The Iliad created a series of ancient heroes. In them, it not only condenses the high-quality conduct stipulated by tribal groups, but also highlights everyone's personality characteristics. Achilles is brave and good at fighting. Every time he goes out, his opponent is invincible. He cherished friendship and was heartbroken at the news of his friend's death. He rushed to the arena to avenge his friend. He was also sympathetic to the old man and promised the white-haired old Troy to repay Hecktor's body. However, he is arrogant. He turned against the commander for a female prisoner and quit the battle, which led to a great defeat of the invading army.
He was manic and fierce. In order to vent his anger better, Hecktor's body was tied to an armored chariot and circled the city three times. In contrast, Hecktor under the command of Troy was a more extreme ancient hero. He set an example, improved his ethics and took the initiative to shoulder the burden of protecting his homeland and tribal groups. He pursues perfect honor, is not afraid of strong enemies, and is still fearless at the critical juncture of the disparity between the enemy and ourselves. He went out of the city to fight bravely against the two armies. He respects his parents, loves his wife and children, and the charming scene of saying goodbye to his family before the decisive battle is full of deep intimacy and touching sadness.
The period embodied in Iliad is in the stage of great transformation from primitive clan society to slavery society. In primitive clan society, clans and tribes are characterized by kinship, namely phratries, extended families and tribes. Everyone's values are also based on this blood relationship, and it is appropriate to be loyal to the leaders of the extended family. What we have to do is to safeguard the interests of the family. In addition, in the whole process of ancient Greece's transformation from clan commune to slave country, it was not affected by all external and internal violence. This connection is mainly prompted by two reasons: on the one hand, the occurrence of everyone's exclusive consciousness, on the other hand, the development of social productive forces and the resulting surplus of goods. This prompted China's ancient Greek system to emerge immediately from the clan commune based only on private rights and class differentiation, which was reflected in the epic Iliad.
The epic takes "the wrath of Achilles" as its main task. In the epic, Achilles was angry twice. The first time Achilles was often angry because Agamemnon, commanded by the Greek Coalition forces, took away his beloved female prisoner and withdrew from the war. It can be seen that slave society has gradually become popular at this stage of the development of ancient Greek society. Moreover, the surplus products produced by slave labor are colorful, such as gold and silver ornaments, hippos, platinum, slave owners and various luxury brands. They live the daily life of the wine pool and meat forest all day long, just as described in the epic: "They either rob their own sheep and milk sheep or compete for honor on the dance floor", and it is slaves and soldiers who give them such daily life.
In primitive clan society, its political system is primitive democracy, and the parents of big families only play the role of assemblers, without decision-making power and command power. Moreover, the distribution of wealth and goods is equally divided. In the Iliad, Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Greek allied forces, had many treasure chests and maids, all of which were earned by ordinary soldiers in the arena. The dispute between him and Achilles was caused by the struggle for female prisoners, which shows that everyone has the concept of "I" at this time, which is the result of everyone's sense of exclusion. In the competition of actual currency distribution, it shows the contradiction between primitive clan society and slavery society.
Heroes rely on "courage" to enhance their self-esteem in battle; With the help of the fearless spirit of heroes, from "people" to "heroes". They have the "courage" to break through themselves when dealing with all enemies, whether ordinary people or gods, or even fate itself. Therefore, Diomedes said bluntly when dealing with Agamemnon: "He gave you a stick to be respected, but he didn't give you courage. Courage is the most powerful. " There are two ways to live, one is the life of a hero, which is short and brilliant, and the other is the life of an ordinary person, which is long and declining but not brilliant; To be a hero, you must look brave, strong and unyielding. It is based on this understanding that "courage" has become a key special tool to find progress under the concept of destiny takes a hand, which shows the spiritual globalization of ancient Greece from another side. So heroes would rather die gloriously than be satisfied with a perfect life. "Don't let me hear everyone in Erhai say that the hero's blood is in vain, which is clearly an arrogant challenge to generation after generation."
The "courage" praised everywhere in Homer's epic not only shows the mental state at that time, but also reflects the situation at that time. In a word, Marx often said: the development of Greek poetry history is "the result of a certain social development link, which cannot be separated from the fact that these immature social development standards caused by it and only in it can never be gone forever." Here, why not consider "courage" and explore the time stamp?