Provincial system: the provincial system originated from the platform of Wei and Jin Dynasties, when it was a temporary institution for the central government to handle military affairs. The rulers once set up a station in Shangshu province on the border. After the Mongols entered the Central Plains, they imitated the Jin Dynasty system and set up Shangshu Province, which governed a large area of counties in Lufu, and evolved into the highest local political authority. In the middle of Yuan Shizu, Shangshu Province was merged into Zhongshu Province, and the local organization was renamed Zhongshu Province. Since then, the local political system has entered the stage of provincial administration.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the provinces set up prime ministers, made rules, controlled officials, and participated in the discussion of state affairs. Their administrative agencies have the same names and officials as the central government, and they are responsible for all major military and state affairs in a province. The provincial jurisdiction is not only vast, but also uneven, so that there are no mountains and rivers to follow, and it is open to the north, forming a military control situation in which the north controls the south. This measure was inherited by the Ming and Qing dynasties because it helped to prevent local separatism. There is no fixed relationship between the prefectures and counties under the jurisdiction of Yuanxing Province, which is very arbitrary. Some provinces and roads also have roads, which are supervisory. In order to strengthen control, Yuan set up Huachi, a Mongolian affairs officer in prefectures and counties, to supervise officials at all levels and master the highest power. There are village clubs and Li Jia below the county level, and the village clubs of the Mongolian army often practice military rule. When Li Changping was a Mongolian and Semu, he was provided with food and clothing by residents and became the supreme master of the local area. As a result, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions intensified, leading to the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty.
Zhenguan rule: Zhenguan rule refers to the peaceful and prosperous times in the early Tang Dynasty. Because Emperor Taizong can appoint people on their merits and make good use of them; Open the way, modestly coachable, reuse Wei Zhi, etc. And adopted the agriculture-oriented, tax reduction, rest and recuperation, strict economy, improve the imperial examination system and other policies to stabilize the society. At that time, the national title was Zhenguan (627-649), which was called Zhenguan Governance in history. This was the first prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan later.
Kanggan Prosperity: The so-called "Kanggan Prosperity" began in the 20th year of Kangxi when the San Francisco Rebellion was suppressed (168 1) and ended in the first year of Jiaqing when the Sichuan-Shaanxi-Chu Rebellion broke out (1796), which lasted15. Some historians in China call Kanggan Shengshi brilliant, because they feel that it has pushed the traditional society of China to a new peak in politics, economy and culture, and created a miracle in the history of China. They believe that the final completion of national reunification, the high prosperity of social economy and the trend of academic culture are the most remarkable historical characteristics of the "prosperous time of Kang and Gan". In the early years of Qing dynasty, after decades of war, production was seriously damaged. In order to strengthen centralized rule and ease the increasingly intensified ethnic contradictions, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty had to implement some measures to restore the economy.
Imperial Examination System: Imperial Examination is a talent selection examination for ancient scholars in China. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, officials have been selected from the children of powerful people in various places. Children of powerful people, regardless of merits and demerits, can be officials. Many people with humble origins but real talent and learning cannot hold senior positions in the central and local governments. In order to change this kind of malpractice, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select talents by subject examination. During the reign of Yang Di, Jinshi was formally established to evaluate candidates' views on current affairs and select talents according to the examination results. China's imperial examination system was formally born.
Imperial examination is a system of selecting officials through examinations in feudal dynasties. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. The imperial examination system was implemented in the first year of Daye in Sui Dynasty (605), and the last Jinshi examination was held in the 31st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1905), which lasted more than 1300 years.
Literary inquisition: 1, a noun, refers to a persecution of literati to exclude dissidents.
2. The verb refers to the use of privilege to trap dissidents.
3. Adjectives, which describe the ruthless despotism of the ruler to the ruled.
In ancient times, Manchu literary inquisition was the worst. Modern times took the Cultural Revolution as the extreme. The latest example is arrest week.
