According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 189 volumes with 4324 titles.
Later books, such as Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records of Sikuquanshu, recorded thousands of "schools of thought contend". However, dozens of them are widely circulated, influential and famous.
Among the hundred schools, legalists, Taoists, Mohists, Confucianists, yin and yang scholars, famous artists, miscellaneous scholars, farmers, novelists, military strategists and doctors are the most widely circulated.
In chronological order, the farmer's bookstore was first founded by Hou Ji in ancient times.
According to history, different periods and the needs of history and those in power, the first one is different. For example, Qin is the representative of Legalism and Han is the representative of Confucianism.
According to the application of later generations, Confucius is the best teacher in the world.
Legalist school
Legalism is an important school in the history of China, which advocates the rule of law as the core idea. The History of Hanshu Art and Literature is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". Its ideological source can be traced back to Li Guan in Xia and Shang Dynasties, and it was also called the name of punishment in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the vigorous development of Guan Zhong, Shi Zha, Zi Chan, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai, and Drama Xin, it became a school of its own. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei summarized and synthesized their theories, which were masterpieces of Legalists. Its scope involves social sciences such as law, economy, administration, organization and management, social reform, law, economy, finance, currency, international trade, administration, organizational theory and operational research.
Representative figure
Li Kui, Shang Yang, Han Fei, Qin Shihuang and Li Si.
dao jia xue pai
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi combined the great wisdom of ancient sages and sages. Summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed the moral theory of "inaction", which marked the formal formation of Taoist thought. It has a profound influence on China's philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, medical care and religion.
Representative figure
Huangdi, Laozi, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Guan Zi.
mohists
Mohism was born in the Warring States Period. The founder is Mo Zhai (Mozi). Mohism is a disciplined academic group, and its leader is called "Giant". When its members go to various countries to serve as officials, they must implement Mohism and their salaries must also be dedicated to the group. Mohist school is divided into early and late stages: the early stage mainly involves social politics, ethics and epistemology, and pays attention to secular wars; In the later period, Mohism made an important contribution to logic and began to move closer to the field of scientific research.
Mohist thoughts mainly include: equal love between people (universal love), opposing wars of aggression (non-attack), respecting the economy, opposing extravagance and waste (frugality, emphasizing inheriting the cultural wealth of predecessors (knowing ghosts) and mastering the laws of nature (ambition).
Representative figure
Mozi (about 468-376 BC) was a Zhai native from Tengzhou, Shandong Province in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. He was a famous thinker, educator, strategist and founder of Mohism during the Warring States Period.
Confucianists
Confucianism is the most influential school in ancient China. Confucianism, as the embodiment of China's inherent value system, is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Generally speaking, especially in the pre-Qin period, although Confucianism is the most influential school, it is only one of the philosophers, and there is no master-slave relationship like other philosophers.
Confucianism has a profound influence on China culture. For thousands of years, society has taught nothing but four books and five classics from generation to generation. The traditional thoughts of responsibility, temperance and loyalty and filial piety are the result of the combination of Confucianism and autocratic rule. Therefore, Confucianism is the mainstream of contemporary thought.
Representative figure
Confucius, Mencius (firmly in the second position of Confucianism), Xunzi, Dong Zhongshu, Cheng Yi, Zhu (the most learned scholar after Confucius), Lu Jiuyuan and.
The characteristics of Confucianism—
First, regard Confucius as a teacher and an ideological leader;
Second, take Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Book of Rites, Zuozhuan and other books as classics;
Thirdly, a tension structure of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness has been formed ideologically;
Fourthly, from the inner sage to the outer king, we can learn from the achievements of the outer king through inner body and mind;
Fifth, paying special attention to the ethical relationship between people and applying it to political practice has become a guiding principle.
the Yin-Yang School
Yin-Yang School is a philosophical school that prevailed from the end of Warring States to the beginning of Han Dynasty. Zou Yan, a native of Qi, is its founder. Yin-Yang scholars' knowledge is called "Yin-Yang Theory", and its core content is "Yin-Yang and Five Elements". Yin-yang theory is one of the most important philosophical thoughts of the Han nationality. Sima Qian said in "Historical Records" that the knowledge of Yin and Yang scholars "deeply observes the news of Yin and Yang and makes strange changes." Lu's Chunqiu, Huainanzi and Chunqiu are all directly influenced by Zou Yan's theory. Most ancient scholars and modern scholars believe that Yin and Yang originated from Taoism. The bamboo slips "Thirty Hours" unearthed in modern times confirmed that there were a lot of Taoist colors in the early works of Yin and Yang? . It is worth noting that the Book of Changes did not put forward the concepts of Yin and Yang and Taiji, but the Book of Changes, which was influenced by Taoism and Yin and Yang.
