Directory [hidden]? brief introduction
Brief introduction of the author
main content
Writing experience
Historical significance
Related items
reference data
Liezi-Introduction
Liezi
Liezi is a famous Book of Songs in the history of ancient Chinese thought and culture. It belongs to hundred schools of thought and is a book of wisdom. It can open people's minds, inspire people and give them wisdom.
Liezi is a compilation of Liezi, Liezi's disciples and Liezi's later works. The book consists of eight chapters 140, which consists of philosophical essays, fables, fairy tales and historical stories. Basically, it expresses subtle philosophy in the form of fables. * * * Myths and Fables 102. For example, there are 19 Huangdi seals, 1 1 Zhou Muwang seals and 30 Fu Shuo seals. These myths, fables and philosophical papers are full of wisdom.
Every word in Liezi, regardless of its length, has its own system and theme, which embodies wisdom and philosophy, is easy to understand and interesting. As long as we read them one by one and appreciate them carefully, we can gain something, which can be compared with Aesop's fables in ancient Greece.
Liezi-Introduction to the author
Liezi, named Yukou, was born in Putian (Xigucheng Village, Baisha Township), a thinker and fable writer in the period of Wei Liewang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Advocate ideological emptiness
Liezi
Unreal, he was called "a man with a way" before his death, and he was a famous figure in the history of Taoism and philosophy in China. There are records of him riding against the wind in ancient books, and the wind is elegant. In reality, Liezi was poor all his life, did not seek fame and fortune, and lived in seclusion for 40 years, unknown. Someone recommended him to Ziyang, the ruler of Zheng at that time, saying that he was a famous figure today and was trapped in Zheng. If the current dynasty didn't express anything to him, it would be discussed. Ziyang sent someone to send him ten carts of grain. He thanked him again and again, but he refused to accept it. His wife blamed his family for being too poor, and he shouldn't refuse the gift. He said: "Ziyang didn't really understand me, but only helped me by listening to others and seeking fame and reputation." Since it is not from the heart, you should not accept his help. "He stayed out of officialdom all his life, studied hard and respected Huang Lao (Huangdi and Laozi). He wrote 20 books, more than100000 words.
Tian Rui, Zhong Ni, Tang Wen, Yang Zhu, Fu Shuo, Huangdi, Zhou Muwang, Mo Lifeng and other eight articles are now circulating and compiled into Liezi, which is rich in content and contains many myths and legends. Among them, the famous Yu Gong Yi Shan and Ji Chang Society are both works of simple materialism and dialectical view more than 2,000 years ago, which are very valuable cultural heritage. Liezi's book Liezi has 20 old editions, and Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son in the Western Han Dynasty have removed the duplicates, and there are 8 existing editions. The tenth volume of Hanshu. Volume 30. Wen Lu has eight versions of Liezi. The sentence named "Yaokou" was first called by Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi, and it should be eight articles compiled by Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and his son, or other contemporary people. But I don't know when I lost it.
Liezi-main content
There are many educational works in pre-Qin fables and myths and legends in Liezi. Such as Liezi Society (Liezi Fu Shuo) and Ji Changxue.
Liezi
The three stories "The Condor" (Liezi Tang Wen) and "Xue Tan Xue Fu" (Liezi Tang Wen) tell us respectively: in learning, we should not only know what it is, but also know why; Real skills come from hard study and hard practice; There is no end to knowledge and skills, and you can't be satisfied with learning only a little. For another example, Inheriting the Legacy (Liezi Huangdi) tells us that Qu Bei's amazing skill in catching cicadas stems from his diligent study and practice; There is even more bizarre plot of "a wife doesn't know her husband" (Liezi Tang Wen), which shows that a person can change his mind. Today's eight articles in Liezi are not the original books recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, but may be the works of Wei Jin people in terms of ideological content and language use. Some people think it was written by Zhang Zhan, the author of Liezi Zhu.
