Reading and teaching
His ancestral home was Nagato, Hongwu County, Ming Dynasty, Wangtou, xinghua city, and Zheng Banqiao, and it was the 4th generation of/kloc-0. His father, Zheng Zhiben, whose real name is Ang Lee, and his name is Meng Yang, is a scholar in his family, and there are hundreds of people.
Zheng Banqiao was born on1October 22nd. At that time, his family had declined and his life was very poor.
At the age of four, Mrs. Wang, her biological mother, died, and at the age of fourteen, she lost her stepmother, Mrs. Zheng. Nurse Fei is a kind and hardworking working woman, who has given meticulous care and meticulous care and has become the pillar of life and feelings. Zheng Banqiao was smart and literate when he was three years old. By the age of eight or nine, he had been a literary and art federation under the guidance of his father. When I was young, my father and I went to Maojiaqiao in Zhou Zhen to study.
At the age of sixteen, I learned lyrics from my hometown ancestor Mr. Lu Zhongyuan.
At the age of twenty, I was admitted as a scholar. Married at 23, Mrs. Xu. It was the autumn of 1998, when Zheng Banqiao went to Beijing for the first time. Yu Shuyunxuan wrote Ode to Autumn Sound in small letters by Ouyang Xiu.
At the age of 26, I founded a school to teach in Jiangcun, Zhou Zhen.
At the age of thirty, my father died. At this time, Banqiao had two daughters and a son, and life was even more difficult. He wrote the poem "Seven Songs", lamenting that "Zheng Sheng has no camp in three miles".
A hard life
My father was born in a hurry, and he lost his mother at the age of four and was raised by his stepmother.
Speaking of Banqiao's family background, it is also a scholarly family. By the time his father arrived, his family had fallen into poverty. Although educated, I only got an excellent student. I stayed at home and taught several Mongolian children, and my life was quite poor. Banqiao is an only child. Unfortunately, at the age of three, he lost his mother and was raised by a nurse. This wet nurse is his grandmother's maid-in-waiting. She was grateful to her master, regardless of her husband and children, and went to find Zheng Gulai's trouble. Every morning, she carries a thin slab bridge and goes to the market as a vendor. She would rather be hungry than buy a baked wheat cake to satisfy her children's hunger. Later, although her own son became an eight-product official and asked her to go back and enjoy herself, she still preferred to stay in the Zheng family and suffer. Banqiao wrote a poem specially for the wet nurse, which described the story of suffering and kindness. The poem reads: "You are not the only wet nurse who has been in debt all your life. You have been ashamed for a long time because you hate money. You still have a long way to go. A white-haired man is old and ugly. You are not as good as a cake in your hand. "
Hao, the stepmother of Banqiao, is wise and considerate, but unfortunately she is weak and can't help being hungry and cold. She died when Banqiao was fourteen years old, which was also a great blow to underage children.
Kangxi scholar (nineteen years old), Yongzheng juren (forty years old) and Qianlong Jinshi (forty-four years old), although brilliant, spanned three dynasties and became seven sesame officials at the age of fifty.
He became a scholar at the age of nineteen and got married at the age of twenty-three. In order to make a living, he went to Yangzhou to sell calligraphy and painting. No one appreciates him, and he is very dissatisfied. Sometimes he visits brothels, but he never goes whoring or drinks to drown his sorrows, which makes him look depressed. When he was thirty years old, his father died of poverty, and later his son died of hunger and was in a miserable situation. Fortunately, at the age of forty, he won a scholarship, and at the age of forty-four, he won a scholarship. When he came to Yangzhou, his calligraphy and painting, together with his old works, were regarded as Mo Bao. He devoted himself to the Cold World and specially carved a seal on his work, which read "Boss Bridge 20 years ago", which was somewhat self-deprecating.
Resignation and poverty
Zheng Banqiao resigned and went home. "There is a bright moon on his shoulder, and he has nothing but a yellow dog and a pot of orchids.". One night, it was cold, the moon was dark, the wind was strong and the rain was dense. Banqiao sleepless, suitable for thieves to patronize. He thought, if you shout loudly, you can't handle it yourself if the thief does it. Pretend to sleep and let him take it. You don't want to. After a little thought, he turned over and whispered, "It's raining, the night is heavy, and the gentleman on the beam enters our door."
