1. Who introduced the tea culture of Tang Dynasty in China in Heian period? During this period, Japan formed a red tea style with empty sea, drunken city and Yongzhong as the main characters, which laid the foundation for the establishment of Japanese tea ceremony.
2. Temple tea in Kamakura era in Japan. Monk Rong went to the Song Dynasty twice to learn from the scriptures. After returning home, he wrote a Japanese tea book-eating tea for health. This tea sutra provided a theoretical basis for the popularization of Japanese tea ceremony.
3. Since the15th century, Zen masters such as Morino have established Japan's own tea ceremony on the basis of learning China's tea ceremony, integrating Zen thoughts and Japanese philosophy, art and etiquette.
It is generally believed in the Japanese tea ceremony circle: "Fairy wild incense has created a complete artistic system of Japanese beauty. His tea ceremony can be called a new religion, and some people call it a natural religion or a beautiful religion. " [13] Judging from the development history of Japanese tea ceremony, Japanese tea ceremony has been inextricably linked with Buddhism from the beginning. Therefore, to understand Japanese tea ceremony, we must first understand Buddhist aesthetics. In this regard, Mori no Rikyū pointed out that the first important thing for ancha is to practice Buddhism.
Different from Japanese tea ceremony, China tea ceremony is called the philosophy of beauty. There are five reasons:
1. The origin of China's tea ceremony aesthetics can be traced back to the pre-Qin, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The master who laid the foundation of China's classical aesthetics theory is a great philosopher.
2. Its theoretical basis stems from some philosophical propositions.
3. China's tea ceremony aesthetics mainly absorbed the philosophical theories of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, and benefited from the promotion of a large number of thinkers and philosophers.
4. China's tea ceremony aesthetics emphasizes the harmony between man and nature, exploring the mysteries of the universe from a small teapot and appreciating the various tastes of life from a light tea soup.
5. China's tea ceremony aesthetics has a profound and extensive influence on tea people from the philosophical level, especially from the aspects of thinking mode, aesthetic taste, artistic imagination and personality formation.
In a word, the aesthetic thoughts in China's classical philosophy sneaked into the night with the wind, silently nourishing the wonderful flower of China Tea Ceremony. In China tea ceremony, there are both the ethereal beauty of Buddhism, the mysterious and broad-minded beauty of Taoism and the elegant and implicit beauty of Confucianism.
Chinese and Japanese tea ceremony aesthetics also have different artistic pursuits. Master Morino, the representative of Japanese tea ceremony, expressed his pursuit of aesthetic artistic conception of tea ceremony with a poem.
Don't wait for the spring breeze, don't wait for the spring to bloom.
There is spring grass under the snow. Take junshan to find it.
Buddhism advocates non-beauty after non-beauty, and thinks that nothing is endlessly hidden. The beauty in reality is a temporary and relative beauty of existence, and Rixiong Xianye's "looking at the mountains" is a positive attitude.
China tea ceremony's unique pursuit of aesthetic conception can be summarized in the following poem:
The sacred heart is always quiet, and the mysterious mirror is true.
Things are mysterious to me and beauty is free. [ 14]
China's tea ceremony aesthetics combines the cognitive theory of Buddhism, the philosophical thought of Taoism and the aesthetic methodology of Confucianism, requiring tea people to keep an ethereal heart forever. China Tea Ceremony believes that the aesthetic process of tea people is actually a process of self-cultivation, a process of communication between tea people and nature, and a process of returning to nature. Zhuangzi put forward the realm of being immune to the spirit exchange between heaven and earth and not being proud of everything, which is the highest realm pursued by China's tea ceremony aesthetics.
Tea people interpret Taoism with art and express tea ceremony aesthetics through tea ceremony. In terms of explaining Taoism by art, the tea ceremony in China and Japan also has different performance characteristics and different formal aesthetic rules.
The beauty of Japanese tea ceremony has seven characteristics:
1. Uneven. In other words, it is impossible. Japanese tea ceremony circles think that perfect circles, squares and all regular geometric figures are not good-looking, while irregular ones are rich in variety and more interesting.
2. Jane Sue. That is, there are no impurities. It can be understood as simplicity and elegance. In short, there is a well-known story in Japanese tea ceremony. General Toyotomi Hideyoshi heard that Morino's morning glory was very beautiful, so he asked for a tea party to enjoy it. When he went there that day, he found that all the morning glory had been cut off, and he was furious. But when he entered the teahouse, he suddenly saw a white morning glory in the vase on the dim niche, with dew dripping on its petals, showing infinite vitality. It turns out that a flower can actually be better than a yard full of flowers!
3. The height of withering. That is, there is no position. It can be understood as ancient and vigorous. It is this beauty that has made Gu Song undergo the baptism of wind, rain, frost, snow and lightning for many years.
4. nature That was unintentional. It can be understood as no affectation, no distraction, no reluctance, no deliberate performance. The story of Rifu Morino cleaning the fallen leaves in the tea garden reflects the beauty of nature.
5. mystery. That's bottomless. It can be understood as implicit charm. Japanese tea ceremony masters can create endless mysterious beauty in daily trifles.
6. refining. That is, there are no obstacles. It can be understood as freedom, informality and freedom from repression.
7. silence Which means nothing happened. It can be understood as quiet and peaceful. Under the guidance and adjustment of the above seven characteristics, Japan has formed the solemn, informal and peaceful religious beauty shown by Japanese tea people in tea activities. This kind of beauty is more suitable for the unpretentious four and a half tatami teahouses.
China's tea ceremony aesthetics has eight characteristics: calmness, symmetry, caution, repetition, rhythm, simplicity, harmony and contrast, diversity and unity.
Comparing the aesthetic thoughts and laws of tea ceremony between China and Japan, we can find that the aesthetic theory of tea ceremony in Japan is suitable for expressing the ethereal beauty of religion in a small and humble teahouse, while the aesthetic theory of tea ceremony in China can guide tea drinkers to express the colorful and varied beauty of the natural world.