The earliest country influenced by China's material culture was North Korea. According to legend, after the Shang Dynasty was destroyed, 5000 members of the Yin royal family fled to North China to take refuge, and brought Korean culture with them. During the Warring States period, many people moved to Korea from Zhao Yan and other countries to avoid the disaster of war, so it is not a legend. This is an indisputable historical fact. They first brought China's metal utensils and tools, including bronzes and ironware, to North Korea. During the Han Dynasty, China imported silk, lacquerware and bronze mirrors to North Korea. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the living customs of Koguryo residents on the Korean Peninsula were also obviously influenced by China's traditional culture. Koguryo nobles took off their coats and Dai Bo, while women's hairstyles mostly imitated the Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the material and cultural exchanges between China and North Korea became larger. And more and more frequently.
Because the material and cultural exchanges between China and North Korea started early, and later became more and more frequent. Some of China's great inventions in ancient times often spread to North Korea first. North Korea is one of the first countries in the world to introduce silkworm eggs and sericulture technology from China. As early as the Han Dynasty, Koreans learned to raise silkworms and make silk, and China's papermaking was introduced to South Korea in the 4th century. China's printing was introduced to Korea shortly after it was invented in the late Tang Dynasty. 1 1 century, North Korea's printing was quite developed. In the past 60 years, 1040 and 4740 volumes of the Tripitaka have been carved and printed. China's movable type printing was invented in 1 1 century, and soon spread to North Korea. The Korean people improved the clay type with their wisdom. Copper movable type was invented in the middle of13rd century and spread to China. China's ceramic technology, especially China's blue-and-white porcelain technology in Song Dynasty, had a great influence on North Korea's ceramic industry. /kloc-After the 20th century, kiln factories appeared in northern China, imitating porcelain. Gunpowder is another great invention of China, which was introduced to Korea in the Yuan Dynasty. By the second half of the14th century, North Korea had been able to manufacture firearms and all kinds of artillery. Also in the Yuan Dynasty, North Korea introduced cotton planting technology from China. Since then, cotton has become an important cash crop in North Korea. By the15th century, Korean cotton cloth had been exported to Japan.
Korean ancient architecture is also deeply influenced by China. Pyongyang, the capital of Silla, is divided into Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer City, just like Chang 'an and Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Japan was also the first country to be influenced by Chinese civilization. China in the Qin Dynasty had developed a high level of material civilization, while Japanese civilization was still in the dawn stage. During the Qin Dynasty, people from China came to Japan. They brought advanced production tools and skills. According to Japanese legend, Xu Fu was ordered by Qin Shihuang to seek immortality in the sea. In fact, he has never been back to Japan, and said that he and Xu Fu landed with more than 65,438+0,000 people at Xiongyepu in Jiyi (now Xingong Shrine in Wakayama Prefecture). After Qin and Han Dynasties, more and more people immigrated from China. Emperor Shen Ying (AD 201-301? In, the sericulture and silk industry in Japan began to develop because the adherents of Qin and Han Dynasties in Le Lang and Daifang County moved to Japan. There is a record of Japanese sericulture in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Emperor Xionglue (AD 457-479) accepted immigrants from China and asked them to teach silk weaving techniques. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty, from China to Japanese primitive industry. In addition to the above sericulture and silk weaving, there are ceramics, shipbuilding, ironmaking, leather, spices, lacquerware, glass, petroleum, wine making, paper making and so on. In terms of artifacts, China's bronzes and ironware, gold and silver wares and pottery were imported into Japan in large quantities. As a symbol of Japanese imperial power, three kinds of artifacts-bronze mirror, sword, stained glass and jade-were handed down from China. In agriculture, Japanese rice cultivation was also introduced from China.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's material culture was introduced into Japan on a larger scale. During the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen's envoys in Sui and Tang Dynasties and Chinese and Japanese monks traveled eastward, which played an important role in spreading China culture. Generally speaking, during the Tang Dynasty, Japan sent "envoys in Tang Dynasty" 13 times (consecutive 14 times), "envoys in Tang Dynasty" and "envoys off" 6 times, totaling 19 times. There were more than 500 people on a large scale in the Tang Dynasty. From 743 to 748, monk Jian Zhen from China made six trips to Japan, and finally succeeded in crossing to Japan, bringing with him nearly 100 craftsmen, including jade makers, painters, carvers, carvers, engravers, writers, masters, writers and engravers. China's silk, porcelain, bronze mirrors, knives, rulers, pens, ink, inkstones and paper are imported into Japan in large quantities. Instruments such as leaky engraving and shadow measurement, printing, waterwheel manufacturing, porcelain and bronze mirror casting were all introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty. In agriculture, China tea was introduced to Japan. In the 10 century, drinking tea in Japanese temples and palaces became quite popular. Japanese clothing at that time was also deeply influenced by Tang Dynasty clothing. The pattern of kimono has obvious origin relationship with the pattern of Tang Dynasty. Today, nouns in kimono such as "Tang Cao", "Tang Hua" and "Jintang" all reflect this relationship.