At this point, the thief was at the bedside and heard the sound. Then I heard: "There are thousands of poems in my belly, but there is no gold or silver at my bedside." The thief thought, don't steal. Turning to go out, I heard it say, "Don't scare the yellow-tailed dog when you go out." The thief thought, since there are vicious dogs, why not climb over the wall? Just as I was about to climb the wall, I heard "Don't damage the orchid pot when climbing the wall." When the thief saw a pot of orchids on the wall, he carefully dodged and fell to the ground. Another sentence came from the room: "It's not cold to wear clothes, catch giants while the moon is dark."
Yangzhou sells paintings.
"No one is perfect, and officials have no leisure to read more." . In the seven years of Guan Wei, Banqiao reached a new peak in the aspects of official management, poetry, calligraphy and painting, and the literary names in official management are of great significance to the times. "Zheng Banqiao for ten years, insight into the darkness of officialdom. His ambition of "contributing to the world and keeping people healthy" is hard to realize, and his intention in back in the game is increasing day by day. 1753, Zheng Banqiao was 61 years old. He worked for the welfare of the people and joined the government. When we arrived in Weifang, the people blocked the way, and every family made a portrait to offer sacrifices, and spontaneously set up a shrine for Zheng Banqiao in Weicheng Island Temple. After leaving office, Banqiao made a living by selling paintings, traveled between Yangzhou and Xinghua, and interacted with fellow painters and poets. 1754, Zheng Banqiao visited Hangzhou. After Qiantang, go to Huiji, explore Yu's point, visit Lanting, and go back and forth. 1757, 65 years old, participated in the restoration of Hongqiao hosted by Yu Jianzeng, the traffic Commissioner of Huaibei, got to know Yuan Mei and had poetry exchanges. During this period, Banqiao made many paintings and calligraphy works, which were widely circulated.
Due to the hardship of life, Zheng Banqiao went to Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living after he was 30 years old. He really helped the poor and was called "Yashi". During the ten years of selling paintings in Yangzhou, some tourism activities were also interspersed. Unfortunately, the son born to Mrs. Xu died and wrote a poem to mourn. At the age of 32, I traveled to Jiangxi, where I met Lu Bao, an unscrupulous master and Manchu scholar. Traveling in Beijing, making friends with the children of Zen Zunsu and his family Yulin, speaking freely and hiding from everyone, thus gaining a crazy reputation. During his fame, he married Prince Kangxi and King Yunxi of Shen Jun, the owner of Ziqiong Cliff.
Thirty-five years old, Tongzhou guest; I study in Tianning Temple in Yangzhou, one of the four calligraphy books. At the age of thirty-seven, he wrote the first draft of Ten Poems of Daoqing. At the age of thirty-nine, Mrs. Xu was ill. Zheng Banqiao has been in Yangzhou for ten years, and he has made many friends in painting. Jin Nong and Huang Shen are closely related to his past, which has a great influence on his creative thinking and even his personality.
Over the past few years
1766 65438+1October 22nd (December 12th, 30th year of Qianlong) Banqiao died and was buried in Ruanzhuang, Chengguan, xinghua city at the age of 73. Banqiao's two sons died young, and his cousin Zheng Mo's son Chen Tiansi succeeded him to the throne.
develop
Zheng Banqiao (1693- 1766), formerly known as Zheng Xie, is known as Mr Banqiao, with the word Kerou, fame and wealth. He was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu, and his ancestral home is Suzhou. Painters and writers in Qing Dynasty.
Kangxi scholar, a juren in the tenth year of Yongzheng, a scholar in the first year of Qianlong (1736). He served as an official in Fan County and Wei County, Shandong Province, with remarkable achievements. Later, he lived in Yangzhou and made a living by selling paintings. He is an important representative of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics".
Zheng Banqiao only painted orchids, bamboos and stones in his life, which is known as "orchids that never fade in four seasons, bamboos that never fall for a hundred days, and invincible stones that never change". His poems, paintings and calligraphy, known as the "three wonders" in the world, are more representative literati painters in the Qing Dynasty. [1] The representative works include Bamboo New Apparatus Drawing, Guang Qing Drawing, Zhu Lan Drawing, Gangu Juquan Drawing, Cong Lan Thorn Drawing, Zheng Banqiao Ji and so on.
Major achievements
Three musts of poetry, painting and calligraphy
Art of calligraphy
Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy, which is a mixture of official script and running script, calls itself "six and a half methods" and is called "Banqiao Calligraphy". Most of his paintings are bluegrass and bamboo stones, and Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy art with bluegrass and bamboo as its soul is unique in the history of China's calligraphy.