Since the Manchu invasion, the people of the Central Plains have been killed not only militarily, but also plundered and destroyed economically. Especially far-sighted, they concocted a large number of literary inquisitions and engaged in cultural oppression. As early as the Qing army entered the customs, the Qing court began to oppress and destroy China culture. In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Shi Hanke, a monk in Guangdong Province, was captured by Qing soldiers at the gate of Nanjing with a historical manuscript "Bian Ji" which recorded the tragic deeds of anti-Qing people. After a year of torture, he was exiled to Shenyang on the charge of writing books privately. The following year, there was Preface to Fang seal cutting, which was written by Fang seal cutting with Shunzhi as the theme, and was regarded as an unforgivable article by Gang Lin, a great scholar. Therefore, the Qing court stipulated: "From now on, China ink stick bamboo slips must be edited and reviewed by courtiers before they can be published, and other miscellaneous manuscripts of the Housing Department are prohibited." This is the earliest autocratic system of censorship.
The forbidden books in the Qing Dynasty are really varied, which makes people sigh. Of course, it is expected that books involving ideological, historical, political and ethnic issues will be banned from being destroyed, but strangely, a large number of books on pure science and technology and economics are also impressive. I really don't know what the ruler is up to. It is not surprising that all works involving the Ming Dynasty, such as poetry anthology, history and biographies of people in the Ming Dynasty, are banned, but many books that flatter the Qing Dynasty, such as The Grand Ceremony of the Qing Dynasty, The Destiny of the Qing Dynasty, and the works of Qianlong's father Yongzheng and his great-grandfather Shunzhi, are also banned. What is even more bizarre is that even some anthologies of Tang poetry compiled or commented by Ming people have been banned, such as Du Gongbu's Notes on the Raft, Du Gongbu's Poems, Du Gongbu's Selected Notes and Du Fu's Detailed Notes.
Jian Zhen Du Dong: Jian Zhen was a high-ranking monk in the Tang Dynasty. He went to Japan to preach and initiated the legalist thought in Japan. The play tells the story of Jian Zhen, a master, who went through hardships, persevered and went to the east to help mulberry. Six times, five times failed, and the sixth time finally succeeded, achieving the purpose of promoting Buddhism. Through the life-and-death friendship between Master Jian Zhen and his Japanese disciples Rong Rui and Pu Zhao, the play eulogized the traditional friendship between the Chinese and Japanese peoples separated only by a strip of water, praised the achievements of Master Jian Zhen in spreading and exchanging Chinese civilization, and made important contributions to human peace, civilization and progress.
Qi Jiajun: Qi Jiajun became an army that ruled the world (compared with the late Ming Dynasty), and the fighting capacity of the enemy he faced was far less than that of the Eight Banners of Manchuria. The only strong ones are the Japanese Samoyed Falcon and the Mongolian cavalry in Wuliangha. On the tough side, Qi Jiajun can't compare with Yuan's fighters, but what makes Qi Jiajun famous is strict military discipline, professional training level, the most advanced equipment in East Asia and hundreds of battles.
The alliance between Tang and Yuan Dynasties: The alliance between Tang and Yuan Dynasties was a covenant concluded by the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao after many wars.
Turning the soil into a stream ..... Guangxi's "turning the soil into a stream" began to develop gradually in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. It came into being when the contradiction between local officials and feudal dynasties became increasingly acute. This contradiction has existed for a long time since the Tang and Song Dynasties. With the continuous development of social productive forces, the local official system is increasingly unsuitable for the needs of society. The constant resistance of the broad masses has shaken the rule of the local official system. At the same time, local officials are increasingly opposed to the feudal dynasty and its jurisdiction. Naturally, the Ming Dynasty could not tolerate this kind of behavior that was detrimental to the national unity of the feudal dynasty. Therefore, it is imperative to "change the soil and return to the flow".
When starting to change the flow, two methods are generally adopted: first, from top to bottom, change the local government first, and then change the local state. The second is to seize all favorable opportunities. If some local officials have no heirs, successors, or clan struggles, they will send floating officials to take over; After the local officials killed each other and were pacified, they sent Liu Guan to take over; Some local officials committed crimes, or were "dismissed for crimes" after the anti-DPRK was suppressed, and they were replaced by floating officials; When some natives applied to the feudal dynasty for "changing the land to the stream", the dynasty abolished the hereditary of local officials and changed them to stream officials, which meant obeying the people. In short, the feudal dynasty changed its course as soon as it had the opportunity. "(from Huang Xianfan's General History of Zhuang Nationality)
Christopher Columbus (about 145 1 ~ 1506), Colombo, Cristóbal Colón n.