Representative figure
Zou Yan? Dong Zhongshu and Dong Fangshuo? Jiao Yanshou? Beijing? Zhuge Liang? Where's Li? Shao Kangjie? Chen Tuan? Liu Bowen
Logician school
A famous scholar is a school that focuses on debating the question of name and substance and is famous for its eloquence. They are also called "debaters" and "famous criminals" According to the publishing house, "name" refers to the name of things, which is "concept" in today's words; "name" refers to "reality" Famous scholars are called "famous scholars" because they study the concept of criminal law in order to broadcast their own voices, publicize their own ways and explain their reasons in the process of "thinking about changing the world in their own way", which is why they are famous. Later, it gradually extended from the study of "criminal name" to the study of "formal name" and "name and reality". Focusing on the relationship between "name" and "reality", this paper discussed and put forward its own views. However, due to their peculiar research methods, according to Sima Tan in the Han Dynasty, they are "controlling the name but pointing to the reality" and "participating in the martial arts without losing". Therefore, although famous experts are good at arguing, their arguments are superficial, bumpy and bizarre, so they have always had a bad reputation in history.
Representative figure
Gong Sunlong? Hui Shi
eclecticism
Miscellaneous school, the philosophical school of China from the end of Warring States to the beginning of Han Dynasty. Good at learning from others.
Representative figure
Lv Buwei, Liu An, Shi Jiao
Agricultural family
Farmers, also known as "peasant flow", is an academic school that reflects agricultural production and farmers' thoughts in the pre-Qin period. It takes Shennong as its ancestor, and advocates encouraging farming and mulberry to have ample food and clothing. Because Confucianism belittled businessmen and farmers, farmers declined rapidly after the middle of Han Dynasty.
Representative figure
Xu Hang
novelist
Novelist (philosophy), one of the schools of thought, lost many books.
Representative figure
Yuchu
Vertical and horizontal
Strategists, Hanshu Yiwenzhi is listed as one of the "nine streams". Later, those who engaged in political activities only by argument were called "strategists". Vertical and horizontal is vertical and horizontal Lian Heng. They are uncertain and capricious, and their first plan is based on the political needs of the country. The main representatives of Zonghe School are Gongsun Yan and Su Qin, and the main representative of Lian Heng School is Zhang Yi. From Zi Tongzhi Jian Thirty-six Years, Zhang Yi, Mr. Gui Gu and Su Qin are in charge of everything. ? Hu Sansheng? Quoting Ying Shao's "Custom Pass", he said: "Mr. Gui Gu, during the Six Kingdoms period, the strategists were knowledgeable about the overall situation, good at pondering, eloquent, able to change the situation, full of wisdom and courage, and able to make decisions. Everywhere, everywhere, omnipotent: here refers to the opening and closing of lobbying, freely. There is nothing you can't go to, and there is nothing you can't do.
Representative figure
Zhang yi? Su Qin
Military strategist
Military strategists are the schools that studied military theories and engaged in military activities in the pre-Qin and early Han dynasties in China, and they are the essence of ancient Chinese military thoughts. One out of a hundred. Regarding the origin of military strategists, some people think that military strategists originated from Taoism; Some people think that military strategists originated from legalists. According to the Records of Literature and Art in Hanshu, military strategists can be divided into four categories: military strategists, military strategists, military yin and yang strategists and military strategists. The representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Zhao She and Bai Qi in the Warring States Period, and Sean and Han Xin in the early Han Dynasty. Today, there are military works, such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods, Tamia Liu, Wei Liaozi and Grip. The works of military strategists contain rich simple materialism and dialectics.
Representative figure
Sun Wu Sima Qi Bai Han Liangxin
doctor
The formation of China's medical theory lasted more than 700 years from the second half of the 5th century BC to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. Social system reform has promoted economic development, and new situations have emerged in the fields of thought, science and culture, including the development of medicine. Doctors generally refer to all people who practice medicine.
Representative figure
Bian Que