In the 11th year of Shunzhi (1May 4th, 654), he was born on March 18th in Ren Jing Palace, the Forbidden City in Beijing, the son of the same concubine. Kangxi 6 1 year 1 1 month 13 (A.D.1722 65438+February 20th) died in Qingxi Bookstore, Changchun Garden, Beijing. At the age of 69. He reigned for 6 1 year (16 1 year-1722) and was the longest-serving emperor in China history.
Kangxi was only eight years old when he ascended the throne and was the third son of Shunzhi. Shunzhi accepted Tang Ruowang's advice and chose him as his successor because he was immune to smallpox. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), a pro-government ceremony was held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony on the seventh day of July. With the help of her grandmother, Empress Xiaozhuang Wen, she won the struggle with the ministers in the ninth year of Kangxi and began the stage of truly leading the country.
2. Chen Tingjing
Chen Tingjing
Chen Tingjing (1639- 17 12) was born in Zezhou (now Jincheng, Shanxi) in the Qing Dynasty. Shunzhi fifteen years (1658), Jinshi, changed to Jishi Shu. At the beginning, he was named Jing, because the same family had the same name, so the court added the word "court" to him and changed it to court scene.
Chen Tingjing studied hard all his life, and he was fully prepared for poetry, literature and music. He studied under Wang Wan, an essayist in the early Qing Dynasty, and sang a poem with Wang Shizhen, a famous poet. "Everyone can get his depth, but his face will not be fake." . He wrote a poem "The State of Jin": "The State of Jin is strong in the world, and Qin Jun is in the territory. Thousands of cars ride together, and the flesh and blood are the same. Zisai is a natural barrier, and the Yellow River is demarcated. The tiger and the wolf live in seclusion, and the father is willing to join the army. " Looking back on the prosperity of the Jin State and the sinister mountains and rivers in the past, he praised the patriotic spirit of the people of the Jin State, who are United as one enemy and defend their country.
Because Chen Tingjing is very talented, when he was a bachelor in imperial academy, he was praised by Kangxi Emperor together with Lashali, a bachelor in the hospital, and Zhang Ying, a bachelor in the waiter, praising them for "enlightening my heart every day". Kangxi specially gave him, Lasali and Zhang Ying fifty minks each, two silks and satins inside and outside.
In January of the 23rd year of Kangxi (1648), Chen Tingjing was transferred to the right assistant minister of the official department to take charge of the Ministry of Finance. In view of the existing problems, Chen Tingjing said in August: "Coins minted since ancient times are sometimes light and sometimes heavy, and will be recast soon. The most inconvenient thing for ordinary people now is mainly the price of money. In the past, one or two pieces of silver could be exchanged for 1000 copper coins, but now it is only exchanged for 900. The reason for this is that private businessmen make profits by melting copper coins into copper. As we all know, destroying coins is the most serious crime. However, it cannot be banned for a long time, just because private businessmen can get rich profits from it. Because a penny or two can buy seven catties of copper, and if a penny or two is converted into copper, you will get a thousand. If you melt these 1000 copper coins, you will get eight kilos of copper and twelve taels of copper, from which you will get one kilo of twelve taels of copper. These unscrupulous businessmen take this as a shortcut to profit, which makes the copper coins on the market decrease day by day. In the ten years of Shunzhi, each copper coin weighed one yuan and twenty-five cents, and then increased to one yuan and four cents. It was supposed to stop private investment, but what happened? Private casting still happens frequently. So the best way is not to increase the weight of coins, but to change from heavy to light. If so, the wind of private casting can't live if it is self-inflicted. " At the same time, he also pointed out: "In recent years, due to heavy taxes in copper-producing areas, there are few copper mines. Teachers' taxes should be reduced and the people should come to mine. With more people mining, the output of copper will naturally increase. With the increase of copper, the value of copper coins will naturally be more stable. "After Chen Tingjing's suggestion was sent to the imperial court, Kangxi attached great importance to this suggestion, which was quickly adopted and put into practice.
In September of the same year, Chen Tingjing was promoted to the left capital of Shi Yu. At that time, many officials in the Qing court took bribes, and the wind of corruption was very serious. Chen Tingjing hated it. In the first month of twenty-four years, he said to the court: "Corruption and honesty are the keys to being a qualified official. However, luxury and frugality are the root causes of corruption. To be honest, we must first cultivate their frugality. In ancient times, from clothes, horses and chariots to costumes, when dealing with weddings and funerals, it was necessary to be' cheap and not expensive, neither too small nor too big'. Now, because the wind of luxury has not been removed, even the poor are ridiculed for frugality, and the rich are even more uncontroversial luxury, making everyone compete for luxury a trend. As a result, corruption and illegal activities for profit have increased and become more and more serious. " He hit the nail on the head and pointed out: "goodness is still the lust in people's hearts, and it is better to know yourself when water loses its bank."
