Including: exercise therapy, exercise health, health massage, prevention and treatment of sports injuries.

Physical examination: It is not only a doctor's job, but also an important task for sports workers.

Including: medical history examination, state examination, morphological and functional examination, clinical health examination and special examination (electrocardiogram).

Preliminary investigation, review and supplementary inspection.

Nutrients: Physiological effects of food ingredients on human body.

Seven categories: protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, minerals, vitamins and cellulose.

Sports health: To study the environmental factors that affect human health in the process of physical exercise, and formulate the necessary requirements and measures for physical exercise and sports health, so as to help guide scientific and reasonable sports, enhance physical fitness and promote health.

sports

Do warm-up activities and exercise.

Exercise, nutrition and health

Exercise and eating habits, health

Exercise and drinking water sanitation

Clothing hygiene before and after exercise

Warm-up activities are a series of physical exercises, before which the body and various organs of the body should be exercised to make the system function and quickly enter the working state.

: 1, improve the excitability of the central nervous system and expand the range of activities of muscles, tendons and joints; Overcome the function of inert internal organs, enhance the activities of cardiovascular system and respiratory system, make all aspects of the body meet the training requirements, so as to prevent or reduce the injury of muscles, joints and ligaments.

Finishing activities, also known as physical relaxation exercises and activities in the process of state transition in a relatively quiet state, are effective means of physical recovery. It is one of the main means to complete sufficient activities, achieve good training results and prevent sports injuries.

Keep the balance between sports nutrition and the calories needed for health, pay due attention to the proportion of thermal substances, and take enough vitamin supplements.

Exercise and eating habits and health: don't do strenuous exercise after meals. You shouldn't eat right after exercise. Arrange three meals a day reasonably and do strenuous exercise on an empty stomach for a long time.

100-200ml:15-20min ago, supplement water sports and drinking water hygiene sports at 4-12 degrees, and supplement once every 100-300ml or 2-3km before supplementary sports. Supplement to avoid alcoholism, increase the burden on the heart and kidneys after exercise, dilute the juice several times to affect appetite and digestion, and do not drink frozen drinks after exercise; It is not advisable to take a bath with cold water immediately.

The health of sportswear: protect the body from all kinds of bad influences from the outside world. Clothing with warmth, moisture absorption and water solubility plays an important role in health, and sportswear is light and comfortable.

Dyskinesia: common in incorrect sports training and competition.

Excessive stress: the physical load exceeds the body's ability to bear, and a pathological state appears, usually immediately or for a short time after high-intensity training or fierce competition. It is an acute cardiovascular disease, which is more common in middle-distance cycling and football.

Syncope: a temporary unconscious phenomenon of blood and oxygen supply to the brain. Common ones are: suddenly stop running after gravity impact (sprint, middle and long distance running, cycling, walking); Increased intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure (weight lifting), mental stress, postural hypotension.

Sports anemia: the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal. In the process of exercise, excessive burden may lead to anemia, which is called sports anemia. Anemia and red blood cell destruction caused by exercise increase the intake of protein and iron.

Abdominal pain during exercise: more common in middle distance, marathon and cycling, often with accelerated speed and intensity.

Muscle spasm: commonly known as cramp, the most common calf gastrocnemius, flexor pollicis plantaris and flexor digitorum. Swimming spasm is mainly caused by cold stimulation. Excessive sustained and rapid contraction and fatigue of muscles are easy to cause electrolyte loss.

Heatstroke: an acute disease accompanied by regular exercise in high temperature environment, high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation. The main reason is that the temperature is too high, which leads to a lot of water loss, a lot of perspiration and a decrease in blood volume, while the blood circulation of the skin with heat dissipation needs increases, which is limited by the endurance of the heart, leading to peripheral circulation failure, exhaustion heatstroke and serious heart failure and death. In hot summer, especially at noon, it is not suitable for physical exertion and long-term exercise. On a hot day, exercise should be light-colored clothes and wearing a sun hat.

Local damage caused by frostbite tissue and cold body m? O in addition to the external temperature is too low, wet, windy socks are too tight, local and systemic resistance is reduced, local gaze or exercise and other related factors. In order to prevent frostbite, we should insist on outdoor exercise in winter to enhance our physical fitness. If you have a cold, clothes and shoes should be warm and appropriate, not too tight, which will affect blood circulation, and socks should be kept dry.