Liezi contains many folk stories, fables and myths and legends. For example, Yu Gong moved mountains, went the wrong way and died, worrying too much, and Ji Chang learned to shoot. Vivid image, profound meaning, with high literary significance and ideological value. Although some stories are adapted from other works, they are better than the original ones after rewriting and polishing. For example, Zhuangzi's theory of everything is only a few sentences, but Liezi Huangdi expanded it into a fable with complete structure. The use of exaggeration to portray characters in the book has also achieved certain attainments. For example, Han E described in Tang Wen's article is good at singing and crying, and his writing is vivid and exaggerated. Some chapters have shown signs of evolving from fables to novels. For example, nowadays, there is a legend that Bian Que changed his mind for Lu and Zhao. The plot is quite complete and the story is bizarre and tortuous. Later, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio wrote that Judge Lu changed his mind, and Doubt was written accordingly.
On Liezi's theory, Liu Xiang thought: "His learning originated from Huangdi Laozi and posthumous title Taoism. The Taoist must stick to the basics, empty the inaction, treat things, respect them without arguing, and conform to the Six Classics. " The "book" in Xing Bing's "Er Ya Shi Shu" refers to the broad principles of the corpse, and Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" says: "The son is fierce and the son is expensive." "The warring states policy. "Han Ce" has: "Historical illness makes Chu, and the king of Chu asked,' Where is the guest?' Say:' The words of treating the troubles of Liezi. Say,' What's expensive? Say:' expensive
Liezi
Positive. Liezi by Zhang Zhan. Preface "thinks:" The book is generally clear, and there are even loopholes, and all kinds of products are finally extinct. God prefers to be calm, miss taking things as the table, feel and turn dreams into feelings. The size is not limited to one domain, and poverty has no false wisdom. Governing the body is more expensive than being an official, and it applies to everything. If you forget, there will be no seclusion, which is also the purpose. " Liezi believes that "if a person's heart is a mirror, he should not welcome it, but should not hide it, so he can get something without hurting it." He often looks hungry because of poverty, but refuses food from Ziyang, the tyrannical ruler of Zheng State. His disciple Yan Hui asked him, "Are those who know the Tao rich?" Liezi said, "I despise Taoism and value profit to death!" " "Liezi also advocates that we should get rid of the fetters of nobility and fame and fortune in the world, conform to the avenue, be indifferent to fame and fortune, and practice meditation.
Liezi's learning originated from Huangdi and Laozi. According to legend, he once asked Guan Yinzi to worship Hu Qiuzi as a teacher, and later studied the old merchants and Zhi Bo Gaozi successively, and got their true stories, but Youbo was unconscious. After nine years of monasticism, he can walk against the wind. It is said in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio that Liezi often rides the wind to the Eight Wastes in early spring and returns to the "wind cave" in early autumn. When the wind comes, everything grows. When he goes, everything grows. "Lu Chunqiu" said: "Zi Liezi is expensive." He believes that "if a man's heart is a mirror, he should not welcome it, but should not hide it, so he can get something without hurting it." Liezi was poor and hungry, but refused the food given by Ziyang, the tyrannical ruler of Zheng State. His disciple Yan Hui asked him, "Are those who know the Tao rich?" Liezi said, "I only despise the Tao and pay attention to the profit!" " "He believes that we should get rid of the fetters of dignity and fame and fortune in the world, conform to the avenue, be indifferent to fame and fortune, and practice meditation.
Liezi's writing experience
Liezi
Liezi's book has gone through three stages: 1. Later, Liezi was compiled by disciples according to his activities and remarks, with as many as eight articles. 2. On this basis, the Han people supplemented it and became the number of eight-part essays recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. 3. According to the collection of Zhang Zhan's ancestors and the incomplete volumes collected after the war. "Whether you attend school or not is complete". According to the eight articles recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, this edition of Liezi was compiled. Because in the process of compilation, in order to dredge the text and connect the chapters, some of Zhang Zhan's own thoughts and some of his compiled contents will inevitably be added, so this edition of Liezi is mixed with some thoughts and languages of Wei Jin people, which is understandable. Liezi, written in three times, is inevitably miscellaneous. See the preface of Zhang Qinghua's Collection of Taoist Scriptures.