Judging from his 23-year-old Ode to Autumn Songs by Ouyang Xiu and his 30-year-old Poem of Xiao Zhuan, Banqiao learned books from Ou Yangxun in his early years. Its font is neat and beautiful, but slightly stiff: this is related to the neat and charming pavilion style prevailing in the book world at that time, and it is the standard font for selecting candidates in the imperial examination. In this regard, Zheng Banqiao once said: "The flies stop too evenly, fearing that the book will damage the spirit." After becoming a scholar at the age of 40, I seldom write again. Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy is most praised as "six methods and half a book", that is, "Banqiao style" with "eight-part essay" (a kind of official script) as its unique style.
The running script of Tang Duoling poet Zheng Xie is collected in Shanghai Museum.
"Six and a half minutes" is a ridiculous title given by Zheng Banqiao for his original calligraphy. There is a kind of "eight-point script" with more strokes in official script, that is, the so-called "six-thirty", which refers to official script in general, but is mixed with other regular scripts such as Kai, Xing, Zhuan and Cao. The Poem Axis of Cao Cao's Running Script (now in Yangzhou Museum) is a masterpiece of "six and a half" style. This poem about Cao Cao's "looking at the sea" has a large format, with an average of more than 10 square centimeter per room. Fonts are quite rich, including seal characters and kai characters. The shape is flat and long, and the house is mainly square, slightly downward. Simple and broad, just like Cao Shixiong's broad style. Zheng Banqiao once praised his calligraphy in a poem "To Pan Tonggang": "I paint clouds by Cao Cao, sweeping the sky. A line of two lines of book characters, Nanxun Beidou rows of stars. "
The composition of Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy works is also very distinctive. He can insert size, length, Fiona Fang, size and density, such as "paving the road with stones", which contains rules in vertical placement. It seems to follow the flow of the pen, but the holistic view produces a sense of rhythm of jumping and agility. For example, it was written in the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, and he was seventy years old, which was his masterpiece in his later years. Su Dongpo likes to use the Qifeng pen of Xuancheng Zhuge, which is very satisfying to write. Later, when he changed another pen, his palm didn't correspond. Banqiao himself likes to use Taizhou Deng's sheep hair, and it is satisfactory to write it tactfully. So he compared Taizhou Deng's wool to Zhuge Qifeng in Xuancheng, and finally said, "How dare you imitate Dongpo?" Moreover, writing a book with a pen loves fat rather than thin, and it also means slope. "The whole work is characterized by big summary, thick and thin pen, oblique posture, stippling and lifting pressure, which makes it like the joy in the ear, the bird in the air and the fish in the water, expressing strength and spirit with arbitrary rhythm: how can people say that his words are" blue and bamboo, especially interesting "? From the composition, structure and brushwork of this crystal, it is not difficult to see [26] his "elegant and smart" Juran building.
Painter's style
Zheng Banqiao's "Ink Bamboo Map" Zheng Banqiao was born in a scholarly family. Jinshi in the last year of Kangxi, Juren in the tenth year of Yongzheng, and Jinshi in the first year of Qianlong. Fifty years old, he served as the magistrate of Fanxian and Weixian in Shandong for twelve years. The idea of "benefiting the people with ambition" led him to take measures such as "opening warehouses to help the people, famine year after year" and "donating base without losing money", which aroused the dissatisfaction of corrupt officials and evil gentry and was relegated. After that, he made a living by selling paintings. Zheng Banqiao's life has experienced ups and downs, and he has seen through the coldness of the world. He dared to incorporate all this into his works. Zheng Banqiao's poems on paintings have got rid of the traditional mode of painting with poems or painting with poems. Every painting he draws should be inscribed with a poem, and the title must be excellent, so as to achieve the purpose of "picturesque image" and "poetic attack on painting" Poetry and painting infinitely embody and expand the breadth of the picture. Zheng Banqiao's poems on paintings pay attention to real life and have profound ideological content. His criticism is like a gun and a sword.
① Thin and healthy bamboo painting: Zheng Banqiao painted bamboo, "like a slope man, with more chaos and less sparse, out of habit, the beauty is unparalleled". The Scholars in Qing Dynasty said that he spent two-thirds of his time writing vivid bamboo pictures. He once wrote a poem: "For forty years, he painted bamboo branches, and he wrote thoughts during the day and night, which made him redundant and thin. He painted them as soon as he was born." Later, he said: "There is nothing to learn where I draw bamboo, and there are more middle ears than paper windows and powder walls." Through observation and artistic creation practice, he refined the theories of "having bamboo in his eyes", "having bamboo in his chest" and "having bamboo in his hands". "Bamboo in the eyes" is a natural scenery, an observation of nature and an experience of painting; "Bamboo in the chest" is the conception of artistic creation; "Bamboo in hand" is the realization of artistic creation. He organically combined subjectivity and objectivity, phenomenon and imagination, truth and art, and created a realm of learning from nature and being superior to nature.