In terms of urban architecture, Japan's bird collection and the capital of Nara era, such as Fujiwara Peace City, were built after Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty. Temple buildings often imitate the Tang Dynasty, such as Horyuji in Nara. From the plane layout to the detailed structure, it imitates the temple style of the Tang Dynasty, and its abutment, temple body, beam frame, bucket arch, roof and decoration are almost the same as those of the Tang Dynasty. As for the Tang and Zhao Temple in Nara, it was built by Master Jian Zhen and his disciples according to the style of Tang Temple.
China's Go was also introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty, and spread and developed among Japanese people.
After the Song Dynasty, China's material culture continued to be introduced into Japan. On the basis of digesting China culture, Japanese people pay attention to development and creation. In the12nd century, Japanese Zen master Rong came to China. At that time, drinking tea was very popular in the Song Dynasty. Rong wrote a book "Drinking Tea for Health" after returning to China, advocating a healthy and long-lived way of drinking tea, which played a great role in the revival of tea parties in the Tang Dynasty in Japan. By the 6th century, Mori no Rikyū lay man (A.D.1521-1591) started the tea ceremony in Japan. 1223, Jiro Kato of Japan came to China to study pottery for six years. After returning home, he made black porcelain in Zhang Wei and Seto of Japan. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, another Japanese, Yi Shi Goro, went to Jingdezhen to learn blue and white porcelain technology, and didn't return to China until he was 70 years old. Later, the porcelain he made in Japan was "thin and brittle". During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, more Japanese came to China to study medicine. Yoshida went to China to study acupuncture for seven years, and after returning to China, he wrote A Family Guide to Acupuncture. Pharmacologist Akihito Abe 18 years in Fujian, specializing in materia medica. Later, he was honored as the originator of pharmacology by the Japanese. After Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Japanese gardening art was also influenced by China. Zhu Shunshui, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, went to Japan to spread the garden art of Jiangnan style to China.
In Southeast Asia, China's material culture was first influenced by Vietnam, which was no less than that of North Korea and Japan. In fact, from the establishment of Xiang County by Qin Shihuang to the establishment of Wu Quan in 939 AD, the northern part of Viet Nam was always under the rule of China feudal dynasty. As early as the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, the iron farm tools, Niu Geng and handcraft technology of the Central Plains began to be introduced into North Vietnam. At the end of Qin dynasty and the beginning of Han dynasty, the rotary table pottery technology was introduced to Vietnam. Silkworm reeling technology was introduced to Vietnam at the latest in the Han Dynasty. In the 3rd century, papermaking also spread to Vietnam. Vietnamese people make "cross-scented paper" from fragrant bark. , high quality and delicious, deeply loved by scholars in the Central Plains. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, under the influence of China's pottery making, Viet Nam was able to produce exquisite colored glazed pottery and semi-porcelain transitional ceramics. Vietnamese printing was also introduced from China. In Yingtian 14 (A.D. 1007) of the former Li Dynasty, Lelong ·??nh, emperor of the Li Dynasty in Vietnam, sent a mission to the Song Dynasty to obtain the printed Nine Classics and the Tripitaka. Later, the Tibetan scriptures carved in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were sent to Vietnam. After studying printing, Vietnamese also published many China Buddhist scriptures and Confucian classics.