Sports injury: The injury in this sport is called sports injury. Some sports injuries are closely related to the behavioral characteristics of sports techniques.

Classification: (1) whether communication is related to trauma can be divided into open trauma and blunt trauma. The injured skin or mucous membrane is broken, the wound and the tissue fluid from the outside ooze from the mouth, or one's own blood is called an open wound, such as abrasions and stab wounds. The injured skin or mucous membrane remains intact, and there is no wound and the outside world. The bleeding in the injured tissue is called the accumulation of closed injuries.

(2) At acute and chronic onset: acute injury and chronic injury. Direct damage Direct or indirect severe acute injury with acute onset, short course of disease and sudden symptoms. The local long-term burden is too heavy, and the injury caused by repeated micro-injury accumulation is called chronic injury, which has slow onset, gradual symptoms and long duration.

In addition, acute injuries caused by improper handling or premature exercise may also be chronic injuries.

First aid for sports injuries:

First aid: refers to an accident or sudden injury accident, which is urgent and temporary. Its purpose is to avoid re-injury, alleviate the pain of the wounded, prevent the occurrence of complications, and create conditions for the transportation and further treatment of the wounded and sick.

First-aid and ambulance personnel must grasp the main contradiction, rescue as soon as possible, and prevent and control shock.

Bandage fixing plate, fixed dressing or injured part can limit the movement of injured limb, avoid aggravating injury, protect wound surface and prevent or reduce infection; Support the injured limb, maintain a comfortable posture, relieve pain, compress and stop bleeding, and prevent or reduce swelling.

When dressing, the action should be gentle and elastic. Skilled dressing too tightly will hinder blood circulation. If you are too loose, you can't dress the role. Bandage will damage the bandage at the distal end. The bandage will be stored for a long time with adhesive tape and bandage at the fixed end at the end of the year. Leave it alone.

Legal methods of bandage: bandage method, triangle bandage method and forearm suspension method.

Hemostasis: The wounded with traumatic hemorrhage, especially aortic hemorrhage, must stop bleeding immediately, and those who are suspected of visceral hemorrhage or intracranial hemorrhage should be sent to hospital for treatment as soon as possible.

Hemostatic method for external bleeding: (1) Bandage pressure dressing method: several layers of sterile dressing are covered on the wound, and then bandages are attached to inhibit bleeding blood vessels, so as to achieve the purpose of stopping bleeding and improving the affected limb. It is suitable for bleeding of arterioles, venules and capillaries. Point massage

(2): The part of the artery that inhibits walking is called acupressure. Finger pressing refers to that the thumb is pressed above the bleeding point or the other four fingers are pressed on the arterial pipe near the bone surface to block the blood source to stop bleeding. This is a temporary hemostasis for arterial bleeding, and the pressure must continue until hemostatic forceps's blood vessels are ligated.

9. Artificial respiration: The narrow chest cavity is artificially and passively dilated, and air re-enters the lungs for gas exchange, which is called artificial respiration. Mouth to mouth, blow your nose with your mouth.

Mouth-to-mouth blowing method: 1 person was injured in supine position, with his head extremely backward and his mouth covered with gauze;

2. The ambulance lifts the mandible by itself, and the palm root gently presses the ring to indirectly press the esophagus to prevent air from blowing into the stomach;

Others hold the patient's nostrils with their hands, take a deep breath and blow into the patient's mouth. Release the closed hand immediately after pinching and inflating. So, do it again, 16- 18 times per minute. note:

Before artificial respiration, false teeth, secretions or vomit in the patient's mouth and nasal cavity should be quickly eliminated, and the collar, belt and clothes in the chest and abdomen should be untied. At the beginning, the gas and pressure should be slightly higher, and then gradually lower after blowing 10-20, keeping it above the chest. The degree of moderate increase. When the teeth are closed, mouth-to-mouth blowing can be used.

Extrathoracic heart squeezing method: squeezing the lower half of the sternum, indirectly compressing the heart, so that the blood in the heart is discharged; When the compression is relaxed, the thoracic vertebra will return to its original state, the pressure in the chest cavity will be reduced, and the vein will return to the heart. Repeated compression and relaxation of sternum can restore blood circulation.