The Historical Significance of Liezi
Liezi is one of the important works in the history of China's ancient thoughts. His thought was very close to Taoism, and later it was regarded as a classic by Taoism. In the first year of Tang Tianbao, Liezi was called Xu Chongzhen Mirror. Many folk stories, fables and myths and legends are recorded in the book, so it also has a certain position in the history of ancient literature in China. There are also a lot of expositions about health preservation and ancient Qigong in the book, which are also worth studying. We should understand the traditional culture of China and absorb it as the essence of socialism.
Liezi
To serve modernization, it is necessary to read Liezi carefully.
Liezi is said to have been written by Lieyukou during the Warring States Period. In ancient books, Lieyukou was written as Liekou, Liekou and Zhengguoren. There are many legends about him in Zhuangzi. "Lu Chunqiu Parr" said: "A strong son is expensive." The "emptiness" here refers to quietism, where everything conforms to nature. Liezi once studied Qigong with Hu Qiulin and Lao Shang. "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour" describes him as a fairy, saying, "Liezi goes against the wind, Ling Ran is kind, and returns to five days after ten days."
Liezi's theory is mainly about keeping in good health, so he doesn't care much about politics. He believes that political affairs and political struggles, as well as all efforts to transform society and nature, are harmful to health. In this respect, he is obviously different from Laozi's politics of "doing nothing and doing everything", but closer to Zhuangzi, and his negative factors are very obvious. But he is not the same as the fairy who plays Han. He believes that people can't live forever, and if they live, they must die. Let them live if they are alive, and let them die if they are dead. This is the correct attitude. At this point, and Zhuangzi is the same.
Eight examples recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi have long been lost. The examples we see today may be the works of people in the Western Jin Dynasty. Ma Xulun's Textual Research on Liezi's Fake Books said: "Geliezi came out late and died early. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, there have been many good people, including Guan Zi, Yan Zi, The Analects of Confucius, Shan Hai Jing, Mo Zi, Zhuangzi, Shijiao, Everything is done wrong, Lv Chunqiu and Han Shi. The History of the Development of China Philosophy, edited by Mr. Ren, is summarized as follows: First, Liu Xiang called Liezi Zheng Ren and Zheng Miaogong in Liezi Preface.
Liezi
But at the same time, the book tells a lot about things after Miao Gong, such as Kong Chuan and Gong Sunlong who entered the book in the late Warring States period. In the two books, besides those listed in Ma Xulun's Textual Research on Liezi's Fake Books, there are also Tang Wen and Fu Shuo, which are now lost, and most of them are quoted from pre-Qin and Western Han philosophers.
Some of the materials in the three books were later, such as Tai Chu, Tai Shi and Tai Su. They were said to be from Yi Wei, that the Jade Knife and Burning Huanbu were Wei Wendi's business, that there were eight centaurs in The Journey to the West, Zhou Muwang, who were from Mu Chuan of Jijia, and that Yang Zhushu was sensual, which did not conform to Huai Nan Zi's statement about "be loyal and devoted" From the language point of view, there are many words in the book after the Han Dynasty and even after the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Although this version of Liezi is the work of Wei Jin people, when they re-edited Liezi, after all, they collected many records about Liezi in pre-Qin ancient books, which were not completely fabricated out of thin air. Some of these fables are unpretentious, which are not found in Han and Wei books, such as Yu Gong Yi Shan and Bian Que Yi Xin. It can be seen that there are also many fragments and sporadic records of Liezi in this edition, which still has certain reference value for studying Liezi and his thoughts.