In terms of artifacts, China's products entered Vietnam in large quantities through trade. During the Song Dynasty, the commodities imported into Zhancheng (now central Vietnam) included straw mats, umbrellas, silk fans, lacquerware and porcelain. Handicrafts in China, such as porcelain bowls, silk, silk, etc. , well received by local residents, such as ancient buildings in Vietnam, such as cities, palaces, pavilions, etc. , also deeply influenced by the ancient architecture in China. The ancient capital of Vietnam, Shenglong, was developed on the basis of weaving dragons in the ancient city. In the Han Dynasty, the secretariat of Jiaozhou was set up to compile dragons, and in 866 AD, the Tang Dynasty built a high chapter to compile Longcheng for Rhoda. Later, on this basis, Shenglong was developed, which was called Hanoi in modern times.
China's material culture was introduced into Cambodia for nearly 2000 years. At the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., Sun Quan of Wu sent Kang Qin and Zhu Ying to help the South (in today's Cambodia). Thanks to the suggestions of Kangtai and Athena Chu, some customs of local residents have changed greatly, and they wear "banners" around their waists. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, textiles, linen, pottery and metal products from China were exported to Cambodia in large quantities. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, China also exported gold and silver, porcelain, satin brocade, umbrellas, leather drums, wine, sugar, etc. to Cambodia, which enriched the material life of local residents and became so popular that it became a fashion to chase "Tang goods" (China goods). The material and cultural exchanges between China and Cambodia were even greater in the Yuan Dynasty. Zhou Daguan, a Wenzhou native, visited Zhenla (present-day Cambodia) from 1296 to 1297, witnessing the influence of China's material culture on Cambodia. He said that Cambodians regard China's gold and silver ornaments as first-class treasures, followed by Jiangsu's five-color silk and gold foil. Other articles, such as lacquer plates in Wenzhou, celadon in Quanzhou and straw mats in Mingzhou, as well as paper, linen, umbrellas, iron pots, wooden combs, dustpans, sulfur, saltpeter, tung oil, needle and thread groceries, are all loved by local residents. Locals like to use porcelain plates and copper plates from China. The Ming emperors exchanged a lot of silk, cotton goods and porcelain with Cambodia in the form of gifts. In the 16th year of Hongwu when Zhu Yuanzhang was emperor (A.D. 1383), the Ming Mission brought 32 pieces of Jin Wenqi and 19000 pieces of porcelain to King Zhenla.
China's material culture was introduced into Myanmar quite early. The "Southern Land Silk Road", which was opened more than 2,000 years ago from Sichuan to Myanmar and India via Yunnan, played an important role in the introduction of China culture into Myanmar. China silk was exported to Myanmar a long time ago, and clothes sewn with China silk were loved by Burmese people in ancient times. In the ancient books of the Tang Dynasty in China, it has been recorded that "women in ancient countries (1~ 9th century) wore grosgrain". In ancient Myanmar, handicrafts were underdeveloped, and steel, mills, copper samarium, iron pots, scissors, sewing needles and porcelain were also imported from China in large quantities, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which directly facilitated the production and life of Myanmar people. People of the two countries have frequent exchanges, and many fruits and vegetables, such as pomegranate, pepper and cabbage, have been introduced into Myanmar from China. Some fruits and vegetables, such as celery, leek, rape, broad bean, litchi, red date, loquat, bayberry and persimmon, are directly marked with "Deyou" (meaning "China") in Burmese to show that they are from China. The names of "steamed stuffed bun", "bait" and "rice noodle" are all borrowed from Yunnan dialect, indicating that they originated in Yunnan. These fruits, vegetables and food imported from China have greatly enriched the material life of the Burmese people.
