it is like people building the bedroom in front of the court. There is a recommendation this month, the 6th.

Then, when the emperor is dead, how can we standardize the temples dedicated to his old people? The temple faces the court and the bed faces the bed. From this point of view, there are at least two places in the capital of Qin and Han dynasties that are dedicated to the emperor: one is a temple with an emperor's memorial tablet, and the other is the remains of the emperor's living quarters. This kind of bedroom system changed during the Qin Shihuang period: the bedroom stayed in the capital and moved to the mausoleum next to the emperor. Once this provision was formulated, it was used until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Nowadays, whether in Nanjing or Beijing, we all know that the ancestral halls of Ming and Qing Dynasties were located in the city, and the sacrificial ceremony of the Ming and Qing emperors and the burial of Queen Ma Huanghou were also built in the tombs outside the city from the beginning. Since the mausoleum moved out of Beijing, with the imperial mausoleum, the names of the mausoleum have become more and more. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the system of ancient imperial tombs in China was basically established. The mausoleum of the emperor has two remarkable characteristics: first, the tomb is square and bucket-shaped, that is, the upper part is small and the lower part is large, or more accurately, the upper part is flat and the lower part is large. If the tops are cut off, people call them square tops for short. Once the commercial system is established, it will become a symbol of imperial patents and privileges. Generally, nobles and civilians are not allowed to use it, so they can only use cones as graves. This rule was used in tombs in the Han and Tang dynasties and continued until the Song Dynasty. Secondly, the tombs of Qin and Han dynasties face east. Some people think that it is probably influenced by the customs of ancient Qin and Chu people. However, the rule that the mausoleum faces east from west changed in the Han Dynasty. In the second year of the Central Plains, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, died and was buried in the original mausoleum. Zhuang acceded to the throne, that is, the Han Ming emperor in history. In the second year, that is, the first year of Yongping, according to the regulations, the court held the Yuan Dynasty, and Emperor Han Ming accepted the worship of all ministers. After that, Liu Zhuang recalled his father's voice and smile when he was alive, which made me sad. In order to express his grief for his father, Emperor Hanming decided to move Hui back to the original mausoleum of Emperor Guangwu. At that time, the imperial power dominated the big court, and the emperor sat facing south, while the orientation system of sacrificing the first emperor's mausoleum was to sit west and face east. In the same place, the different directions of Yin and Yang ceremonies will inevitably lead to chaos, so since then, the direction of China has changed to face south. This is another change in the system of imperial tombs in history. The upper side is still a square cover bucket type, changed to a square wall with doors on all sides. The sleeping hall is built next to the mausoleum, north and south. As a result, the regulation of tombs in Qin and Han dynasties continued to change on the whole. After his death, Tomb No.1 in front of Zhaoling is divided into three parts: first, there is a Shen You Hall on the top of the tomb door for the entertainment of the owner's coffin; Second, people build sacrificial halls, also known as bedrooms or palaces; This is the uterus of Jian 'anfang, also known as the Summer Palace. Later, other mausoleums cancelled the fugue temple, built a special hall directly in front of the mausoleum, and built a bedroom at the foot of the mountain, thus starting the system of going up and down the palace, and later people followed suit. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang began to reform the mausoleum system in the Tang and Song Dynasties, which was first used to build the imperial mausoleum, and then formally established when the Xiaoling Mausoleum was built. He abolished the system of upper and lower palaces and changed it to the system of front power and rear bedroom, or the system of front and rear circle, imitating the model of Ming Palace, and established the systems of Fangmen, Xiaoling Hall, Fangcheng and Baoding in Wu Wen. Three-dimensional layout