Italian navigator. Born in Genoa, Italy, he died at Valladolid Football Club in valladolid, Spain. Engaged in sailing activities all his life.
papal meridian
papal meridian
From 65438 to 0494, Spain and Portugal divided their spheres of influence in the world through papal arbitration.
Humanism is a philosophical theory and a world outlook. Humanism is based on the interests, values and dignity of people, especially individuals. For humanitarianism, tolerance, non-violence and freedom of thought among people are the most important principles for people to get along with each other.
Battleship Dante AliGneki Cherie (Italian: Battleship Dante AliGneki Cherie, 1265- 132 1), an Italian poet, the founder of modern Italian, and one of the pioneers of the European Renaissance, is famous for his long poem The Divine Comedy. Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great man, the Italian Dante, the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era".
As an outstanding representative of the Renaissance, Da Vinci (1452- 15 19) made many achievements and contributions. Leonardo da Vinci was born in the small town of Vinci near Florence. He is a genius. On the one hand, he is keen on artistic creation and theoretical research. He studies how to use lines and three-dimensional modeling to express various problems of the body. On the other hand, he also studies natural science. Leonardo da Vinci was the greatest and most famous master of the Italian Renaissance. He is not only a talented painter, but also a great mathematician, scientist, mechanic and engineer. He is a versatile and all-round man. He is versatile and has made many contributions to mankind. He can not only paint, carve and build houses, but also invent weapons and design the world's first plane. He is also a doctor, musician and dramatist, and has made great achievements in the research of physics, geography and botany. He has noble morality, Wen Ya demeanor, strong physique and extraordinary strength. It is said that he can easily break a horseshoe with one hand. He can write and draw with both hands. His handwriting with his left hand is the other way around, so people can only read it in the mirror.
Niccolò Machiavelli (1May 23-June 22, 469, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher, musician, poet, playwright of romantic comedy, and also a patriot, civil servant and political theorist in Florence. He was an important figure in the Italian Renaissance, especially his book The Prince put forward realistic political theory and his book On Levi's * * *.
Machiavelli was born in a declining aristocratic family in Florence. His father used to be a lawyer, but when he was born, there was nothing at home except books on the four walls, so he didn't have much opportunity for education and relied entirely on self-study.
1494, medici family's rule over Florence was overthrown and the Republic was founded. 1498, Machiavelli became the second minister of state of the Republic of Florence and concurrently served as the secretary of the governing Council of the Republic of Florence. He was in charge of foreign affairs and national defense, and was often sent to various countries. He met many people in power and became the confidant of the Chief Executive of Florence. Seeing that the mercenaries in Florence were lax in discipline, he strongly advocated the establishment of his own national army. 1505, Florence established a national army through legislation and established a nine-member command Committee of the national army. Machiavelli served as the secretary of the Committee. In the war to conquer Pisa, he led the army to personally direct the battle at the front. 1509, Pisa surrendered to Florence. In the contradiction between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope, he lobbied for reconciliation everywhere to avoid dragging Florence into the war and strengthen the armed forces for self-defense. But when he went to Pisa at 15 1 1, the Pope's troops captured Florence, deposed the consul, and medici family regained control of Florence. Machiavelli lost all his positions.
Copernicus1February 473 19 was born in a wealthy family in Torun-sur-Visva, Poland. 18 years old, studying at the University of Klaikau, the old capital of Poland, became interested in astronomy while studying medicine. 1496, 23-year-old Copernicus came to Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance, and studied law, medicine and theology at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua. Novara, an astronomer at the University of Bologna (1454- 1540), had a great influence on Copernicus, from whom he learned astronomical observation techniques and. Later, he received a doctorate in religious law in university of ferrara. Copernicus, as a doctor, is known as the "imperial doctor" because of his brilliant medical skills. Copernicus spent most of his adult life as a priest in Flawn Translation Cathedral. Copernicus was not a professional astronomer. His famous masterpieces were finished in his spare time. Polish name: mikolaj kopernik (1473 ~ 1543).
The founder of modern astronomy, the founder of Heliocentrism.
Martin Luther (1483 ~1546):/kloc-the initiator of European religious reform in the 6th century and the founder of Protestant Lutheranism.
The Outline of the Ninth Five-Year Plan is a debate outline posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Castle Church in Vittenburg, Germany.1517+00+31. Now it is generally believed that this is the beginning of Protestant reform.