Thailand has long been influenced by China's material civilization. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the scale of Sino-Thai maritime trade has been very large, surpassing the trade between China and Vietnam and Myanmar in the same period. The materials needed by the Thai court and people, especially silk, porcelain and copper, are all imported from China. The handicraft technology of ancient Thailand was also influenced by China in many ways. In the Yuan Dynasty, China craftsmen came to Thailand and introduced the technology of firing porcelain. Later, the famous Song Jialu porcelain in Thailand was developed on the basis of absorbing China's porcelain burning technology. From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Qing Dynasty, China's shipbuilding industry was developed, and its superb shipping skills were spread from overseas Chinese to Thailand. At that time, the design and manufacture of wooden boats in Thailand imitated China. The objects used by Thais, especially bronzes, are specially made by craftsmen from China and Guangdong. '
Laos, a landlocked country in Indochina Peninsula, is also influenced by China's material civilization in many ways. In the ancient trade between China and Laos, China imported a lot of silk and porcelain to Laos. Techniques such as wine making, sericulture, tea baking and silk weaving were also introduced into Laos from China.
The material cultures of Singapore and Malaysia are also widely influenced by Chinese civilization. /kloc-After the 9th century, residents from China, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces came to Singapore and Malaysia in large numbers, bringing China's material civilization. At present, Chinese account for 3/4 of Singapore's total population, and Malaysian Chinese also account for 1/3 of the total population.
Influence on the Eastern Institutional Civilization
China's ancient institutional civilization was also advanced and adapted to the development of social productive forces at that time. Therefore, the civilization of feudal society in China, especially the institutional civilization established in the Tang Dynasty in China, including official system, academic system, legal system, ritual system, land system and tax system, was appreciated, envied, studied and imitated by neighboring countries, mainly Japan, Korea and Vietnam. The influence of China's institutional civilization on neighboring countries is another important aspect of China culture's influence on oriental civilization. It has played an important role in the historical development of the affected countries.
Japan was the first country to learn and imitate China's institutional civilization in the Tang Dynasty. The main content of Japan's Dahua innovation is to learn from the advanced system of the Tang Dynasty and establish a system adapted to the development of Japanese feudal society at that time. This innovation began in 650 AD (the first year of Dahua) and was completed in 70 1 year (the first year of Dabao). The system established by Dahua Innovation was obviously greatly influenced by the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty.
In the direction of official system, after the modernization reform, Japan formed a centralized state institution, centered on the grand minister, the left minister and the right minister, which was equivalent to the Taishi, Taifu and Taibao in the Tang Dynasty. There are eight provinces in the central government, namely, the Central Affairs Department, the Ministry of Culture and Sports, the Political Department, the Civil Affairs Department, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of Finance and the Palace. It also adopted the three provinces and eight departments system of the Tang Dynasty and improved it. In addition, there are Da, Tan, Wu Weifu, Guo Si and Xian Si. All of them were directly transplanted to Japan according to the Tang system. Local officials, such as state government departments and county government departments, are appointed by the central government.
As far as the education system is concerned, as early as the end of the 3rd century AD, Wang Ren, a sinologist from Baekje countries on the Korean Peninsula, went to Japan, bringing books such as The Analects of Confucius and became a sinologist in the Japanese court, which led to the rise of more formal court education in ancient Japan. However, a relatively complete academic system was formed during Dahua's innovation period. After Prince Dazhong ascended the throne (Emperor Tianzhi), he established a university in Kyoto, which was affiliated to the Japanese Ministry and its students were called doctoral students. State-owned Sinology belongs to the State Council. Universities offer courses such as Ming Jing Dao and Ji Zhuan, and the educational contents mainly include Chinese books such as The Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Shi Mao, Zhou Li, Zhouyi, The Analects of Confucius, Selected Works, Historical Records and Hanshu. After Heian period (794- 1 192), China's education declined, but in Edo period (1603- 1868), Confucianism, especially Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, still exerted great influence on Japanese education.
Penalties in medieval Japan were divided into five categories: punishment, beating, imprisonment, exile and death penalty. There were six discussions (discussing relatives, reasoning, morality, ability, merit and dignity) and eight abuses (rebellion, rebellion, evil rebellion, immorality, disrespect and injustice), all of which were five punishments and eight punishments in the Tang Dynasty.