Emperor Kangxi received Chen Tingjing's suggestion and agreed, pointing out that in the future, "we should return to simplicity, follow the rule of law, stress practical results and advocate frugality".
At that time, people's lives were very difficult because of heavy taxes imposed on farmers and constant floods, droughts and famines. Chen Tingjing reflected the real situation in some areas after the disaster to the imperial court in time, and put forward the method of exempting money and grain tax. This has played a role in reducing the burden on the people to a certain extent.
In order to maintain the rule of the Qing court, Chen Tingjing said: "The governor's duty is to inspect and guide officials, so that the people can settle down for a long time. It is not enough for officials to observe directors and perform their duties. Confucius once said: if you can't teach, it's not the people who are guilty. In order to prevent people from breaking the rules, it is best to teach them first. To teach on the road, you must first take an examination of the governor. In this way, the Governor may say,' The problem lies with the officials. If officials are honest and capable and don't make a big fire to consume taxes, the director won't take bribes, and the people won't suffer because they violate the criminal law. "If officials don't have this ability, it can be said that they have committed crimes against each other. Of course, it's not all the fault of officials. The boss is clean, and officials naturally dare not take bribes and break the law. If the boss takes bribes illegally, although officials want to be clean, it is not easy to do so. Every official spends more money, takes bribes and plunders the people. Busy watching every day, busy pleasing the boss. How can he have time to teach? People will see what officials have done and say,' Can such people still teach me?' If you don't listen to discipline, use criminal law. Officials did this because the governor guided them to do so. So the most important thing at present is that the governor should be qualified. They must not be moved by greed. Only when you are upright can you manage officials well, and they don't have to think about how to please and curry favor with the boss all day, but they all pay attention to doing things for the people. The people will be able to recuperate. "He also suggested that the governor should be given a general order, and the sponsors of all state and county officials must investigate whether they have any illegal activities. Punish offenders severely, as an example. The inspection of the governor depends on whether he is clean and honest, and whether he has set an example for officials.
Chen Tingjing's suggestion was adopted by the court, and according to his content, a number of provisions were formulated and implemented by decree.
After a period of time, Wang Jiwen, the governor of Yunnan, used the state treasury to divide it up in the name of military pay. Chen Tingjing was disloyal because of drowning, and was impeached. In the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi (1686), he served as the minister of industry. Classmate Xu entered the Collection of Historical Records. Kangxi thought this collection was of great reference value and decided to stay and read it through. During his tenure as Minister of the Ministry of Industry, he also compiled the Hadith, the Political Code, the General Program, the Annals and the History of the Three Dynasties, and Chen Tingjing became the Chief Executive. In the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi (1687), the household registration department and the official registration department were transferred. The next year, his relatives were disintegrated because of taking bribes, which made him suffer greatly and hit him hard. Later, on the pretext that his father was 8 1 year old, he wanted to be together and asked to be dismissed and go back to his hometown. The Qing court approved Chen Tingjing's request to remove him from his post in North Korea, but continued to serve as the book director. In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), the Qing court once again used Chen Tingjing as the suggestion of Zuodu, until Wenyuange was a scholar and an official minister.
In the forty-ninth year of Kangxi (17 10), the emperor wrote to Zhang Yushu and Chen Tingjing to compile a big dictionary. The following year, Zhang Yushu died, and Chen Tingjing was the only CEO. This big dictionary has organized an editorial team of more than 30 people, including Chen Tingjing's son Chen Zhuanglv. Father and son left their names in a book, which became a beautiful talk for a while. This dictionary is supplemented and enriched on the basis of predecessors' dictionaries and Zhengzitong, with more than 47,000 words. It is the richest dictionary in ancient China. Later, it was named Kangxi Dictionary. Although Chen Tingjing died when this dictionary came out, his painstaking efforts and contributions to compiling this dictionary are admired by later generations.
Chen Tingjing wrote a lot in his life, including Wen Bian, Zun Ji, He Shang Ji, Du Ji, Lao Zhang's Travels, San Li and Yan Shi. His poetic style is elegant and mellow, which is very appreciated by Emperor Kangxi.
In March of the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), Chen Tingjing was critically ill, and Emperor Kangxi sent a doctor to see him. He died in April at the age of 73. Kangxi led the minister's bodyguard to pour wine, and sent the Manchu minister to offer condolences. Emperor Kangxi personally wrote a poem and held a funeral, which was very grand. Wen Zhen, for example.