1, Confucius advocated rule by courtesy and opposed the rule of law. The meaning of ceremony is very extensive in ancient times, which refers to the etiquette of international communication, the coronation, marriage, funeral and sacrifice of nobles, including political system and moral norms. Confucius said, "You know the gains and losses of Yin; Because of Zhou, its gains and losses are also known; Its successors have been known for hundreds of generations. " ("The Analects of Confucius Learn and Learn") It seems that Zhou Zhili is the unchangeable principle from generation to generation. Jin made a tripod, and he pointedly objected, "If Jin dies, it will lose its degree.". "
2. Economically, he opposed the feudal land tax system and tried his best to maintain the land tax system since the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Zuo Zhuan's eleven years of mourning for the public": "Ji's family wants to make Ranyou travel with land tax ... Zhong Ni ... will be private one day:' A gentleman's trip is also a gift. Take what is thick, what is thick, and what is thin. In that case, hills are enough. If you don't pay attention to etiquette, but you are insatiable, it is not enough to use land tax. And if the son Ji Sun wants to follow the law, the code of the Duke of Zhou is there; If you want to do it, why not? "
3. Confucius advocated the idea of maintaining hierarchy. He advocated the hierarchical system of "Jun Jun, minister, father and son", which was in line with the "ceremony". Confucius said, "If the name is irregular, it won't work. If you don't succeed, you will be in danger. If you are in danger, you won't be punished. The punishment is not correct and the people are at a loss. " (The Analects of Confucius Lutz)
4. Confucius advocated self-denial. "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan" records: "Yan Yuan asked benevolence. Zi Ri:' Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world will return to benevolence. Yan Yuan asked what the specific content of "self-denial" was, and Confucius said, "see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move if you are evil."
5. In ethics, Confucius advocated benevolence. The basic spirit of Confucius' "benevolence" is to teach people to adjust the contradictions within the ruling class according to Zhou Li. His "benevolence" generally does not include laborers. Confucius said, "A gentleman who is not kind has a husband, and a benevolent person has no villain." (The Analects of Confucius) Ceng Zi summed up the meaning of "benevolence" with the word loyalty and forgiveness, which is closer to the original intention. The way of loyalty and forgiveness is "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you".
6. In philosophy, Confucius advocated the concept of destiny. Confucius advocated destiny. On one occasion, he was besieged by Kuang people. He said: "Heaven will lose its grace, and the deceased will not be gentle." If the sky does not fall, what will the people do? Confucius said, "What does heaven say?" When you are at four o'clock, everything is born. What is the sky? "(The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo) According to Confucius," Heaven "is the master of all things in the universe. Confucius thought that he was acting according to his own destiny. Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen at sixty, and act at seventy without overstepping the bounds." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics") He took the restoration of the rites of Zhou as his historical mission and said, "I am a widower until the phoenix bird comes, and the river does not draw!" ("The Analects of Confucius Zi Han")
7. In education, Confucius advocated the spirit of "teaching without distinction", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "never tire of learning and never tire of teaching".
8. In terms of morality, he advocates "forbearance, shame, sincerity, sensitivity, kindness, softness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and tolerance".