The farmland system and tax system established by Dahua innovation also made great efforts for the Tang system, stipulating that all the land in the country is the common land of the emperor (state), and the method of grading collection and land distribution is implemented, and the land recipients bear the land rent: renting land and paying rice; As a tribute, the corvee usually pays silk cloth.
The ritual system of Japan in the Middle Ages also imitated the Tang system. In 8 18 ad, the emperor Emei wrote: "the ceremony of attending the meeting, the system of constant attendance, kneeling down, etc." Regardless of gender, it is allowed to be Tang Yi. "
The system of ancient Korea was also deeply influenced by China's institutional civilization. As early as the Three Kingdoms period, Koguryo, Baekje and Silla on the Korean Peninsula began to learn China's institutional culture. In the 6th century A.D., Baekje sent someone to see Liang Wudi and asked the Liang Dynasty to send a doctor to teach the Three Rites and Shi Mao. In the Tang Dynasty, these three countries took the initiative to learn the institutional culture of the Tang Dynasty. In 648 AD, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the Silla Queen Zhende sent Olivia and his nephew to China. "Please put on your clothes and do it in China." Korean students coming to Tang are also in an endless stream. In 840 alone, Silla returned to China with 105 international students in Tang Xuecheng. /kloc-After Korea unified the Korean Peninsula in the 20th century, it actively absorbed China's Tang and Song systems in all aspects.
In the administrative system, Silla also followed the example of the Tang Dynasty and implemented a centralized system. The officials of the imperial court include the Prime Minister, Shi Zhong, Si Nong Qing, Tai Fu Yi and so on. During the Koryo period, a complete centralization of authority was established. The core of the central organ is the three provinces, namely, the province under literature and history, the province under history and the capital of the three provinces, and the executive organs are six departments, namely, the official department, the Ministry of War, the household department, the criminal department, the Ministry of Ritual and the Ministry of Industry. Local administration is a four-level system of Dao, Fu, County and County, with provincial judges, government envoys, county chiefs and county orders as local officials at all levels. This centralized administrative system is almost identical to that of the Tang Dynasty.
In the education system, in the 4th century A.D., Koguryo set up Imperial College to teach aristocratic children to learn Chinese characters and cowardly classics. In 682 AD, Silla established Sinology in the capital. During the Koryo Dynasty (9 18- 1392), Confucianism became the basic content of education, and the imperial examination system became the basic education system. In 930 AD, Taizu Wang Jian founded a school in Xijing, set up a doctor of science and practiced Confucian education. In 958, Wang Jian took the advice of Wu Shengjun who stayed in Korea in the later Zhou Dynasty, took part in the imperial examination and implemented the imperial examination system. Hundreds of years later, the imperial examination system became the main way to select talented officials. In 992, North Korea established Imperial College, the highest institution in the capital. 1 109, imperial academy was expanded and seven specialties were established. 1392 After the establishment of the Li Dynasty, it basically inherited the education system of South Korea.
The agricultural land system and tax system in Korean feudal society were also deeply influenced by the equal land system and tenancy adjustment system in Tang Dynasty. In 722 AD, Silla implemented the farmland system (granting farmland by farmland) and the tenancy system for farmers directly under the jurisdiction of the state. After the founding of the People's Republic of Korea, every effort was made to strengthen the state's control over the territory, and it was fixed by law. Since 926, the farmland and firewood system has been implemented, all cultivated land and forests have been registered, and the right of officials at all levels and other officials to collect rent has been uniformly stipulated. It is also stipulated that the official corps awarded to each military soldier is fifteen sections (33 steps are one section).
Many Vietnamese institutions in the Middle Ages were also formed under the influence of China. Moreover, the influence of China's institutional civilization on medieval Vietnam surpassed that of Japan and Korea in some aspects. This situation is related to the fact that northern Vietnam was always a county under the feudal dynasty of China before 10 century.