The Western Jin Dynasty, in 265, 365 and 438+07, experienced four emperors (Wu Di, Hui Di and Huai Di, Jin Di ascended the throne in Chang 'an in 365 and 438+03), and was in a corner, only controlling the Guanzhong area. Does that count? ), ***53 years.
Among the three short-lived dynasties, the country in the Western Jin Dynasty was the longest. This should be attributed to Sima Yan's inaction and relatively relaxed social environment, unlike the Qin Dynasty, which was famous for Shang Yang's strict laws and tyranny.
After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan immediately implemented a series of reform measures, which enabled the people to recuperate. In particular, the system of reclaiming farmland, which was seriously deformed since Cao Wei, was abolished, and a new key system of land tax reform, namely, the system of occupying farmland and the system of household adjustment, was promulgated, which promoted agricultural production, had a very positive significance for stabilizing social economy, and had a far-reaching impact on China's later agricultural and land reform policies.
As for the use of foreign troops, there is no large-scale war except suppressing border chaos and cutting down the reunification of Wu. Therefore, there was neither a continuous war to destroy the six countries by Qin, nor a militaristic conquest like Yang Di. Vigorously reduce armaments, put weapons in storage, release your horses in the south and build peace. Although there are some rebellions by Xianbei, Qiang, Ba and Han people in the northwest, Yongyi and Yangtze River basins, they are basically local disturbances and have not paralyzed the whole state institutions.
From the first year of Taikang (280), Taikang's rule lasted for ten years, and the social economy and population developed greatly, making the country peaceful and peaceful. Literature, art and scientific and technological production are also full of vitality during this period, showing unprecedented prosperity.
Sima Yan died in 290. Immediately, the Western Jin Dynasty fell into civil strife. In less than twenty years, the powerful and unified Western Jin Dynasty, like the rule of Qin Ershi and Yang Di, quickly slipped into the abyss of extinction. This change is a bit too sudden and incredible. China, which has just been unified, is once again brought into the dark division of nearly 300 years, and the China version is crumbling, which makes people miserable. What caused this?
More than 300 years later, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was also thinking about this serious and important issue. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644), he organized a special force to collectively compile and discuss the gains and losses of the Western Jin Dynasty. Fang, Chu Suiliang and other famous ministers at that time were entrusted to edit the Book of Jin. This is the first official precedent in history. Emperor Taizong personally wrote a review system for Sima Yi in Xuan Di and Sima Yan in Liang Wudi, hoping to summarize the root causes of the rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, take history as a mirror, and provide an empirical textbook for the long-term stability of the Li and Tang Dynasties.
Emperor Taizong's evaluation of Sima Yan can be divided into two stages. The first stage is from the accession to the throne to the unification of China (265-280), and the second stage is from the unified rule of Taikang to the mourning of Yongjia after Sima Yan's death (280-3 1 1).
In the first stage, Emperor Taizong did not hesitate to praise Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty: "Holding the map to imperial palace and guiding the people with the map is for our use." After Sima Yan ascended the throne, he grasped the domestic situation and dominated the world with the demeanor of a king. Moral education, not strict laws to maintain society; Let the people live and work in peace. This is the general outline of Sima Yan's early administration.
Specifically, "chaos. Give up tributes, carve ornaments, make extravagance and vulgarity frugal, and stop watering the wind instead of simplicity. " It is to transform the long-term divided and chaotic society through various governance measures, vigorously advocate frugality and simplicity, and oppose the extravagant and extravagant life.
In terms of personal character and major decisions, "Benevolence is imperial, widely popular, magnanimous, and imperial." So the people are quiet, the family is full, I use force, I think. God's determination is based on deep concern, and ambition is based on discussion. "Sima Yan's generosity and magnanimity are enough to show a well-deserved emperor; Let the people live a peaceful life and a rich life; Encourage civil and military officials to actively expand their territory. Carefully planned to pacify Hexi rebellion and cut Wu and other foresight; Decisively sounded the marching horn of unifying China in the imperial court;
As a result, "a soldier is bloodless and YueYang is in ruins." It ended the 90-year separatist war since the Three Kingdoms in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. "Heaven and man become great things, and overlord becomes great things." In the history of China, this is the first time to use the Sixth Route Army to fight together and break through the natural barrier of the Yangtze River. With the perfect cooperation of strategy and tactics, it achieved great success and finally achieved the great achievements of the founding emperor Sima Yan Tong-China.
