Cutting: also known as cutting, is a common propagation method for cultivating plants. Stems, leaves, roots, buds, etc. Some plants can be cut off (called cuttings in gardening), or inserted into soil, sand, or soaked in water, and can be planted after taking root, making it an independent new plant. Willow is propagated by cutting.

Layering: A method of burying branches and vines of plants in a wet substrate and cutting them from the mother plant after they take root to form new plants. Also called pressing branches. Plants that can be layered: pomegranate, rose, smile, magnolia.

Rooting refers to the method of cutting off a part of roots and burying them underground for reproduction. This is an agricultural term. A typical example is leek.

In the above example, I have actually seen willow and leek (northern rural people), and the example of stratification is seen from Baidu Encyclopedia.

The principle of grafting is to use the function of callus after injury to graft. When grafting, the cambium of the two injured surfaces are close together and tied together. As a result, due to cell proliferation, they heal each other and become a whole connected with vascular tissue. This is the principle of grafting.

Following the steps in the book may not be successful, but the key depends on whether the layers are in close contact. Although it is easy to say, it is still difficult to operate, and it usually requires experienced people to implement it to succeed.