Medical theory
The content of medical theory in the academic system of Huangdi Neijing can basically be summarized by the classification of Huangdi Neijing by doctors in previous dynasties. Among the annotators who classified Huangdi Neijing, the representative ones are: Tai Su by Yang Shangshan in Tang Dynasty was classified as19; Hua Shou's Reading Pinghua in Yuan Dynasty is classified as11; Zhang Jiebin's Jing Lei in Ming Dynasty is classified as11; Li Zhongzi's Yellow Emperor is classified as 1. The main contents are as follows:
Zangxiang: It is a theory that studies the morphological structure, physiological activities and their relationships of viscera, meridians, body and orifices. It is the core of the academic system of Huangdi Neijing. "Image" refers to the external life phenomenon, which includes not only the visible image of the viscera and blood vessels of the body and their dynamic changes, but also various intangible physiological and psychological phenomena; "Zang" refers to the tangible and intangible viscera, meridians, essence and their endless activities hidden in the body. Zangxiang theory mainly includes viscera, meridians and essence. At the same time, human activities are closely related to nature, society and personnel, so when people explore human life activities, they are linked to study, which has become an organic part of Tibetan elephant content.
Disease: There are two parts about abnormal life activities: one is the etiology and pathogenesis. The cause is the cause of illness. Pathogenesis is the mechanism and law to explain the occurrence, development, change and outcome of diseases, and its contents include onset, pathology, transmission and change, etc. Among them, pathology mainly discusses the mechanism of pathological changes such as inconsistency between exterior and interior, advance and retreat of cold and heat, and excess of evil. The second is to discuss the concept, classification and clinical manifestations of diseases, that is, disease syndrome. In Huangdi Neijing, most diseases are expressed by "disease", "symptom" and "symptom", and some places mention "syndrome", which is synonymous with syndrome. Huangdi Neijing focuses on the abnormal function of the whole and the nature of periodic changes, which is summarized as "syndrome" in later generations, reflecting the characteristics of TCM disease theory.
Diagnosis: Diagnostic methods of diseases, including diagnostic principles, diagnostic methods and judgment rules. Huangdi Neijing profoundly expounded the diagnostic principles of traditional Chinese medicine, mainly creatively put forward the direct observation and inspection methods of four diagnosis, observation, hearing, questioning and inquiry. In addition, in the aspect of judging the law of diseases, Huangdi Neijing's characteristics of judging diseases centered on "observing pathogenesis" are reflected in the syndrome differentiation of viscera, meridians and causes of diseases, which is actually the source of syndrome diagnosis in later generations.
Treatment: Huangdi Neijing not only expounds the treatment thought of harmony between man and nature, physical and mental harmony, disease prevention and treatment, but also mainly expounds the treatment principles and methods. Therapeutic principles are the guidelines and laws that guide treatment and therapy, such as seeking the root of the disease, regulating yin and yang, and guiding the situation. Treatment methods are different from intangible strategic skills and tangible treatment measures. The former is called treatment, such as relieving exterior syndrome, regulating qi and promoting blood circulation. The latter is called therapy, such as drug therapy, acupuncture therapy, diet therapy, psychotherapy and so on. Huangdi Neijing recorded a variety of therapies, and discussed their treatment principles, methods of use and taboos. Huangdi Neijing has rich treatment contents and formed a complete treatment system.
Health care: that is, nourishing life, including two aspects: first, raising diseases, with the aim of strengthening the body, delaying aging and preventing diseases. Huangdi Neijing, based on the understanding of diseases and aging, established the idea of "treating incurable diseases", put forward the principles of avoiding evil from outside and nourishing healthy qi from inside, as well as various methods of health preservation, and established a unique theory of health preservation in traditional Chinese medicine. The second is to recover after illness.
The above content does not include the theory of yin-yang and five elements of luck. Yin-Yang and Five Elements were the mainstream philosophy in the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties and the epistemology and methodology of ancient natural science in China. In the academic system of Huangdi Neijing, although it contains specific medical contents, its main function is also a methodological tool to demonstrate and standardize medical knowledge and theory, so it is not included in medical theory, but belongs to the philosophical part of medical foundation. Luck theory not only discusses the relationship between climate change law and biological survival, human physiology and pathology, but also discusses the principles and principles of treatment and prescription. It also contains a wealth of Tibetan images, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and aftercare. It belongs to comprehensive theory and should be studied as a special topic, not an inherent part of medical theory.
Medical foundation
The medical basis of the academic system of Huangdi Neijing, regardless of its internal connotation, manifestation, research methods or formation process, is widely involved in various fields of ancient traditional science in China, mainly including philosophy, astronomical calendar, meteorology and sociology.
Philosophy: During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, science and technology were in its infancy. In the medical field, it is difficult to fully understand the functions of organs and tissues of animals and human bodies, even if they are dissected, and it is even more difficult to completely combine the solid organs and tissues with life phenomena. Medical research can only be carried out on the basis of daily life and medical practice with the help of natural philosophy, so the theory of essence, yin and yang and five elements not only becomes the methodological basis of the academic system of Huangdi Neijing, but also permeates all parts of TCM theory and expresses medical concepts with the help of its philosophical terms. Specifically, the function of philosophy is to guide the direction of medical activities and give concrete content to medical observation and practice; The second is the unique connotation and expression of the concept of conventional medicine; The third is to establish the reasoning system and theoretical model.
Astronomical calendar, geography, meteorology: between heaven and earth, in the atmosphere, in a wide range of time and space conditions, human beings must understand and grasp nature, and then adapt to nature and use nature to serve their own survival and development; At the same time, Chinese medicine is an applied discipline, and its establishment, development and maturity also depend on other disciplines, which has also become the basis for the formation and establishment of medical theories.
Sociology: Many chapters in Huangdi Neijing expounded the origin and development of ancient society and medicine. With the development of society and the establishment of private ownership, economic, political and cultural exchanges have increased, and diseases have become more and more complicated. Simple decoction can no longer meet the clinical needs, so it has developed into various dosage forms and treatment methods. In addition, Huangdi Neijing also contains a large number of records of social and economic conditions, local customs, changes in psychological and social status and their relationship with diseases, which runs through the theories of etiology, onset, diagnosis, treatment and health preservation. It regards the imbalance between human beings and social living environment as an important pathogenic factor, enriching the theory of TCM etiology; It attaches importance to correcting social pathogenic factors in the process of disease prevention and treatment, and regards it as an important principle of disease prevention and treatment, which perfects the theory of disease prevention and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine and lays a theoretical foundation for the social psychological medical model of traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, there are agronomy, mathematics, phenology and so on. It has an important influence on the formation of medical theory in Huangdi Neijing, and it is also the foundation of its academic system.