Operation method: 1: The patient lies on his back on a wooden board or plain;

2. Ambulance hands overlap, the lower half of the patient's sternum is placed on the palm root, and the elbow is straight. Through physical gravity and muscle strength of the shoulder and arm, the lower part of the sternum and the cartilage assisted by the necklace are depressed for 3-4 cm, and then the hand is released immediately (the palm root should not be left on the patient's skin);

Wait, adults squeeze 60-80 times per minute, and children squeeze one palm root, about 100 times per minute.

Note: Only press the lower half of the patient's sternum with the palm root during rescue, and don't use the flat finger to tilt slightly, leaving a certain distance from the ribs. The vertical alignment of the compression direction of the spine should have a certain degree of influence, and it is difficult to be too light or too big and too light, and the effect will not reach 7, which will lead to rib fracture prematurely. Rescue at the same time as a doctor.

Squeezing performance: When touching the golden artery or femoral artery, the systolic blood pressure of the upper limb is higher than 8 kPa(60 mmHg), the lips and nail bed are rosy before squeezing, the patient's breathing gradually recovers, and the original pupil is dilated and narrowed, which often recovers. If the above high performance squeezes out the benefits, stick to understanding the patient until the heart beats automatically. If not, squeezing is ineffective, improve the operation method or find other reasons, and don't give up first aid easily.

10: general methods of sports injuries

Taking timely and correct treatment is an important means to promote rehabilitation.

Cold and heat therapy: physical stimulation therapy is carried out by using physical factors lower than or higher than human body temperature.

Cold: reduce local tissue temperature rise, vasoconstriction, relieve local congestion, inhibit sensory nerves, stop bleeding, relieve pain, and prevent or reduce swelling. It is often used to treat acute closed soft tissue injury in the early stage, and immediately after the injury, cold compress and pressure are applied to raise the affected limb. Ice packs or cold sprays are usually used. Put ice packs or ice cubes into plastic bags for about 20 minutes. Cold aerosol should be sprayed locally (the surface should be free), and the droplets should be perpendicular to the skin, 20-30CM away from the bottle body of the skin, and sprayed once every 10 second or so. Don't spray too much to prevent frostbite. If possible, you can also use a cold water towel and change it every 2-3 minutes at the injured part.

Hyperthermia: including heat and infrared radiation. Local blood vessels dilate, promote blood and lymphatic circulation, improve tissue metabolism, relieve muscle spasm, accelerate the absorption of blood stasis and exudate, promote the repair of damaged tissues, and have the functions of detumescence, spasmolysis, adhesion reduction and healing promotion. It is often used for acute closed soft tissue injury, late and chronic injury.

Usually use a hot water bottle or hot water towel, 1-2 times, 20-30 minutes each time every day. Change the towel immediately. The temperature of hot compress should be appropriate to prevent burns. Infrared radiation therapy: firstly, the infrared bulb is preheated for 2-5 minutes, and the top or side of the injured part is irradiated with infrared rays, so that the injured skin has comfortable radiation dose at a distance of 30-50 cm, and pink uniform erythema appears. The conscious temperature of the injured person should be properly raised and dried with light sweat. 65438+ 0-2 times a day, each time 15-30 minutes.

Massage therapy has obvious economic effect, easy to learn and use, easy to understand, easy to popularize, used properly, and will not have any side effects.

Cupping therapy: As a tool, the air in a cup and jar is cupped by thermodynamics, so that negative pressure is generated in the jar, and the water tank is adsorbed on the skin or acupoints, causing local telangiectasia and subcutaneous congestion, thus achieving the method of treating diseases. It is used to treat old soft tissue injuries.

Traditional Chinese medicine therapy: the treatment system is unique, both internal and external, cheap and easy to obtain, and the effect is remarkable.

Acupuncture: Acupuncture.

Application of continuous support: Proper use can promote tissue healing and prevent further injury. Principle: the joint can be fixed in a more suitable position, and the injured tissue will not aggravate the pain if it is no longer implicated.

Injury rehabilitation:

Significance: (1) Reasonable rehabilitation after injury can keep well-trained athletes in a state of opportunity, and once injured, they can immediately engage in normal training, thus shortening the re-injury.br/>(2) Participating in training can prevent various symptoms caused by injury, such as neurasthenia and bloating.