"When Wang Zhuo disembarked from Yizhou, the ghost of the royal family was already haggard in Nanjing." Liu Yuxi's Old Story of Xibao Mountain describes that the hero who cut Wu sailed straight down from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, directly attacked the Yangtze River, swept away thousands of troops, and conquered the prestige of Wu Dujian. Reading it now, I can still feel the intense feeling at that time.
The policy of governing the country formulated by Sima Yan in the early stage, his relatively friendly character, supplemented by lenient rule, United many court ministers and made decisions, which initiated a brand-new and beautiful era of unification in China history.
In the second stage, the style of painting turned. "The heart of arrogance and Thai, therefore." With the unification of the world, Sima Yan's mentality began to change. First of all, it is the general arrogance of the winners. Although he had some self-knowledge, he humbly declined the ministers' request to close Mount Tai, but his complacent words and deeds gradually emerged. Slowly idle in politics, addicted to the harem feast. The famous sheep car patrol in history happened at this time, and there were more than 10 thousand beautiful women in the harem. It was extremely exaggerated to catch a car for a date.
"The breadth of knowledge means that everything is abandoned; Seeing world peace means that it will last for thousands of years forever. " I think that the vast land can sit back and relax, and Tianan will be ruled for thousands of years.
"I don't know where it is wide and narrow, but it can be wide and long; If you live in the rule and forget the danger, you will rule impermanence. " If you don't know the road width, the road ahead will be narrow. Without such thinking, how can we ensure that the road ahead can always be so broad? The current crisis, forgotten in peace, has no worries, and such peace will not last long.
At this time, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty overlooked the tower, and the world was peaceful and carefree. His heart is full of ambition and arrogance, and he has lost the desire to move forward. All he can think about is how to enjoy the fruits of victory and arrange the country's heritage.
"In addition, if you set up the wrong place, you will lose all your talents, and your ambition will be safe and sound, and you will encounter disasters first." Sima Yan carefully studied the profound lesson of why the Cao Wei regime was easily usurped by their Sima family, and thought that a security fence to defend the central dynasty could be established by wantonly sealing the king. Entrust the minister with high hopes to a man with both ability and political integrity. Up and down the imperial court, there was an atmosphere of corruption and arrogance. As an emperor, he did not stop it and added fuel to the fire. As a result, it was thought that there was room for further improvement in imperial achievements, but it was the first to usher in disaster.
"The situation is based on the new set that is easy to move, and it is difficult to pull it out for a long time. Therefore, Jia Chong is fierce and arrogant and wants to take power; Yang Jun is a wolf and his heart is dedicated. " Moreover, the foundation of the newly established empire is far from solid enough, and no one has planned a strategy for long-term stability; So there was a treacherous opportunity for Jia Chong, a dangerous villain, to take power; Yang Jun, who is eyeing like a jackal, has ulterior motives, but he can wholeheartedly assist the court.
"As for the palace car coming out late, I'm afraid it's not a week ago, and John has become close, even the soldiers have lost their roots; The pillars are loyal and false, and everyone has his own power. " After Sima Yan's death, when he was still in mourning, the relatives of the local captaincy turned against each other and attacked each other in the deployment, competing to destroy the foundation and lifeline of the country. Zhengan, the pillar of the country, has also changed from a loyal minister to a pseudo-rebel, each with its own military.
"A few years ago, the network discipline was chaotic, the domestic version swayed, and the ancestral temple was moved. Emperor Wang Tao traveled against the custom of tattooing; Chixian County, Shenzhou, turned into a hometown of hair. " However, in just a few years, the national discipline was in chaos, the turmoil in the four seas was fierce, and the imperial temples were displaced. The kingly way of ruling the empire gave way to the tattoo custom of the Hu people; China's land has become the home of aliens.
"What's the point of abandoning the big to educate people, hiding the small to support yourself and laughing at the world?" Give up your strengths but help others, cover up your weaknesses and seek masturbation. Since then, it has been laughed at by the whole world. What is the reason?