When the Ming Tombs were built, they were flexible and changeable. The innermost part of Baoding is roughly equivalent to the imperial city in the Ming Tombs, and the square tower in front of Baoding is equivalent to the brick city in the Ming Tombs. It turns out that the Ming Tombs Brick City is surrounded by city gates and A Min Tower in the southeast and northwest. Now there is only the A Min Tower to the south of the Ming Tombs, which greatly narrows the scope, and it means that Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Tombs are all wrapped in it, which embodies the main spirit of the brick city of the Ming Tombs. The outermost circle of the wall of the Ming Tombs is equivalent to the earthen city of the Ming Tombs. These changes may make the construction of the Ming Tombs more reasonable, more rigorous and larger. If we have a bird's eye view from the air, the overall appearance of the Ming Tombs is the layout of the inner city and the outer city. The inner city of Gong Ling District of the Ming Tombs is surrounded by red walls, and its shape is typical of the former power and the latter bedroom. The first and second yards are the front, and the third yard is the back. From Wu Wen Fangmen to the main entrance of Xiangdian, there are a clothing hall, a sacred library and a royal kitchen on both sides of the main entrance, which are the first to enter the courtyard; The second entrance of the courtyard, from the main entrance of Xiangtang to Xiangtang, is the Xiaoling Hall, including the left and right temples, which is the center of the mausoleum sacrifice activities; The third entrance of the quadrangle, from Neihongmen to Baoding, includes Yu He and Dashiqiao, Fangcheng Minglou and Baocheng. Guo's external system extends from the east and west sides of Dajinmen. Now, the red wall no longer exists, but traces of connection can still be seen. This wall is about 1.5m thick and 4m high. This waiguo city wall surrounds the Ming Tombs, with a depth of more than 2,600 meters. According to records, the red wall of the cemetery is 45 miles around the mountain, which is equivalent to 2/3 of the length of the Nanjing city wall and covers almost half of Zhongshan Mountain. It can be seen that the scope of the Ming Tombs is large! From the individual point of view of specific buildings, although the ground buildings in the Ming tombs have been almost destroyed, we can still see the glory and grandeur of the Ming tombs and the superb technology of architecture and sculpture at that time from the existing historical sites. For example, according to relevant historical records, the original roof of Dajinmen was a single eaves roof, yellow glazed tiles and green glazed tiles rafters. No fighting under the eaves, a stone hanging under the eaves. Simple and firm structure, vermilion Shuang Ye, solemn and gorgeous. Now the Great Golden Gate is 26.66 meters wide, 8.35 meters deep and 5.24 meters high. According to this, we can still see its majestic posture in those days. Let's talk about the pavilion. Its building plane is square, with a width of 26.86 meters and a depth of 26.86 meters, commonly known as Sifang City. Open a coupon door on each side. Because the pavilion roof does not exist, its structure and shape cannot be verified. However, the monument to the Ming Tombs standing in the pavilion is huge. The monument is 8.78 meters high and is divided into three parts: the turtle seat, the monument body and the tablet forehead. The inscription is engraved with 2746 words in regular script, with beautiful calligraphy and neat carving; Nine dragons are engraved on the tablet. These carvings are exquisite and gorgeous. This is the largest existing ancient relic in Nanjing, with precious historical and artistic value. Although the Hall of Filial Piety was destroyed in the third year of Qing Dynasty, its specific shape no longer exists. However, according to the existing pedestal shapes of the filial piety hall and the grace hall in Ming Changling, it can be roughly inferred that the filial piety hall is a building with a width of nine and a depth of five, with the most distinguished double-eaved roof. The pillars supporting the main hall are nanmu pillars decorated with golden dragons. Changling Temple has double eaves, nine feet high, ten feet wide and three feet wide. The appearance is noble, and the white stone pillars are triple. Your Highness, Shishumi Mountain has three floors and is 3.03 meters high. Today, there are still some stone carving components on the platform, such as cicada head, front and rear pedals, stone pillars, railings and handrails. although

For example, the foundation of Xiaoling Hall is built with drum mirror column base, which originated in Nanjing, and may be developed on the basis of the basin cover column base used in popular official buildings before and after and the drum orange column base popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The royal architecture used by Daming was later spread to Beijing as the capital moved to Beijing, which almost became the only style of pillars of royal and official buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Another notable feature of the architectural modeling of the Ming Tombs is the extensive use of brick arch coupons. A series of large-scale buildings in the Ming Tombs, such as Dajinmen, Beiting, Xiangdian, Gonglingmen, and Linggu Temple Wuliangdian built in the early days of Xiaoling, all used brick arch coupons at the top of the doors. This architectural style has a long history in China, but it is rare to use and build such a large arch building so widely. In particular, the Palace