(3) Sports injuries are often closely related to technical movements and rehabilitation training. After stopping training, arrange non-contact injury movements to ensure the repair of damaged tissues and avoid re-injury.

(4) Post-injury rehabilitation training department can improve the nutrition and metabolism of tissues, promote tissue repair, reduce adhesion, prevent disuse atrophy of muscles, and strengthen the stability and adaptability of joints.

(5) You can also stop training to prevent weight gain after injury.

Principle: (1)

(2) The injured part should keep the whole body, not the training content and load of the injured part, and make reasonable arrangements, step by step, individualized treatment and staging.

(3) Functional exercise is to strengthen exercise, damage muscle strength and joint function, and promote the recovery of muscle and joint function.

(4) Strengthen medical supervision, make preparations for each training course, provide protective support from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and closely observe the load and practice before and after training.

& lt/ 1 1, whether there is complete soft tissue injury in the skin and mucosa of soft tissue injury can be divided into open and closed soft tissue injuries.

Open soft tissue injury:

External force caused by skin scratch, skin scratch bleeding or tissue fluid exudation. Eyebrow tear

Cuts: Occurred on the head, forehead and face: Stabs and cuts: Please pay attention and use.

Tetanus caused by blunt soft tissue injury;

Blunt force caused by contusion directly acts on a certain part of the body, such as collision and kicking, ranging from contusion to organ damage and shock. Department contusion

The common quadriceps femoris and calf tendon injuries in the past: muscle contraction without blanket, contraction force exceeding its endurance, or stretching of muscle strength, as well as the unique stretching exercise of the above muscles can all cause injuries.

Ligament sprain. Due to the extraordinary range of activities of external forces, indirect forces of joint and body injuries.

Bursitis: Acute bursitis caused by external force directly acting on wall injury, or local hyperactivity, repeated wall penetration and chronic injury.

Tendon fasciitis muscle contracts repeatedly, stretching tendon and tendon sheath rub constantly, which leads to traumatic inflammation of tendon sheath.

The treatment of soft tissue injury can be divided into three days: early, middle and late.

Within 24-48 hours after injury. At the same time, the main feature of tissue tear or rupture, snow and edema is inflammatory reaction. Clinical manifestations of redness, swelling, heat, pain and dysfunction in the injured part. Therefore, in the treatment process, the principles of braking, hemostasis, analgesia, detumescence and anti-inflammation were applied. The processing method can be selected according to one or more specific conditions. (1) Cold compress, bandaging, and raising the affected limb: After this method, the functions of injury, braking, hemostasis, detumescence, and pain relief should be used immediately. Generally, the wound is put into an ice bag or an ice bag filled with chloroethane, and then immediately wrapped with cotton or sponge with appropriate thickness, with a little force. Remove the bandage and fix it within 24 hours, and make further treatment according to the injury.

Mid-term: Injured after 24 to 48 hours. The lesion is characterized by the absorption of granulation tissue during the repair process, the blood clot of necrotic tissue is gradually removed and the tissue is repaired. The clinical manifestations of acute inflammation have subsided, but there is still congestion and swelling. Therefore, the principle of treatment in this period is to improve local blood and lymphatic circulation, promote tissue metabolism, accelerate the absorption of hyperemia exudate, remove necrotic tissue, promote regeneration and repair, and prevent adhesion formation. What are the precautions for the trigger point of physiotherapy massage and acupuncture treatment drugs? Students who pat, apply blood-activating ointment or locally promote blood circulation, circulation and traditional Chinese medicine also have several treatment schemes. During this period, the therapeutic effect of hyperthermia and massage is very important.

Late stage: basically repair the damaged tissue, but it may leave scars and adhesion. The clinical manifestations are swelling and tenderness disappear, but the function is not fully recovered, and you still feel slight pain. When you exercise, in some serious cases, you will experience stiffness or motor function limitation. Therefore, the principle of treatment in this period is to restore and enhance the function of muscles and joints. If scars and adhesions, soften or separate to promote recovery. Methods Support treatment, massage, physical therapy, functional exercise, fixation and fumigation with traditional Chinese medicine.