"Good because of negligence in the former, so cause trouble after. Knowing the son is a wise father, and knowing the minister is a wise gentleman; The son is unfilial, the family dies, the minister is unfaithful, and the country is chaotic; National chaos cannot be peaceful, and family death cannot be complete. Those who guard against it are gentlemen, and saints do nothing. " It was imprudent to rush ahead, so we left the disaster behind. What's more, knowing the son's character is a qualified virtuous father, and insight into the quality of courtiers is a competent monarch; An immoral son will destroy the family, and a disloyal minister will lead to national unrest. The country is in turmoil, there is no peace in the world, and everyone can't save it. Therefore, a gentleman should nip in the bud, and a saint needs to foresee trouble at a small beginning.
"And sai-jo confused Xu Xun's scheming, Wang Fan's treacherous counsel, people's hearts moved to the masses again and again, and everything was out of their own plans. Yuanhai should be removed but not removed, and death will disturb the summer; Hui Di can abolish without abolishing, and finally overthrow Hongji. "Sima Yan, the ancestor of the Jin Dynasty, was confused by Xun Xu's cunning and treachery, obsessed with Wang Hun's evil plans and false policies (why should he be accused of Wang Hun? Didn't see the relevant information). People's minds often waver in people's discussions, and major events cannot be decided according to their own intentions. Liu Yuanhai, the Hun, was not removed, resulting in a disaster and endangering China; Prince Sima was determined not to waste it, and finally the grand inheritance of the Jin Dynasty was subverted and destroyed.
"Being lonely is light, saving the world is important, abandoning children is small, and peace is big; What's more, after three generations, the career was successful, and the two evils were the lesser. The so-called "neglecting virtue and abandoning merit" means being afraid of being small and forbearing, but forgetting filial piety. The way of sages, if it is! Although kindness begins at the beginning and ends at the end, it is necessary to be generous to Shi Ce. " Therefore, saving individuals is only a virtue, and saving the whole world is a great achievement! Abandoning children is only a temporary pain, and stabilizing the country is the greatest filial piety between heaven and earth! Besides, today's great achievements are the result of the accumulated efforts of three generations. How could it be that only two evil sons survived, and all previous achievements were in vain? As the saying goes, it is greed to despise virtue, give up heavy work, dare not endure minor pains, and forget what filial piety is. How can the sage's way of governing the country be so deceptive! Although Sima Yan had a good start, he completely deviated from the right path and went to the end of failure. So whenever I see this history, I will always be filled with emotion.
It should be said that Emperor Taizong's evaluation of Sima Yan is relatively objective, although not comprehensive; But it is a bit unfair to blame Sima Yan for the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.
Although Sima Yan was the founding king, he really got the throne easily after a fierce struggle, which was also regarded as an improper position by later generations. Without foresight in times of peace, he is too generous to the surrounding ministers and lacks prestige. Later, cronies competed for the platform and relaxed; Promote the wind of arrogance and extravagance, and talk about famine; On such an important matter as the election of the prince and the crown princess, he repeatedly hesitated to make mistakes and buried hidden dangers; The governor is out of town, so the ambitious Sima Wangye can support his army with self-respect. Once the imperial court is in civil strife, it colludes with internal and external forces and attacks at any time; The funeral arrangement is not rigorous, which leads to the dispute between Yang and Jia, and the courtiers are either in cahoots or in vain for honor. Xuan Di longitudinal Sima Lun mediocre despicable, arrogant usurper, the plan of stealing dragons, defeated Chaogang, and turned the conventional court struggle into an imperial war between the central government and the vassal state. The battlefield extended from the court to other counties and counties, and even the conference semifinals were involved. The crisis was out of control, and Queen Jia Nanfeng was the culprit; For a long time, a large number of aliens lived together with Han people in the northern border, and the reproduction of Hu tribes inevitably collided with Han people, unable to detect the deterioration of the surrounding environment, and the court failed to appease and comb, which amplified the disaster. Unfortunately, all these factors add up. Finally, after Sima Yan's death, it was detonated by a black swan event and the Empire State Building collapsed. From this point of view, this is by no means Sima Yan's fault, but almost all the disasters are unavoidable.
Historian Lv Simian once said, "China people don't lack historical knowledge, what they lack is historical view."
Reference materials "Jin Shu" and some network materials.
(1) What exactly is the beauty industry? Explain it in detail.
The beauty industry, that is, the beauty industry, aims to make mankind be