Bamboo in nature exists objectively. Bamboo in the eyes of painters is different from bamboo in nature, and then it needs to be processed and subjectively treated to form a bamboo in mind. This is what the painter said. When it falls on paper, it will become a bamboo in his hand. "Bamboo in the hand" refers to a kind of "second nature" created by the painter. Whether it is bamboo in the chest or bamboo in the hand, it is the sublimation of bamboo in his eyes. In a word, it is what the painter sees.
Adhere to the Castle Peak Map (1765). When Zheng Banqiao was appointed as the magistrate of wei county, Shandong Province, he once painted a picture, "In the picture, wei county's bamboo department is Bao Bo Zhongda's prosperity in one year". The bamboo in the painting is no longer the "reappearance" of natural bamboo. The title of this poem is no longer a poem without feeling. Through painting and poetry, people think of Banqiao's character. As a magistrate, he is stealing from his home. At this time, the image of bamboo leaves in the painting has expanded, and the scene of Zheng Banqiao opening a warehouse to help the victims has emerged in people's minds. The "frozen moment" has become an infinite story in the audience's mind, like an infectious novel or movie, which is gripping and thought-provoking. A few strokes of bamboo leaves and a few concise poems make people feel the profound thoughts and affection contained in the works. There are also some photos of Zheng Banqiao leaving wei county after being demoted, including three donkeys and a car full of books. He left in a hurry. Before and after he left, one of them drew a picture of bamboo. The title says: "If you throw away a piece of black gauze, you will not be an official, but your pocket will be cold.". Write a thin bamboo and take a bamboo fishing rod in the autumn wind. " Borrowing bamboo expresses his calm mentality of abandoning officials for the people, being indifferent to fame and fortune and enjoying life. Zheng Banqiao expressed his free and easy, open-minded mind with bamboo, and expressed his character of bravely facing reality and never giving in to setbacks. Bamboo is personified. At this time, "poetry is an invisible painting, and painting is a visible poem." Similarly, there are "Zhu Mo Map" and "Bamboo Map". These maps of Zhu Mo are all based on bamboo to show that he has become more and more free and easy after being relegated. Most of the bamboo paintings and poems painted by Zheng Banqiao take feeling bamboo as the theme, expressing the feelings of "listening to the rustling bamboo in Yazhai, suspecting that it is the voice of the people's sufferings", showing the perseverance of "taking root in the rocks and letting the east, west, north and south wind" and expressing the integrity and spirit of "writing a thin bamboo and throwing away the black veil". This is where Zheng Banqiao's works are different from traditional flower-and-bird paintings and their predecessors. Traditional Giurlando takes viewing and entertainment as its theme, and its pictures mainly pursue the truth and beauty of natural images, the level of painting skills, and the skillful and elegant use of pen and ink. However, in Zheng Banqiao's works, painting poems not only achieve these skills, but also endow this theme with new ideological content and profound artistic conception, so that flower-and-bird paintings can also be ideological and lyrical, giving people a profound feeling.
② Peak stone map
Zheng Banqiao's bamboo paintings are unique, and so are his stone paintings. No matter how ruthless nature is, the stones in his works are alive, such as the stone in The Story of the Stone, which is also a common theme in previous paintings, but it is rarely shown as the main image. But Zheng Banqiao painted an isolated peak stone in the middle of the painting, but it has the spirit of soaring into the sky, and there is no background around it. Draw four seven-character poems: "Who is lonely and lonely, a pillar of heaven, straight, Tao Liangyuan, five fights break my waist." Poetry debunks the topic of painting, and combines stones and characters at once, which can be described as "painting is insufficient and the topic is more than enough, painting is silent and poetry is vocal." Poetry and painting serve each other and open countless ways for future generations. "Zheng Banqiao praised Tao Yuanming with a firm stone. Banqiao praised his upright character and noble character, but at the same time he seemed to reveal his own experience and tolerance. The stone in the painting represents the image of the characters, and contains the characteristics of integrity and momentum, which makes people feel that painting stones here is more meaningful and can reveal profound meanings than painting people.