Clock Gate on the Ming building of Fangcheng is an arched tunnel in the eyes of modern people, with a depth of 34.22 meters from north to south and 54 steps inside. It's really high, deep and spectacular. Linggongmen, an arched roof with large span and exquisite structure, is unprecedented in traditional temple architecture in China. Therefore, the masonry of the Ming Tombs is a successful example of the application of long-span brick arch technology in temple architecture in the architectural history of China. Let's talk about architectural style first. The stone statues on Shinto that people see today are all masterpieces of stone carving in the early Ming Dynasty. In terms of carving techniques, we pay attention to the combination of realism, realism and simplicity, with smooth lines and fine details. We even carved faintly visible ears on elephants, and countless manes on the backs of hawthorn and unicorns. This is from a microscopic point of view. If we focus on the macro, it is not difficult to see that the stone carvings on Shinto are diverse in style, rich in shape, dignified and simple. They won by height, and the stone statues and pillars are masterpieces. To sum up, the stone carvings on Shinto in Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty combined the overall grandeur with the local exquisiteness, representing the highest level of stone carving art in China at that time, and profoundly influenced the later royal architecture and garden plastic arts in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The design, layout and construction of the Ming Tombs run through China's traditional culture and geomantic theory, pay attention to the unity of nature and solemnity, permeate the integration of heaven and earth, and return the soul to Beidou. As mentioned earlier, there are two main schools of geomantic omen in China at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty: one is Fujian School, which is also called Qi-regulating method or ancestral temple; The other school is Jiangxi School, also known as situational method. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi School or Toutou School, which was highly praised by powerful people, paid attention to site selection and shape selection. The Toutuo school pays attention to five steps in site selection and shape: hunting dragons, inspecting sand, watching water, acupuncturing and orienting. Among them, the most crucial ones are probably dragon hunting and acupuncture. Finding the dragon is finding the real dragon. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, people proficient in Feng Shui pointed out that there were three dry dragons in the east of Kunlun Mountain, the ancestor of China Mountain. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Jiang Deming, the right assistant minister, did say to the emperor: There are three dry dragons in China. In the middle, it is dry and prosperous, forming the wind and the four ancestral tombs; Nanwangqi was in Nanjing and became the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Zhongshan. Beiwangqi is in Beijing, becoming the tomb of Tianshou Mountain. From this point of view, there is no big problem with the geomantic omen between Zhu Yuanzhang, and Nanjing is a city built and buried. Let's take a look at sand checking, water watching and acupuncture in those years. It shows that the selection of points in the tomb was completed in the eighth year of Hongwu, namely Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Ji. I chose Dulong Building in Purple Mountain to play Mount Everest. What do you think? What is the basis? It was not recorded in the history books of that year, but the geomantic theory of Yuan and Ming Dynasties seems to have solved the mystery of history today:

Behind Dulong House, where Ming Baocheng's tomb is located, there are far and near mountains around the vault. As for the water of dried shrimps mentioned in Feng Shui, we can still see that it was a river under the sage bridge before the Ming emperor Baocheng, and some people called it Baocheng Yuhe. In Feng Shui, water and wind are too important. Guo Pu's book Manxing says that in geomantic omen, getting water first, hiding the wind for later. The wind will disperse the gas, but the water will stop. The ancients gathered instead of gathering, so it was called Feng Shui. In traditional society, it is generally believed that there is a dragon god or a king on the Purple Mountain, and people believe that there are gods floating on the rocks in the clouds. Between red and purple, people talk about the spirit of the king, and the dragon sheds its skin and hides it. Five tones, Jiufeng Temple. Some people say that Xiaoling has a surge of black gas and rushed into the bullfight for more than 100 days. Stay up all night and see it. Natural thieves are rampant and there are alarms everywhere. In the afternoon, Zhu and Wang visited the mausoleum. People who have been dead for 300 years have been paid, rooted and dug a few feet of tunnels under the mausoleum. People who know are hurting the blood of the earth and venting their anger.